Thomas Bruce, 7th Earl of Elgin
British Ambassador to the Ottoman Empire | |
---|---|
In office 1799–1803 | |
Monarch | George III |
Preceded by | Francis Jackson |
Succeeded by | William Drummond |
Personal details | |
Born | Martha Whyte | 20 July 1766
Known for | The controversial procurement of Marble Sculptures from the Parthenon, Acropolis in Greece |
Signature | |
Thomas Bruce, 7th Earl of Elgin and 11th Earl of Kincardine,
Early life
A member of the formerly royal
He was educated at Harrow and Westminster. After several years at St Andrews, he proceeded to the Continent where he completed his studies at Paris.[1]
Career
Military career
Elgin entered the army as an
Public life
Elgin was elected as a
Diplomatic career
In 1791, he was sent as a temporary
Elgin was appointed as ambassador to the
The Elgin Marbles
Following discussions with the diplomat and archaeologist Sir William Hamilton, Elgin decided he would engage, at his own expense, a team of artists and architects to produce plaster casts and detailed drawings of ancient Greek buildings, sculptures and artefacts. In this way he hoped to make his embassy, "beneficial to the progress of the Fine Arts in Great Britain."[19]
Elgin procured the services of a
The actual procurement of ancient marbles from Athens formed no part of Elgin's first plan. The decision to remove marbles attached to structures was made on the spot by
Part of the Elgin collection was prepared for embarkation for Britain in 1803, and considerable difficulties were encountered at every stage of its transit. Elgin's vessel, the
Elgin's procurement of the marbles was supported by some, including Goethe,[24] and censured by others in Britain as vandalism, most famously Lord Byron,[25] who wrote the following lines[26]
Dull is the eye that will not weep to see
Thy walls defaced, thy mouldering shrines removed
By British hands, which it had best behoved
To guard those relics ne'er to be restored.
Curst be the hour when from their isle they roved,
And once again thy hapless bosom gored,
And snatch'd thy shrinking gods to northern climes abhorred!
Elgin defended his actions in a pamphlet Memorandum on the Subject of the Earl of Elgin's Pursuits in Greece, published in 1810.[27] On the recommendation of a British parliamentary select committee, the marbles were purchased by the British government in 1816 for £35,000,[27] considerably below their cost to Elgin (estimated at £75,000), and transferred in trust to the British Museum, where they went on display in 1817.[28]
Britain's ownership of the Elgin Marbles is disputed by Greece.[29] Discussions between UK and Greek officials about the future of the marbles are ongoing.[30][31]
Detention in France
After leaving Constantinople, the Elgins decided to return to Britain via Italy and France. When, on 18 May 1803, war again broke out between Britain and France, they were in Lyon. Elgin was declared a prisoner of war and was released on parole on condition that he not leave France. In November, Elgin was imprisoned in the fortress of Lourdes and the French offered to release him in exchange for a French general in detention in England. The British refused, and Elgin was again released on parole. In October 1805, the French gave Lady Elgin, who was pregnant, permission to return to England on compassionate grounds. Elgin himself was finally allowed to leave France in June 1806 following a direct appeal to Napoleon by British Prime Minister
Return to Britain and later life
Soon after returning to Britain, Elgin discovered that his wife was having an affair with Robert Ferguson, one of his oldest friends. In December 1807, Elgin successfully sued Ferguson for seduction in the English courts and was awarded £10,000 in damages. In March 1808, he brought a successful divorce action in Edinburgh against his wife on grounds of adultery. The marriage was formally dissolved by a private act of parliament. The court cases were widely reported and caused considerable public scandal.[33]
In 1807, Elgin lost his seat in the House of Lords, and the resumption of a military or diplomatic career was ruled out by the terms of his parole in France, which Elgin felt honour bound to observe while Napoleon was in power. Elgin was deeply in debt due to the costs associated with his embassy, his procurement of the Elgin marbles, and his court actions. He virtually retired from public life.[34]
In September 1810, Elgin married Elizabeth Oswald of Dunnikier. That year, he offered his collection of antiquities for sale to the government, but withdrew when he was offered only £30,000.[35]
During 1815 Elgin became embroiled in the Tweddell remains affair, a controversy over the possessions of John Tweddell, a classical scholar who had died in 1799 in Athens. Elgin was accused of having appropriated some of Tweddell's papers after his death, during his term as British ambassador in Constantinople. Some of Tweddell's papers had been destroyed in a fire and others lost at sea. The remaining papers were misplaced when Elgin arranged for them to be sent back to England. The matter was settled in late 1816 with the return of some of the items to Tweddell's family.[36][37][38]
In 1820, Elgin was again elected to the House of Lords, but his requests for a peerage were unsuccessful. He eventually moved to France to escape his creditors and died in Paris on 4 November 1841.[39] His widow, the Dowager Countess of Elgin, died in Paris 1 April 1860.[16]
Family
Lord Elgin married twice. On 11 March 1799, he married
- George Charles Constantine Bruce, Lord Bruce (5 April 1800 – 1840)[41]
- Lady Mary Bruce (died 21 December 1883).
- Lady Matilda Harriet Bruce (died 31 August 1857)
- Lady Lucy Bruce (1806 – 4 September 1881)
After her marriage to Elgin ended in divorce, Mary married Ferguson.
Elgin, on 21 September 1810, married Elizabeth Oswald (1790–1860), the youngest daughter of James Townsend Oswald of Dunnikier. They had four sons and three daughters:[16]
- viceroy of India[42]
- Robert Bruce (15 March 1813 – 27 June 1862), lieutenant-colonel in the Grenadier Guards.[43]
- Sir Frederick Wright-Bruce(14 April 1814 – 19 September 1867), barrister and diplomat
- Lady Charlotte Christian Bruce (9 September 1817 – 27 April 1872)
- Thomas Charles Bruce (15 February 1825 – 23 November 1890), MP for Portsmouth
- Lady Augusta Frederica Elizabeth Bruce (died 1 March 1876), Lady-in-Waiting to the Duchess of Kent and Resident Bedchamber Woman to Queen Victoria
- Lady Frances Anne Bruce (died 16 August 1894), Lady-in-Waiting to the Duchess of Edinburgh.
See also
- Francesco Morosini
- Palermo Fragment
- Las Incantadas, sculptures taken from Greece often called "the Elgins of Thessaloniki"
- Eleusisaround the same period
- Winged Victory of Samothrace, sculpture claimed by Greece
- Bassae Frieze, temple sculptures from Bassae in the British Museum
Notes
- ^ a b c Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 9 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 267–268, see first para. .
- ^ The Annual Biography and Obituary for the year 1818 (Longman, Hurst, Rees, 1818), p. 239.
- ^ Cokayne, G.E., The Complete Peerage, vol. E to G (St Catherine Press, Limited, 1926), p. 43.
- ^ London Gazette, # 12636, 5 April 1785, 171
- ^ London Gazette # 13095, 9 May 1789, 363
- ^ London Gazette, # 13508, 5 March 1793, 191
- ^ London Gazette, # 13772, 21 April 1795, 361
- ^ a b Philippart, J., ed. 1820. The Royal Military Calendar, or Army Service and Commission Book, Containing the Services and Progress of Promotion of the Generals, Lieutenant-Generals, Major-Generals, Colonels, Lieutenant-Colonels, and Majors of the Army, According to Seniority: With Details of Principal Military Events of the Last Century, Vol.2, p.343. 3rd edition. London, UK: T. Egerton, and Sherwood, Neely and Jones
- ^ London Gazette, 13788, 16 June 1795, 629
- ^ St Clair, William (1967). Lord Elgin and the Marbles (1sr ed.). London: Oxford University Press. pp. 2, 147.
- ^ Sainty, J. C. "Lieutenants and Lord-Lieutenants of Counties (Scotland) 1794-". Retrieved 10 February 2018.
- ^ London Gazette, # 13451, 18 August 1792, 647
- ^ London Gazette, 13804, 11 August 1795, 836
- ^ a b c d Wroth 1886.
- ^ St Clair (1967). pp. 1, 281 n3
- ^ ISBN 978-0-9711966-2-9.
- ^ Christopher Hitchens, The Elgin Marbles: Should They Be Returned to Greece?, 1998, p.p.10-11
- ^ St Clair (1967). pp. 112, 120
- ^ St Clair (1967). pp. 7-9
- ^ a b c Williams, Dyfri (7 January 2009). "Lord Elgin's firman". Journal of the History of Collections: 1–28.
- ^ David Rudenstein (29 May 2000). "Did Elgin Cheat at Marbles?". Nation. 270 (21): 30.
Yet no researcher has ever located this Ottoman document and when l was in Instanbul I searched in vain for it or any copy of it, or any reference to it in other sorts of documents or a description of its substantive terms in any related official papers. Although a document of some sort may have existed, it seems to have vanished into thin air, despite the fact the Ottoman archives contain an enormous number of similar documents from the period.
- ^ Professor Vassilis Demetriades. "WAS THE REMOVAL OF THE MARBLES ILLEGAL?". newmentor.net.
- ^ "Parthenon Frieze".
- ISBN 186197292X.
- ISBN 978-0-521-82093-6.
Its iconic status was certainly helped by Lord Elgin's looting of the marbles...
- ^ "The story of the Elgin Marbles". International Herald Tribune. 14 July 2014. Archived from the original on 25 October 2011. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
- ^ a b Gosse, Edmund William (1911). . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 954. The DNB is described in the last paragraph of this article.
- ISBN 9780199657599.
- ^ "Intergovernmental Committee for Promoting the Return of Cultural Property to its Countries of Origin or its Restitution in Case of Illicit Appropriation Twenty-Second SessionParis, UNESCO Headquarters, Room XI27-29 September 2021DECISIONS". UNESCO. September 2021. Retrieved 8 January 2023.
- ^ "Greece in 'preliminary' talks with British Museum about Parthenon marbles". The Guardian. 3 December 2022. Retrieved 4 December 2022 – via www.theguardian.com.
- ^ "British museum says constructive discussions over Parthenon Marbles". Reuters.
- ^ St Clair (1967). pp. 121-135
- ^ St Clair (1967). pp. 145-146.
- ^ St Clair (1967). pp. 147-49, 180
- ^ St Clair (1967) pp. 180-186.
- ^ St Clair, William (1967). Lord Elgin and The Marbles. Oxford University Press. pp. 233–34, 240–241.
- S2CID 163053341.
- ^ Lovell Augustus Reeve; John Mounteney Jephson; Shirley Brooks; Henry Christmas; George Augustus Frederick Fitzclarence (1817). The Literary Gazette: A Weekly Journal of Literature, Science, and the Fine Arts. H. Colburn. p. 38.
- ^ St Clair (1967). p 270
- ^ "Lord Bruce died, after a lengthened illness, ... at Talaton, Devon, where he had been residing for the benefit of his health. The deceased, George Charles Constantine Lord Bruce, who was eldest son of the Earl of Elgin, by his first marriage with Miss Nisbet, which marriage was dissolved by act of Parliament in 1808, was born the 5th of April, 1800, and was brother of Lady Mary Chichester, the lady of Mr. R. A. Chichester, M.P., Lady Matilda Maxwell, and Lady Lucy Grant. The Hon. James Bruce, the noble earl's eldest son' by his second marriage, born July 20, 1810, is now heir to the family honours.(Courier 1841, p. 4)"
- ^ "Dec, 1. 1840 At Talaton, where he had been residing for the benefit of his health, aged 40, George Charles Constantine, Lord Bruce, eldest son of the Earl of Elgin. He was of Christ Church, Oxford. He died unmarried, and his half brother, born in 1816, is now heir apparent to the Earldom(Urban 1841)"
- ^ H. Verney Lovett, "The Indian Governments, 1858–1918", The Cambridge History of the British Empire, Volume V: The Indian Empire, 1858–1918 (Cambridge University Press, 1932), p. 224.
- ^ Lang 1987, p. 350 footnote 1.
References
- Burke, John Bernard (1852). A genealogical and heraldic dictionary of the peerage and baronetage of the British Empire (14 ed.). Colburn. p. 364.
- "NECROLOGY". The Courier (Hobart, Tas. : 1840 – 1859). Hobart, Tas.: National Library of Australia. 14 May 1841. p. 4. Retrieved 5 November 2011.
- Lang, Cecil Y. (1987). Lang, Cecil Y.; Shannon, Edgar F. Jr. (eds.). The Letters of Alfred Lord Tennyson: 1851–1870. Vol. 2. Harvard University Press. p. 350. ISBN 978-0-674-52584-9.
- Urban, Sylvanus, ed. (January 1841). "Obituary: Lord Bruce". The Gentleman's magazine. Vol. 170. J.B. Nicolas and Son. p. 106.
- St Clair, William (January 2008) [2004]. "Bruce, Thomas, seventh earl of Elgin and eleventh earl of Kincardine (1766–1841)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 20 September 2008.
- Attribution
- This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Wroth, Warwick William (1886). "Bruce, Thomas (1766-1841)". In Stephen, Leslie (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 7. London: Smith, Elder & Co. pp. 130–131.
External links
- Media related to Thomas Bruce, 7th Earl of Elgin at Wikimedia Commons