Thiruvananthapuram

Coordinates: 08°31′26.8″N 76°56′11.8″E / 8.524111°N 76.936611°E / 8.524111; 76.936611
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This article is about the city. For the district, see Thiruvananthapuram district. For the urban agglomeration area of Thiruvananthapuram, see Thiruvananthapuram metropolitan area.

Thiruvananthapuram
Kovalam Beach, Padmanabhaswamy Temple, Thiruvananthapuram Central railway station, Niyamasabha Mandiram, Kanakakkunnu Palace, East Fort, Technopark
UTC+5:30 (IST)
PIN
695xxx
Area code+91471xxxxxxx
Vehicle registration
Am/Aw (Köppen)
Websitetrivandrum.nic.in

Thiruvananthapuram (

urban agglomeration population is around 1.68 million.[5] Located on the west coast of India near the extreme south of the mainland, Thiruvananthapuram is a major information technology hub in Kerala and contributes 55% of the state's software exports as of 2016.[10][11] Referred to by Mahatma Gandhi as the "Evergreen city of India",[12][1] the city is characterised by its undulating terrain of low coastal hills.[13]

The present regions that constitute Thiruvananthapuram were ruled by the

Kozhikode in the battle of Purakkad in 1755.[16] Following India's independence in 1947, Thiruvananthapuram became the capital of Travancore–Cochin state and remained so until the new Indian state of Kerala was formed in 1956.[17]

Thiruvananthapuram is a notable academic and research hub and home to the

Malayalam Cinema, and Kinfra Film and Video Park at Kazhakoottom, which is India's first Infotainment industrial park.[19]

Being India's largest city in the deep south, it is strategically prominent and hosts the

Vizhinjam International Seaport. Thiruvananthapuram is a major tourist centre, known for the Padmanabhaswamy Temple, the beaches of Kovalam and Varkala, the backwaters of Poovar and Anchuthengu and its Western Ghats tracts of Ponmudi and the Agastya Mala. In 2012, Thiruvananthapuram was named the best Kerala city to live in, by a field survey conducted by The Times of India.[20] In 2013, the city was ranked the fifteenth best city to live in India, in a survey conducted by India Today.[21] Thiruvananthapuram was ranked the best Indian city for two consecutive years, 2015 and 2016, according to the Annual Survey of India's City-Systems (ASICS) conducted by the Janaagraha Centre for Citizenship and Democracy.[22] The city was also selected as the best governed city in India in a survey conducted by Janaagraha Centre for citizenship and democracy in 2017.[23]

Etymology

The city takes its name from

Swathi Thirunal, erstwhile Maharaja of Travancore.[25] The city was officially referred to as Trivandrum until 1991 (Trivandrum being the anglicised name of the town), when the government decided to reinstate the city's original name Thiruvananthapuram.[26]

History

Main article: History of Thiruvananthapuram
See also: Merger of Kanyakumari with Madras State
Ayilyam Thirunal of Travancore
looking on, during Buckingham's visit to Thiruvananthapuram in early 1880
Padmanabhaswamy Temple is the richest temple in the world.
Padmanabhapuram Palace

Thiruvananthapuram is a relatively modern region with trading traditions dating back to 1000 BCE.

spices, sandalwood and ivory.[31]
However, the ancient political and cultural history of the city was almost entirely independent from that of the rest of Kerala.

The Chera dynasty governed the area of Malabar Coast between Alappuzha in the south to Kasaragod in the north. This included Palakkad Gap, Coimbatore, Salem, and Kolli Hills. The region around Coimbatore was ruled by the Cheras during Sangam period between c. first and the fourth centuries CE and it served as the eastern entrance to the Palakkad Gap, the principal trade route between the Malabar Coast and Tamil Nadu.[32] However the southern region of present-day Kerala state (The coastal belt between Thiruvananthapuram and Alappuzha) was under Ay dynasty, who was more related to the Pandya dynasty of Madurai.[33]

The early rulers of the city were the

Pandyan dynasties attempted to capture the port town.[37][38]

After the death of king

Kingdom of Venad in the 12th century.[14]

A map of Malabar Coast drawn by Homann Heirs in 1733. At that time, Travancore was only a small territory wedged between Kollam and Kanyakumari, as shown in the map (Present-day districts of Thiruvananthapuram and Kanyakumari only). It was in the latter half of the 18th century, that Travancore inherited the kingdoms up to Cochin and became a powerful kingdom, and Thiruvananthapuram became a major city of Kerala.

Present-day Thiruvananthapuram city, district, and

Tamil-Dravidian kind of architecture is also found in Padmanabhaswamy temple, which makes it distinct and unique from the architectural style of temples in northern and central parts of Kerala.[42]

Venad in 1578, during the Portuguese Era. It holds the record of the first book printed in any Indian language. It was written in the language Lingua Malabar Tamul which was spoken in Kerala
during the medieval period.

The official language of Kerala, based at Kollam, was also identified as Tamil, by the natives of Kerala in those times.[43][44] and the Chola dynasty,[45][46][47] The place names, the dialects of Malayalam spoken, and the customs that exist in Kerala today still reveal a close relationship with Tamil heritage.[48]

In the early 18th century CE, the Travancore royal family adopted some members from the royal family of Kolathunadu based at Kannur.[49] Then, Marthanda Varma who inherited the Kingdom of Venad expanded the kingdom by conquering the kingdoms of Attingal, Kollam, Kayamkulam, Kottarakara, Kottayam, Changanassery, Meenachil, Poonjar and Ambalapuzha. In 1729, Marthanda Varma founded the princely state of Thiruvithamkoor and Thiruvananthapuram was made the capital in 1795 after shifting the capital from Padmanabhapuram in Kanyakumari district.[50] Thiruvananthapuram became a prominent city in Kerala under Marthanda Varma.[51]

A language map of India prepared in 1822.

As a result of the annexation of neighbouring chiefdoms, the artists and scholars from these places migrated to Thiruvananthapuram, turning it into a cultural center. Marthanda Varma gave patronage to different temple art forms including Koothu, Padhakam, Kathakali, Thullal, and Koodiyattam. Noted artists such as

Kozhikode in the battle of Purakkad in 1755.[16]

The city developed into a significant intellectual and artistic centre during this period. The city's golden age was during the mid-19th century under the reign of

Law College and a second-grade college for women were started by Moolam Thirunal (1885–1924).[53]

The early 20th century was an age of tremendous political and social changes in the city. The

Pattabhi Sitaramaiah
was held here in 1938.

Travancore Royal Family.[55]

The Thiruvananthapuram Municipality came into existence in 1920 as the first municipality in the

Kerala University.[57]

With the end of British rule in 1947, Travancore chose to join the Indian union. The first popularly elected ministry, headed by

Travancore-Cochin Union from 1 July 1949 until 31 October 1956. When the state of Kerala was formed on 1 November 1956, Thiruvananthapuram became its capital.[59]

With the establishment of

Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) were later established in Thiruvananthapuram.[60]

A significant milestone in the city's recent history was the establishment of

Technopark—India's first IT park—in 1995.[61] Technopark has developed into the largest IT park in the geographical area,[62] employing around 62,000 people in 450 companies.[63]

Geography and climate

Geography

Main article: Geography of Thiruvananthapuram
View of Pattom, the north eastern part of the city. The Western Ghats mountain range is seen in the background

Thiruvananthapuram is built on seven hills

Killi rivers. Vellayani, Thiruvallam and Aakulam backwaters lie in the city.[68] The soil type in the middle part of the city is a dark brown loamy laterite soil high in phosphates. Laterisation is a result of the heavy rainfall and humid conditions. In western coastal regions of the city, sandy loam soil is found, and on hilly eastern parts of the district, rich dark brown loam of granite origin is found.[69]

The Thiruvananthapuram Corporation is spread over 214.86 km2 (82.96 sq mi).[3] The wider Thiruvananthapuram metropolitan area comprises Thiruvananthapuram corporation, three municipalities and 27 panchayats, as of 2011.[70] Being the largest city in India's southern tip region, it is essential for both military logistics and civil aviation in the southern part of the country. Thiruvananthapuram is the headquarters of the Southern Air Command (SAC) of the Indian Air Force.[71]

Climate

The city has a climate that lies on the border between a

south-west monsoons and gets its first showers in early June. The city receives heavy rainfall of around 1,835 mm (72.2 in) per year. The city also gets rain from the receding north-east monsoons which hit the city by October. The dry season sets in by December. The lowest temperature recorded in the city core was 17.8 °C (64.0 °F) on 6 January 1974 and the highest temperature was 38.2 °C (100.8 °F) on 21 February 2019.[73] At the airport, the lowest temperature recorded was 16.4 °C (61.5 °F) on 15 January 1975 and the highest temperature was 36.3 °C (97.3 °F) on 5 May 1998.[73]

Climate data for Thiruvananthapuram City (1991–2020, extremes 1901–2020)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 36.0
(96.8) 		38.2
(100.8) 		37.7
(99.9) 		38.0
(100.4) 		36.7
(98.1) 		35.8
(96.4) 		34.0
(93.2) 		34.6
(94.3) 		35.4
(95.7) 		35.2
(95.4) 		34.8
(94.6) 		35.5
(95.9) 		38.2
(100.8)
Mean maximum °C (°F) 34.4
(93.9) 		34.8
(94.6) 		35.4
(95.7) 		35.1
(95.2) 		34.6
(94.3) 		32.8
(91.0) 		32.1
(89.8) 		32.3
(90.1) 		33.0
(91.4) 		32.8
(91.0) 		33.1
(91.6) 		34.1
(93.4) 		35.9
(96.6)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 32.4
(90.3) 		32.8
(91.0) 		33.5
(92.3) 		33.3
(91.9) 		32.6
(90.7) 		30.4
(86.7) 		30.1
(86.2) 		30.3
(86.5) 		30.9
(87.6) 		30.9
(87.6) 		31.0
(87.8) 		32.0
(89.6) 		31.7
(89.1)
Daily mean °C (°F) 27.4
(81.3) 		27.8
(82.0) 		28.9
(84.0) 		29.2
(84.6) 		28.9
(84.0) 		27.1
(80.8) 		26.7
(80.1) 		26.9
(80.4) 		27.2
(81.0) 		27.2
(81.0) 		27.1
(80.8) 		27.3
(81.1) 		27.6
(81.7)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 22.3
(72.1) 		22.9
(73.2) 		24.3
(75.7) 		25.1
(77.2) 		25.1
(77.2) 		23.8
(74.8) 		23.3
(73.9) 		23.4
(74.1) 		23.5
(74.3) 		23.5
(74.3) 		23.2
(73.8) 		22.6
(72.7) 		23.6
(74.5)
Mean minimum °C (°F) 20.2
(68.4) 		20.9
(69.6) 		22.1
(71.8) 		23.0
(73.4) 		22.6
(72.7) 		22.0
(71.6) 		21.7
(71.1) 		21.8
(71.2) 		22.1
(71.8) 		22.1
(71.8) 		21.6
(70.9) 		20.3
(68.5) 		19.7
(67.5)
Record low °C (°F) 17.8
(64.0) 		18.1
(64.6) 		20.2
(68.4) 		20.0
(68.0) 		20.1
(68.2) 		20.0
(68.0) 		20.2
(68.4) 		18.2
(64.8) 		20.8
(69.4) 		20.1
(68.2) 		18.9
(66.0) 		18.2
(64.8) 		17.8
(64.0)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 17.9
(0.70) 		21.7
(0.85) 		30.6
(1.20) 		122.3
(4.81) 		213.8
(8.42) 		307.8
(12.12) 		185.2
(7.29) 		161.0
(6.34) 		196.7
(7.74) 		297.2
(11.70) 		212.8
(8.38) 		68.4
(2.69) 		1,835.3
(72.26)
Average rainy days 0.9 1.4 2.2 6.9 9.1 16.0 13.3 9.9 10.4 13.0 9.8 4.0 96.9
Average
relative humidity (%) (at 17:30 IST
) 		64 63 66 73 75 80 79 77 77 80 78 69 73
Average dew point °C (°F) 21
(70) 		22
(72) 		23
(73) 		24
(75) 		24
(75) 		24
(75) 		24
(75) 		24
(75) 		24
(75) 		24
(75) 		24
(75) 		23
(73) 		23
(74)
Mean monthly sunshine hours 260.4 248.6 254.2 201.0 192.2 129.0 136.4 164.3 180.0 173.6 165.0 217.0 2,321.7
Mean daily sunshine hours 8.4 8.8 8.2 6.7 6.2 4.3 4.4 5.3 6.0 5.6 5.5 7.0 6.4
Average ultraviolet index 11 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 11 10 12
Source 1: India Meteorological Department (sun 1971–2000)[74][73][75] Time and Date (dewpoints, 2005-2015)[76]
Source 2: Tokyo Climate Center (mean temperatures 1981–2010)[77] Weather Atlas[78]

Demographics

Others include Sikhism, Buddhism & Other religions (0.06%)
Religion in Thiruvananthapuram City (2011)[79]
Religion Percent
Hinduism
 
 68.51%
Christianity
 
 16.79%
Islam
 
 13.77%
Not stated
 
 0.85%
Others
 
 0.09%

According to provisional results of the 2011 national census, the Corporation of Thiruvananthapuram, which occupies an area of 214 km2 (83 sq mi), had a population of 957,730.[3] The city's population density was 4,454/km2 (11,540/sq mi).[3] The Urban Agglomeration had a population of 1,687,406 in 2011.[5] The sex ratio is 1,040 females for every 1,000 males, which is higher than the national average.[3] Thiruvananthapuram's literacy rate of 93.72%[80] exceeds the all-India average of 74%.[81]

Buddhists and other religions which account for 0.06% of the population; 0.85% did not state a belief in the census.[82]

poverty line in the city was 11,667.[83]

Thiruvananthapuram has witnessed massive immigration of workers from northern India, mainly Punjab, Haryana, and Madhya Pradesh, and Eastern India, mainly West Bengal and Bihar, and from neighbouring countries like Sri Lanka, the Maldives, Nepal and Bangladesh.[84]

Administration

Main article:
Administration of Trivandrum district
Kerala Legislative Assembly Building

The

Kazhakkuttom, Sreekaryam, Kudappanakunnu, Vattiyoorkavu and Vizhinjam.[88] The functions of the TMC include water supply, drainage and sewerage, sanitation, solid-waste management, and building regulation. The Thiruvananthapuram Development Authority is responsible for the statutory planning and development of the greater Thiruvananthapuram region.[89]

As the seat of the

Thiruvananthapuram—and elects five Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLAs) to the state legislature.[90]

The Kerala Government Secretariat is the seat of administration of the Government of Kerala

Law and order

The

Thiruvananthapuram city police is a division of the Kerala Police, and the administrative control lies with the Kerala Home Ministry. Thiruvananthapuram city police are the largest police division in Kerala, and it consists of ten Circle offices and 21 police stations and a sanctioned strength of 3,500 police personnel.[92] The Central Prison is the oldest prison in Kerala and the headquarters of Kerala prisons and correctional services.[93]

Military and diplomatic establishments

The Southern Air Command of the Indian Air Force is headquartered in the city.[94][95] There are two state armed police battalions and a unit of the Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) based in Thiruvananthapuram.[96] The CRPF has a Group Headquarters (GHQ) located at Pallipuram.[97] In addition to this, three units of the Central Industrial Security Force (CISF) and Sector Headquarters (SHQ) of the Border Security Force (BSF) are also present. Thiruvananthapuram also houses a large army cantonment in Pangode which houses some regiments of the Indian Army.[98]

In the city there is a Consulate of the United Arab Emirates,[99] a Consulate of the Maldives,[100] and Honorary Consulates of Sri Lanka, Russia and Germany.[101][102]

Utility services

The

Kerala Fire And Rescue Services.[110]

Economy

Main article: Economy of Thiruvananthapuram
View of Technovalley, in the north western part of the city at night.
View of Technovalley, in the northwestern part of the city at night.
A part of Infosys campus. Thiruvananthapuram is a major IT hub in India.

Thiruvananthapuram's economy comprises

Information Technology, education, plantations, aerospace, commerce and tourism.[111] Thiruvananthapuram district contributes 10.31%, of the state's GDP.[10] With an economic growth rate of 13.83%, Thiruvananthapuram is the fastest-growing district in Kerala.[10] Thiruvananthapuram was listed as one of the top ten cities in India on Vibrancy and Consumption Index by a study conducted by global financial services firm Morgan Stanley.[112] State- and central-government employees make up a large percentage of the city's workforce.[10]
Thiruvananthapuram is a major
Keltron, Trivandrum Rubber Works and HLL Lifecare Limited
.

A highway at Thiruvananthapuram

Thiruvananthapuram is a major

Chithranjali Film Complex.[119][120] Other major IT, biotechnology and industrial campuses include Technocity, Bio 360 Life sciences park and Digital Science Park.[121][122]

Tourism is a significant economic sector.[123][124][125] The presence of natural attractions like beaches, backwaters, hills, and plantations and attractions like heritage, history, Ayurveda, medical tourism and knowledge centres attract many tourists.[126] The city experienced a surge of investment in the real estate, infrastructure and retail sectors in 2016–17.[127]

Port-related activity is low mainly due to the underdevelopment of ports.

transhipment port under construction.[128] Vizhinjam port's location is close to the international shipping routes and, it is just 10–12 nautical miles from the busy Persian Gulf-Malacca shipping lane.[129] The port also has a natural depth of 18 to 20 metres which can accommodate huge container ships.[130] The berths at Vizhinjam port are designed to cater to vessels of up to 24,000 TEU.[131]

Tourism

Main article: Tourism in Thiruvananthapuram
Harvesting lotus leaves from Vellayani Lake.

Thiruvananthapuram is a major tourist hub in India.

Agasthyamala rain forests, Neyyar Wildlife Sanctuary, Kallar, Braemore, Ponmudi hills, Poovar, Anchuthengu backwaters, Varkala Cliffs and Kappil-Edava
lakes.

The city is also known for its unique style of architecture involving

Kuthira Malika palace
, Kilimanoor palace and The Thiruvananthapuram Golf Club heritage building are examples of this.

The main museums include Kerala Science and Technology Museum (with its attached Priyadarsini Planetarium), Napier Museum, Kerala Soil Museum and Koyikkal Palace Museum. Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve is listed in UNESCO's World Network of Biosphere Reserves.[133]

Culture

Main article: Culture of Thiruvananthapuram
Established in 1855, the Napier Museum contains a vast collection of Ancient paintings and archaeological artefacts
Attukal Pongala festival marks the world's largest gathering of women

Thiruvananthapuram is known as the "Evergreen City of India" because of its green landscapes and the presence of many public parks.

Swathi Thirunal and Raja Ravi Varma hail from the city.[135][136] Prominent social reformers such as Sri Narayana Guru, Chattampi Swamikal, Ayyankali, Vakkom Moulavi and C. V. Raman Pillai also are from Thiruvananthapuram.[137]

Two of the three

Maharaja of Travancore, Swathi Thirunal.[143][144] Thiruvananthapuram is known for many music festivals like the Navarathri Music Festival, one of the oldest festivals of its kind in South India,[143] Swathi Sangeethotsavam, Soorya Music fest, Neelakanta Sivan Music Fest and many other music festivals are organised by various cultural groups.[143] The 111-day-long Soorya Festival is the biggest art and cultural event in Kerala.[145][146] The Soorya Festival features film festivals, theatre festivals, dance, music, painting and photography exhibitions.[145]

IFFK
2011 banner at Kairali Theater Complex

The

Malayalam film Industry was started in Thiruvananthapuram. The first Malayalam feature film, Vigathakumaran directed by J. C. Daniel was released in Thiruvananthapuram.[147] J. C. Daniel is considered the father of Malayalam film industry. He also established the first film studio in Kerala, the Travancore National Pictures at Thiruvananthapuram in 1926.[148][149] The International Film Festival of Kerala (IFFK), which is held every year in December, is one of Asia's largest film festivals in terms of viewer participation.[150][151] In addition to various film festivals, the presence of the Central Board of Film Certification's regional office, many movie studios and production facilities like the Uma Studio, Chitranjali Studio, Merryland Studio, Kinfra Film and Video Park and Vismayas Max contribute to the growth of Thiruvananthapuram as a centre of cinema.[152][153]

Apart from the famous

Attukal temple, Beemapally Mosque, Connemara Market, and the Mateer Memorial Church. Thiruvananthapuram was the main centre of Laurie Baker's architecture.[155]

Along with the major festivals of

Deepavali, and Navaratri, Christian and Islamic festivals like Christmas, Eid ul-Fitr, Bakrid and Milad-e-sheriff, the diverse ethnic populace of the city celebrates several local festivals like Attukal Pongala,[156] Beemapally Uroos,[157] Vettukaad Church Festival,[158] Padmanabhaswamy Temple Aaraattu and Lakshadeepam festival.[159] During the Onam festival, the state government conducts several cultural events for a week in the city.[160] The Attukal Pongala festival attracts millions of women devotees from across India and abroad. It is the largest gathering of women in the world.[161][162] Germany's Goethe Zentrum, France's Alliance Française and Russia's Gorky Bhavan centres host a wide range of events and programmes throughout the year.[163][164][165]

The general cuisine of the people is Keralite cuisine, which is generally characterised by an abundance of coconut and spices. Other South Indian cuisines, as well as Chinese and North Indian cuisines, are popular.[166] Thiruvananthapuram has many restaurants offering Arabic, Italian, Thai and Mexican cuisines.[167][168]

Transport

Kowdiar road; also known as the royal road or "Raja Veedhi", as it leads to the Kowdiar Palace
Another road in the city
Main article: Transport in Thiruvananthapuram
Thiruvananthapuram International Airport

Public transport

A KSRTC Double-decker bus in the city

The majority of bus services are conducted by government operators. There are also private operators.

Thiruvananthapuram Light Metro is a fully elevated metro rail – rapid transit system planned to ease the congestion in the city.[174][175]

Road

Thiruvananthapuram has a well-developed road transport infrastructure.[174] The roads in the city are maintained by the Thiruvananthapuram Roads Development Company Limited (TRDCL) and Kerala PWD.[176] TRDCL manages the 42 km city roads which come under the Thiruvananthapuram City Roads Improvement Project (TRCIP), which is the first urban road project in India.[177][178] TRCIP is a Public-private partnership project to improve and maintain the existing road network in the city to cater to the needs of rapid urbanisation.[177] TRCIP has won the International Road Federation's Global Road Achievement Awards in 2015.[179] TCRIP has also been selected by United Nations as a replicable Public Private Partnership model.[180] It was one of the 12 Public-private partnership project case studies from across the world which fulfil the Sustainable Development Goals of the UN Agenda 2030.[181][182]

Thiruvananthapuram is served by

State Highway 1, which commonly known as the Main Central Road is an arterial highway in the city. Other major highways in the city are State Highway 2 and State Highway 45.[185] The Mahatma Gandhi Road is the main arterial road in the city.[186][187] Another important road is the Kowdiar Road, which is also known as the Royal Road, as it leads to the Kowdiar Palace.[188]

Rail

Thiruvananthapuram is a

Kochuveli - Amritsar Weekly Express. There are plans to develop a railway terminal at Nemom railway station to reduce congestion at Thiruvananthapuram Central.[192]

Air

Thiruvananthapuram is served by the Thiruvananthapuram International Airport, located at Chakai, only 6.7 km (4.2 mi) from the city centre. The airport started operations in 1935 and is the first airport in Kerala.[193] Being one of the gateways to the state, it has direct connectivity to all the major cities in India as well as the Middle East, Malaysia, Singapore, the Maldives and Sri Lanka. As the city is headquarters of the Southern Air Command (SAC) of the Indian Air Force, Thiruvananthapuram International Airport caters to the Indian Air Force (IAF) and the Coast Guard for their strategic operations.[194] IAF has an exclusive apron to handle all their operations. The airport also caters to the Rajiv Gandhi Academy for Aviation Technology which carries out pilot-training activities.[195]

Sea

Small cruise ships often dock at Vizhinjam Harbour.

Vizhinjam Transshipment Terminal.[197][198] Vizhinjam seaport has been designated by the government as an authorised immigration check-post for entry and exit from India for international ships and cruises.[199]

Education

See also:
Colleges in Thiruvananthapuram
Model School Trivandrum, founded in 1885, is one of the oldest schools in Kerala.[200]
Clock Tower at the University of Kerala
Main gate of Medical college
Observatory in Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology

Primary and secondary education

Schools in Thiruvananthapuram are classified as aided, unaided and Government schools.

The State Council of Educational Research and Training (SCERT), Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE), Indian Certificate of Secondary Education (ICSE), International General Certificate of Secondary Education (IGCSE) and National Institute of Open Schooling (NIOS). In the National Achievement Survey conducted by the National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT), Thiruvananthapuram is ranked as the best city in Kerala.[204][205]

The notable schools in the city include

St. Thomas Residential School, The Oxford School and VSSC Central School.[208]

Higher education and research

Thiruvananthapuram is a major educational and research hub with various institutions in the fields of

Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology (SCTIMST) and Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER).[211] Thiruvananthapuram is one of the regional headquarters of Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU).[212]

The

SCTIMST (which provides super-specialty courses in cardiac and neuroscience) and Regional Cancer Centre, Thiruvananthapuram (which provides PG courses in radiotherapy and pathology, and super-specialty courses) includes SUT Academy of Medical Sciences, Sree Gokulam Medical College and Government Ayurveda College.[214]

The city houses several prominent

Institute of Management in Kerala (IMK).[217][218][219] There are over 23 engineering education institutions in Thiruvananthapuram.[220] Apart from IIST and IISER, the other major engineering education institutions include College of Engineering, Trivandrum (CET), which is the first engineering college in Kerala,[221] Government Engineering College BartonHill (GEC), Sree Chitra Thirunal College of Engineering (SCT), ER & DCI Institute of Technology, University College of Engineering, Mohandas college of Engineering and Technology and Mar Baselios College of Engineering and Technology.[220] The University College Thiruvananthapuram established in 1866 and H.H. The Maharaja's College for Women established in 1864 are two of the oldest institutions of higher education in India.[222][223]

Other prominent

postgraduate colleges include the Government Arts College, Mahatma Gandhi College, Mar Ivanios College, Government Sanskrit College, Loyola College of Social Sciences, St. Xavier's College and All Saints College.[224] Major fine arts colleges are Swathi Thirunal College of Music, which is the first music academy in Kerala[225] and College of Fine Arts Trivandrum.[226] The Lakshmibai National College of Physical Education is one of the two physical education academic institutes of the Sports Authority of India (SAI).[227]

The premier research institutes in Thiruvananthapuram include:

Indian Institute of Information Technology and Management, Kerala (IIITMK),[228] National Institute of Speech and Hearing (NISH),[229] Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology,[230] Centre for Development of Imaging Technology (C-Dit),[231] Centre for Development Studies (CDS),[232] Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute,[233] National Centre for Earth Science Studies (NCESS),[234] Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC)[235] and Oriental Research Institute & Manuscripts Library.[236]

MHRD's National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF).[237] Kerala University also ranked top in overall institution rankings in Kerala.[238] In engineering, Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology (IIST) is ranked as the best in Kerala and College of Engineering, Trivandrum (CET) is ranked third in Kerala.[239] College of Engineering, Trivandrum is also ranked fourth in India and first in Kerala in architecture institution rankings.[240] The University College is listed as the best college in Kerala.[241][242]

Media

Main article: Media in Thiruvananthapuram

Thiruvananthapuram has numerous newspaper publications, television and radio stations. Most of the media houses in

Tata Play
.

Major

The Deccan Chronicle and The Times of India.[245]

Red FM 93.5 MHz[253] and Radio DC 90.4 MHz.[256]

Sports

Main article: Sports in Thiruvananthapuram
Sports Hub (Greenfield Stadium) during the India vs New Zealand T20
A football match in CSN Stadium
Badminton at TOSS Academy

The most popular sports in Thiruvananthapuram are

Titanium FC, KSEB, Kovalam FC and Travancore Royals FC are the major football clubs based in Thiruvananthapuram.[267][268] Football is usually played in the Greenfield International Stadium(The Sports Hub), Chandrasekharan Nair Stadium and University Stadium.[269] Prominent football players from Thiruvananthapuram include Jobby Justin, Vinu Jose
, Thomas Sebastian, M Rajeev Kumar and Ganeshan.

The city has facilities to host most types of sports.[270] Thiruvananthapuram was one of the main venues for the 2015 National Games of India.[271] Athletic competitions are usually held at the University Stadium, Chandrasekharan Nair Stadium and Central Stadium.[272] The Trivandrum Marathon is a marathon organised by the Trivandrum runners club every year.[273] There will be two main races; a half marathon of 21 km and a full marathon of 42.19 km. A special 2 km fun run is also organised for public participation.[274] Trivand Run is another marathon conducted every January in the city.[275]

Jimmy George Indoor Stadium is a major indoor stadium in the state. It is used for conducting basketball, volleyball, table tennis, gymnastics, aquatics and martial arts.[270] The stadium has the first altitude-simulated training facility in South India, known as Astra.[276] The major sports training and coaching institutions include the Lakshmibai National College of Physical Education (LNCPE), TOSS Academy and the Tenvic Sports Coaching Academy at the Sports Hub.[277]

Basketball tournaments are usually conducted by the schools in the city.

Kovalam Beach and Varkala Beach.[281] Paragliding is another adventure sport usually seen on Varkala Beach.[282]

The

SAI Trivandrum golf club, established in 1850, is one of the oldest golf courses in India.[283] It is leased to the Sports Authority of India.[283]

See also

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Further reading

External links

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