Thomas Babington Macaulay
Victoria | |
---|---|
Prime Minister | Lord John Russell |
Preceded by | Hon. Bingham Baring |
Succeeded by | The Earl Granville |
Personal details | |
Born | Whig | 25 October 1800
Alma mater | Trinity College, Cambridge |
Occupation | Politician |
Profession | Historian |
Signature | |
Thomas Babington Macaulay, 1st Baron Macaulay,
Macaulay's
Early life
Macaulay was born at Rothley Temple[2] in Leicestershire on 25 October 1800, the son of Zachary Macaulay, a Scottish Highlander, who became a colonial governor and abolitionist, and Selina Mills of Bristol, a former pupil of Hannah More.[3] They named their first child after his uncle Thomas Babington, a Leicestershire landowner and politician,[4][5] who had married Zachary's sister Jean.[6] The young Macaulay was noted as a child prodigy; as a toddler, gazing out of the window from his cot at the chimneys of a local factory, he is reputed to have asked his father whether the smoke came from the fires of hell.[7]
He was educated at a private school in
Macaulay, who did not marry nor have children, was rumoured to have fallen in love with Maria Kinnaird, who was the wealthy ward of Richard 'Conversation' Sharp.[16] Macaulay's strongest emotional relationships were with his youngest sisters: Margaret, who died while he was in India, and Hannah, to whose daughter Margaret, whom he called 'Baba', he was also attached.[17]
India (1834–1838)
Macaulay in 1830 accepted the invitation of
Macaulay was Secretary to the Board of Control under Lord Grey from 1832 until he in 1833 required, as a consequence of the penury of his father, a more remunerative office, than that of the unremunerated office of an MP, from which he resigned after the passing of the Government of India Act 1833 to accept an appointment as first Law Member of the Governor-General's Council. Macaulay in 1834 went to India, where he served on the Supreme Council between 1834 and 1838.[18] His Minute on Indian Education of February 1835 was primarily responsible for the introduction of Western institutional education to India[citation needed].
Macaulay recommended the introduction of the English language as the official language of secondary education instruction in all schools where there had been none before, and the training of English-speaking Indians as teachers.[1] In his minute, he urged
I have no knowledge of either Sanskrit or Arabic. But I have done what I could to form a correct estimate of their value. I have read translations of the most celebrated Arabic and Sanskrit works. I have conversed both here and at home with men distinguished by their proficiency in the Eastern tongues. I am quite ready to take the Oriental learning at the valuation of the Orientalists themselves. I have never found one among them who could deny that a single shelf of a good European library was worth the whole native literature of India and Arabia.
He further argued:
It will hardly be disputed, I suppose, that the department of literature in which the Eastern writers stand highest is poetry. And I certainly never met with any orientalist who ventured to maintain that the Arabic and Sanskrit poetry could be compared to that of the great European nations. But when we pass from works of imagination to works in which facts are recorded and general principles investigated, the superiority of the Europeans becomes absolutely immeasurable. It is, I believe, no exaggeration to say that all the historical information which has been collected from all the books written in the Sanskrit language is less valuable than what may be found in the most paltry abridgments used at preparatory schools in England. In every branch of physical or moral philosophy, the relative position of the two nations is nearly the same.
Hence, from the sixth year of schooling onwards, instruction should be in European learning, with English as the medium of instruction. This would create a class of anglicised Indians who would serve as cultural intermediaries between the British and the Indians; the creation of such a class was necessary before any reform of vernacular education. He stated:
I feel with them that it is impossible for us, with our limited means, to attempt to educate the body of the people. We must at present do our best to form a class who may be interpreters between us and the millions whom we govern; a class of persons Indian in blood and colour, but English in tastes, in opinions, in morals, and in intellect. To that class we may leave it to refine the vernacular dialects of the country, to enrich those dialects with terms of science borrowed from the Western nomenclature, and to render them by degrees fit vehicles for conveying knowledge to the great mass of the population.
Macaulay's minute largely coincided with Bentinck's views
His final years in India were devoted to the creation of a Penal Code, as the leading member of the Law Commission. In the aftermath of the
In Indian culture, the term "Macaulay's Children" is sometimes used to refer to people born of Indian ancestry who adopt Western culture as a lifestyle, or display
Domenico Losurdo states that "Macaulay acknowledged that the English colonists in India behaved like
Return to British public life (1838–1857)
Returning to Britain in 1838, he became MP for
In the election of 1847 he lost his seat in Edinburgh.
In 1852, the voters of Edinburgh offered to re-elect him to Parliament. He accepted on the express condition that he need not campaign and would not pledge himself to a position on any political issue. Remarkably, he was elected on those terms.[citation needed] He seldom attended the House due to ill health. His weakness after suffering a heart attack caused him to postpone for several months making his speech of thanks to the Edinburgh voters. He resigned his seat in January 1856.[31] In 1857 he was raised to the peerage as Baron Macaulay, of Rothley in the County of Leicester,[32] but seldom attended the House of Lords.[31]
Later life (1857–1859)
Macaulay sat on the committee to decide on the historical subjects to be painted in the new
During his later years his health made work increasingly difficult for him. He died of a heart attack on 28 December 1859, aged 59, leaving his major work, The History of England from the Accession of James the Second incomplete.[35] On 9 January 1860 he was buried in Westminster Abbey, in Poets' Corner,[36] near a statue of Addison.[9] As he had no children, his peerage became extinct on his death.
Macaulay's nephew, Sir George Trevelyan, Bt, wrote the "Life and Letters" of his uncle. His great-nephew was the Cambridge historian G. M. Trevelyan.
Literary works
As a young man he composed the ballads Ivry and The Armada,[37] which he later included as part of Lays of Ancient Rome, a series of very popular poems about heroic episodes in Roman history which he began composing in India and continued in Rome, finally publishing in 1842.[38] The most famous of them, Horatius, concerns the heroism of Horatius Cocles. It contains the oft-quoted lines:[39]
Then out spake brave Horatius,
The Captain of the Gate:
"To every man upon this earth
Death cometh soon or late.
And how can man die better
Than facing fearful odds,
For the ashes of his fathers,
And the temples of his gods?"
His essays, originally published in the Edinburgh Review, were collected as Critical and Historical Essays in 1843.[40]
Historian
During the 1840s, Macaulay undertook his most famous work, The History of England from the Accession of James the Second, publishing the first two volumes in 1848. At first, he had planned to bring his history down to the reign of George III. After publication of his first two volumes, his hope was to complete his work with the death of Queen Anne in 1714.[41]
The third and fourth volumes, bringing the history to the Peace of Ryswick, were published in 1855. At his death in 1859 he was working on the fifth volume. This, bringing the History down to the death of William III, was prepared for publication by his sister, Lady Trevelyan, after his death.[42]
Political writing
Macaulay's political writings are famous for their ringing prose and for their confident, sometimes dogmatic, emphasis on a progressive model of British history, according to which the country threw off superstition, autocracy and confusion to create a balanced constitution and a forward-looking culture combined with freedom of belief and expression. This model of human progress has been called the Whig interpretation of history. This philosophy appears most clearly in the essays Macaulay wrote for the Edinburgh Review and other publications, which were collected in book form and a steady best-seller throughout the 19th century. But it is also reflected in History; the most stirring passages in the work are those that describe the "Glorious Revolution" of 1688.
Macaulay's approach has been criticised by later historians for its one-sidedness and its complacency.
Legacy as a historian
The Liberal historian Lord Acton read Macaulay's History of England four times and later described himself as "a raw English schoolboy, primed to the brim with Whig politics" but "not Whiggism only, but Macaulay in particular that I was so full of." However, after coming under German influence Acton would later find fault in Macaulay.[45] In 1880 Acton classed Macaulay (with Burke and Gladstone) as one "of the three greatest Liberals".[46] In 1883, he advised Mary Gladstone:
[T]he Essays are really flashy and superficial. He was not above par in literary criticism; his Indian articles will not hold water; and his two most famous reviews, on Bacon and Ranke, show his incompetence. The essays are only pleasant reading, and a key to half the prejudices of our age. It is the History (with one or two speeches) that is wonderful. He knew nothing respectably before the seventeenth century, he knew nothing of foreign history, of religion, philosophy, science, or art. His account of debates has been thrown into the shade by Ranke, his account of diplomatic affairs, by Klopp. He is, I am persuaded, grossly, basely unfair. Read him therefore to find out how it comes that the most unsympathetic of critics can think him very nearly the greatest of English writers…[47]
In 1885, Acton asserted that:
We must never judge the quality of a teaching by the quality of the Teacher, or allow the spots to shut out the sun. It would be unjust, and it would deprive us of nearly all that is great and good in this world. Let me remind you of Macaulay. He remains to me one of the greatest of all writers and masters, although I think him utterly base, contemptible and odious for certain reasons which you know.[48]
In 1888, Acton wrote that Macaulay "had done more than any writer in the literature of the world for the propagation of the Liberal faith, and he was not only the greatest, but the most representative, Englishman then living".[49]
W. S. Gilbert described Macaulay's wit, "who wrote of Queen Anne" as part of Colonel Calverley's Act I patter song in the libretto of the 1881 operetta Patience. (This line may well have been a joke about the Colonel's pseudo-intellectual bragging, as most educated Victorians knew that Macaulay did not write of Queen Anne; the History encompasses only as far as the death of William III in 1702, who was succeeded by Anne.)
Herbert Butterfield's The Whig Interpretation of History (1931) attacked Whig history. The Dutch historian Pieter Geyl, writing in 1955, considered Macaulay's Essays as "exclusively and intolerantly English".[50]
On 7 February 1954, Lord Moran, doctor to the Prime Minister, Sir Winston Churchill, recorded in his diary:
Randolph, who is writing a life of the late Lord Derby for Longman's, brought to luncheon a young man of that name. His talk interested the P.M. ... Macaulay, Longman went on, was not read now; there was no demand for his books. The P.M. grunted that he was very sorry to hear this. Macaulay had been a great influence in his young days.[51]
George Richard Potter, Professor and Head of the Department of History at the University of Sheffield from 1931 to 1965, claimed "In an age of long letters ... Macaulay's hold their own with the best".[52] However Potter also claimed:
For all his linguistic abilities he seems never to have tried to enter into sympathetic mental contact with the classical world or with the Europe of his day. It was an insularity that was impregnable ... If his outlook was insular, however, it was surely British rather than English.[53]
With regards to Macaulay's determination to inspect physically the places mentioned in his History, Potter said:
Much of the success of the famous third chapter of the History which may be said to have introduced the study of
English history is incomprehensible without Scotland.[54]
Potter noted that Macaulay has had many critics, some of whom put forward some salient points about the deficiency of Macaulay's History but added: "The severity and the minuteness of the criticism to which the History of England has been subjected is a measure of its permanent value. It is worth every ounce of powder and shot that is fired against it." Potter concluded that "in the long roll of English historical writing from Clarendon to Trevelyan only Gibbon has surpassed him in security of reputation and certainty of immortality".[55]
W. A. Speck wrote in 1980, that a reason Macaulay's History of England "still commands respect is that it was based upon a prodigious amount of research".[59] Speck claimed:
Macaulay's reputation as an historian has never fully recovered from the condemnation it implicitly received in Herbert Butterfield's devastating attack on The Whig Interpretation of History. Though he was never cited by name, there can be no doubt that Macaulay answers to the charges brought against Whig historians, particularly that they study the past with reference to the present, class people in the past as those who furthered progress and those who hindered it, and judge them accordingly.[60]
According to Speck:
[Macaulay too often] denies the past has its own validity, treating it as being merely a prelude to his own age. This is especially noticeable in the third chapter of his History of England, when again and again he contrasts the backwardness of 1685 with the advances achieved by 1848. Not only does this misuse the past, it also leads him to exaggerate the differences.[60]
On the other hand, Speck also wrote that Macaulay "took pains to present the virtues even of a rogue, and he painted the virtuous warts and all",
In 1981,
In 1982, Gertrude Himmelfarb wrote:
[M]ost professional historians have long since given up reading Macaulay, as they have given up writing the kind of history he wrote and thinking about history as he did. Yet there was a time when anyone with any pretension to cultivation read Macaulay.[64]
Himmelfarb also laments that "the history of the History is a sad testimonial to the cultural regression of our times".[65]
In the novel Marathon Man and its film adaptation, the protagonist was named 'Thomas Babington' after Macaulay.[66]
In 2008,
Works
- Works by Thomas Babington Macaulay, 1st Baron Macaulay at Project Gutenberg
- Lays of Ancient Rome originally published in the year 1842.
- Wikisource.
- 5 vols (1848): Vol 1, Vol 2, Vol 3, Vol 4, Vol 5 at Internet Archive
- 5 vols (1848): Vol. 1, Vol. 2, Vol. 3, Vol. 4, Vol. 5 at Project Gutenberg
- volumes 1–3 at LibriVox.org
. Philadelphia: Porter & Coates. 1848 – via - Critical and Historical Essays(1843), 2 vols, edited by Alexander James Grieve. Vol. 1, Vol. 2
- "Social and Industrial Capacities of the Negroes". Critical Historical and Miscellaneous Essays with a Memoir and Index. Vol. V. and VI. Mason, Baker & Pratt. 1873.
- Lays of Ancient Rome: With Ivry, and The Armada. Longmans, Green, and Company. 1881.
- William Pitt, Earl of Chatham: Second Essay (Maynard, Merrill, & Company, 1892, 110 pages)
- The Miscellaneous Writings and Speeches of Lord Macaulay(1860), 4 vols Vol. 1, Vol. 2, Vol. 3, Vol. 4
- Machiavelli on Niccolò Machiavelli (1850).
- The Letters of Thomas Babington Macaulay(1881), 6 vols, edited by Thomas Pinney.
- The Journals of Thomas Babington Macaulay, 5 vols, edited by William Thomas.
- Macaulay index entry at Poets' Corner
- Lays of Ancient Rome (Complete) at Poets' Corner with an introduction by Bob Blair
- Works by Thomas Babington Macaulay at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
Arms
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See also
- Philosophic Whigs
- Whig history further explains the interpretation of history that Macaulay espoused.
- Samuel Rogers#Middle life and friendships
Citations
- ^ a b MacKenzie, John (January 2013), "A family empire", BBC History Magazine
- ISBN 090219884X.
- ^ "Thomas Babbington Macaulay". Josephsmithacademy. Archived from the original on 12 May 2018. Retrieved 10 October 2013.
- ^ Symonds, P. A. "Babington, Thomas (1758–1837), of Rothley Temple, nr. Leicester". History of Parliament on-line. Institute of Historical Research. Retrieved 3 September 2016.
- ^ Kuper 2009, p. 146.
- ^ Knight 1867, p. 8.
- ^ Sullivan 2010, p. 21.
- ^ "Macaulay, Thomas Babington (FML817TB)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge.
- ^ doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/17349. (Subscription or UK public library membershiprequired.)
- ^ Galton 1869, p. 23.
- ^ Sullivan 2010, p. 9.
- ^ Pattison 1911, p. 193.
- ^ S2CID 144301729.
- ^ Thomas Babington Macaulay, Social and Industrial Capacities of the Negroes (Edinburgh Review, March 1827), collected in Critical, Historical and Miscellaneous Essays, Volume 6 (1860), pp. 361–404.
- ^ Taylor, Michael (2020). The Interest: How the British Establishment Resisted The Abolition of Slavery. Penguin Random House (Paperback). pp. 107–116.
- ^ Cropper 1864: see entry for 22 November 1831
- ^ Sullivan 2010, p. 466.
- ^ Evans 2002, p. 260.
- ^ Spear 1938, pp. 78–101.
- ^ ""Government of India" - A Speech Delivered in the House of Commons on the 10th of July 1833". www.columbia.edu. Columbia university and Project Gutenberg. Retrieved 21 September 2018.
- ^ "377: The British colonial law that left an anti-LGBTQ legacy in Asia". www.bbc.co.uk. BBC News. 28 June 2021. Retrieved 29 June 2021.
- ^ Think it Over: Macaulay and India's rootless generations[permanent dead link]
- ^ Watt & Mann 2011, p. 23.
- ^ Losurdo 2014, p. 250.
- ^ Losurdo 2014, pp. 250–251.
- ^ "No. 19774". The London Gazette. 1 October 1839. p. 1841.
- ^ a b "Macaulay's speeches on copyright law". Archived from the original on 24 December 2016. Retrieved 8 December 2015.
- ^ "Lord Macaulay". Bartleby. Retrieved 1 November 2013.
- ^ "The Rector". Glasgow university. Retrieved 1 November 2013.
- ^ "Biography of Lord Macaulay". Sacklunch. Retrieved 1 November 2013.
- ^ a b "Lord Macaulay". The Sydney Morning Herald. 15 March 1860. Retrieved 1 November 2013.
- ^ "No. 22039". The London Gazette. 11 September 1857. p. 3075.
- ^ "Thomas Babington Macaulay". Clanmacfarlanegenealogy. Retrieved 25 October 2013.
- National Portrait Gallery. Spring 2006. Retrieved 25 October 2013.
- ^ "Death of Lord Macaulay". The New York Times. 17 January 1960. Retrieved 25 October 2013.
- ^ Stanley, A. P., Historical Memorials of Westminster Abbey (London; John Murray; 1882), p. 222.
- ^ Macaulay 1881.
- ISBN 978-0674054691. Retrieved 16 December 2019.
- ^ "Thomas Babington Macaulay, Lord Macaulay Horatius". English verse. Retrieved 23 October 2013.
- ^ Macaulay 1941, p. x.
- ^ Macaulay 1848, Vol. V, title page and prefatory "Memoir of Lord Macaulay".
- ^ Macaulay 1848.
- ^ Marx 1906, p. 788, Ch. XXVII: "I quote Macaulay, because as a systematic falsifier of history he minimizes facts of this kind as much as possible."
- ^ Churchill 1947, p. 132: "It is beyond our hopes to overtake Lord Macaulay. The grandeur and sweep of his story-telling carries him swiftly along, and with every generation he enters new fields. We can only hope that Truth will follow swiftly enough to fasten the label 'Liar' to his genteel coat-tails."
- ^ Hill 2011, p. 25.
- ^ Paul 1904, p. 57.
- ^ Paul 1904, p. 173.
- ^ Paul 1904, p. 210.
- ^ Lord Acton 1919, p. 482.
- ^ Geyl 1958, p. 30.
- ^ Lord Moran 1968, pp. 553–554.
- ^ Potter 1959, p. 10.
- ^ Potter 1959, p. 25.
- ^ Potter 1959, p. 29.
- ^ Potter 1959, p. 35.
- ^ Brendon 2010, p. 126.
- ^ Western 1972, p. 403.
- ^ Kenyon 1974, p. 47, n. 14.
- ^ Speck 1980, p. 57.
- ^ a b Speck 1980, p. 64.
- ^ Speck 1980, p. 65.
- ^ a b Speck 1980, p. 67.
- ^ Burrow 1983.
- ^ Himmelfarb 1986, p. 163.
- ^ Himmelfarb 1986, p. 165.
- ^ Goldman 1974, p. 20.
- ^ Olson 2008, pp. 309–310.
- ^ a b c d Burke 1864, p. 635.
General and cited sources
- ISBN 978-1409077961.
- Burke, Bernard (1864). The General Armory of England, Scotland, Ireland, and Wales: Comprising a Registry of Armorial Bearings from the Earliest to the Present Time. Harrison & sons.
- ISBN 978-0521274821.
- Churchill, Winston (1947). Marlborough: His Life and Times. Vol. 1. London: Geo. Harrap & Co.
- Cropper, Margaret (1864). Recollections by a sister of T.B. Macaulay.
- Evans, Stephen (2002). "Macaulay's minute revisited: Colonial language policy in nineteenth-century India". Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development. 23 (4): 260–281. S2CID 144856725.
- Galton, Francis (1869). Hereditary Genius: an Inquiry Into Its Laws and Consequences. London: Macmillan.
- Geyl, Pieter (1958). Debates with Historians. Meridian.
- ISBN 978-0440053279.
- Gonçalves, Sérgio Campos (2010). "Thomas Babington Macaulay". In Jurandir Malerba (ed.). Lições de história : o caminho da ciência no longo século XIX. Rio de Janeiro: Editora FGV. ISBN 978-8574309996.
- Hill, Roland (2011). Lord Acton. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0300181272.
- Faber and Faber.
- Kenyon, J. P. (1974). "The Revolution of 1688: Resistance and Contract". In McKendrick, Neil(ed.). Historical Perspectives. Studies in English thought and Society in Honour of J. H. Plumb. London: Europa.
- Knight, Charles, ed. (1867). "Macaulay, Rt Hon Thomas Babington". The English Cyclopaedia : Biography; Volume IV. London: Bradbury Evans & Co. p. 8.
- ISBN 978-0674035898.
- Lord Acton (1919). Figgis, John Neville; Laurence, Reginald Vere (eds.). Historical Essays and Studies. London: Macmillan.
- ISBN 978-0722162231.
- Losurdo, Domenico (2014). Liberalism: A Counter-history. Verso. ISBN 978-1781681664.
- Macaulay, Thomas Babington (1941) [1907]. Grieve, A. J. (ed.). Critical and Historical Essays. Volume 1 (PDF). London: J. M. Dent. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 July 2013.
- Marx, Karl Heinrich (1906). Friedrich Engels (ed.). Capital: A Critique of Political Economy. New York: Modern Library.
- OCLC 750831024.
- Paul, Herbert, ed. (1904). Letters of Lord Acton to Mary Gladstone. London: George Allen.
- Potter, G. R. (1959). Macaulay. London: Longmans, Green & Co.
- Rupprecht, Anita (September 2012). "'When he gets among his countrymen,they tell him that he is free': Slave Trade Abolition, Indentured Africans and a Royal Commission". Slavery & Abolition. 33 (3): 435–455. S2CID 144301729.
- JSTOR 3020849.
- Speck, W. A. (1980). "Thomas Babington Macaulay". In Cannon, John (ed.). The Historian at Work. London: George Allen & Unwin.
- Sullivan, Robert E (2010). Macaulay: The Tragedy of Power. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0674054691.
- Watt, Carey Anthony; Mann, Michael, eds. (2011). Civilizing Missions in Colonial and Postcolonial South Asia: From Improvement to Development. Anthem Press. ISBN 978-1843318644.
- Western, John R. (1972). Monarchy and revolution. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0874710663.
Further reading
- ISBN 0297775502[Facsimile reprint of London, P. Davies], old, popular biography.
- Clive, John Leonard (1973). Thomas Babington Macaulay: The Shaping of the Historian London: Secker and Warburg. ISBN 043610220X.
- Cruikshank, Margaret (1978). Thomas Babington Macaulay. Boston: Twayne. ISBN 0805766863.
- Edwards, Owen Dudley (1988). Macaulay. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
- Hall, Catherine (2009). "Macaulay's Nation". Victorian Studies. 51 (3): 505–523. S2CID 145678995.
- Harrington, Jack (2010). Sir John Malcolm and the Creation of British India, Ch. 6. New York: ISBN 978-0230108851.
- Howard, Michael. "Historians Reconsidered : II Macaulay." History Today (May 1951) 1#5 pp. 56–61 online.
- Jann, Rosemary The Art and Science of Victorian History (1985) online free
- Masani, Zareer (2013). Macaulay: Britain's Liberal Imperialist. London: Bodley Head.
- Trevelyan, Sir George Otto (1909). The Life and Letters of Lord Macaulay. Vol. 1. Harper and Brothers.
- Pattison, Mark (1911). . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 193–196.
- Speck, W. A., "Robert Southey, Lord Macaulay and the Standard of Living Controversy", History 86 (2001) 467–477
External links
- Portraits of Thomas Babington Macaulay at the National Portrait Gallery, London
- Thomas Babington Macaulay (1800–1859), Fran Pritchett, Columbia University
- Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by Thomas Babington Macaulay
- Works by Thomas Babington Macaulay at Project Gutenberg
- Works by or about Thomas Babington Macaulay at Internet Archive
- Works by Thomas Babington Macaulay at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
- books by Macauly at Readanybook.com
- Lord Macaulay's Habit of Exaggeration, JamesBoswell.info
- Macaulay's Minute revisited, Ramachandra Guha, The Hindu, 4 February 2007
- Thomas Babington Macaulay at Find a Grave – burial at Westminster Abbey, London
- Thomas Babington Macaulay at Find a Grave – memorial statue, antechapel, Trinity College, Cambridge
- Thomas Babington Macaulay at Curlie