Thomas Dixon Jr.
Thomas Dixon Jr. | |
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Wake Forest College Johns Hopkins University Greensboro Law School | |
Occupations |
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Notable work | Amzi Clarence Dixon |
Thomas Frederick Dixon Jr. (January 11, 1864 – April 3, 1946) was an American
Early years
Dixon was born in
Dixon's father, Thomas J. F. Dixon Sr., son of an English–Scottish father and a German mother, was a well-known Baptist minister and a landowner and slave-owner. His maternal grandfather,
In his adolescence, Dixon helped out on the family farms, an experience that he hated, but he would later say that it helped him relate to the working man's plight.
Family involvement in the Ku Klux Klan
Dixon's father, Thomas Dixon Sr., and his maternal uncle,
Education
In 1877, Dixon entered the
"After his graduation from Wake Forest, Dixon received a scholarship to enroll in the political science program at Johns Hopkins University, "then the leading graduate school in the nation".[7]: 388 There he met and befriended fellow student and future President Woodrow Wilson.[3]: 34 [6][page needed][13] Wilson was also a Southerner, and Dixon says in his memoirs that "we became intimate friends.... I spent many hours with him in [Wilson's room]."[14] It is documented that Wilson and Dixon took at least one class together: "As a special student in history and politics he undoubtedly felt the influence of Herbert Baxter Adams and his circle of Anglo-Saxon historians, who sought to trace American political institutions back to the primitive democracy of the ancient Germanic tribes. The Anglo-Saxonists were staunch racists in their outlook, believing that only latter-day Aryan or Teutonic nations were capable of self-government."[7]: 388 But after only one semester, despite the objections of Wilson, Dixon left Johns Hopkins to pursue journalism and a career on the stage.[15]
Dixon headed to
As an actor, Dixon's physical appearance was a problem. He was 6 feet 3 inches (1.91 m) but only 150 pounds (68 kg), making for a very lanky appearance. One producer remarked that he would not succeed as an actor because of his appearance, but Dixon was complimented for his intelligence and attention to detail. The producer recommended that Dixon put his love for the stage into scriptwriting.[6][page needed][19] Despite the compliment, Dixon returned home to North Carolina in shame.[citation needed]
Upon his return to Shelby, Dixon quickly realized that he was in the wrong place to begin to cultivate his playwriting skills. After the initial disappointment from his rejection, Dixon, with the encouragement of his father, enrolled in the short-lived Greensboro Law School, in Greensboro, North Carolina. An excellent student, Dixon received his law degree in 1885.[6][page needed]
Political career
It was during law school that Dixon's father convinced Thomas Jr. to enter politics. After graduation, Dixon ran for the local seat in the North Carolina General Assembly as a Democrat.[20] Despite being only 20 years of age and too young to vote, he won the 1884 election by a 2-1 margin, a victory that was attributed to his eloquence.[21] Dixon retired from politics in 1886 after only one term in the legislature. He said that he was disgusted by the corruption and the backdoor deals of the lawmakers, and he is quoted as referring to politicians as "the prostitutes of the masses."[22][23] However short, Dixon's political career gained him popularity throughout the South as he was the first to champion Confederate veterans' rights.[24][25]
Following his career in politics, Dixon practiced private law for a short time, but he found little satisfaction as a lawyer and soon left the profession to become a minister.
Dixon's thought
Dixon saw himself, and wanted to be remembered as, a man of ideas. He described himself as a reactionary.[26]
Dixon claimed to be a friend of black people, but he believed that they would never be the equal of whites, who he believed had superior intelligence; according to him, blacks could not benefit much even from the best education.[27] He thought giving them the vote was a mistake, if not a disaster, and the Reconstruction Amendments were "insane".[28] He favored returning black people to Africa, although there were far too many people for this to happen; even the whole U.S. Navy could not keep up with the ones being born, much less the adults.[29]
Historian Albert Bushnell Hart indicates the implacability of Dixon's opposition to the advancement of blacks, quoting Dixon: "Make a negro a scientific and successful farmer, and let him plant his feet deep in your soil, and it will mean a race war."[30]
In his autobiography, Dixon claims to have personally seen the following:
- The Freedmens Bureau arrived in Shelby and told the black people there they could have the franchise (meaning the vote), if they swore to support the constitutions of the United States and North Carolina. The black people then brought to their meetings with the agent enormous baskets, large jugs, huge bags, wheelbarrows, and wagons, as "all" thought the "franchise" was something tangible.[31]
- He listened as a widow with daughter told his uncle about the rape of her daughter, by a black person whom Reconstruction governor William W. Holden had just pardoned and freed from prison. Dixon saw him lynched by the Klan.[32]
- A Freedmens Bureau agent told a former slave of Dixon's grandmother that he was free and could go where he pleased. The man did not want to leave, and when the agent kept repeating his message, threw a hatchet at him, which missed.[33]
- In Columbia, South Carolina, about 1868, he saw "a black driver of a truck strike a little white boy of about six with a whip." The boy's mother rebuked him, so she was arrested, and he followed them into a courtroom where a black magistrate fined her $10 for "insulting a freedman". His uncle and a friend paid the fine for her.[34]
- In the South Carolina House of Representatives there were 94 black people and 30 whites, 23 of them not from South Carolina. When he went there, aged 7, he saw that some members were well dressed, "preachers in frock coats". "A lot" were barefooted, "many of them were in overalls covered with red mud", and "the space behind the seats of the members was strewn with corks, broken bottles, stale crusts, greasy pieces of paper and bones picked clean". Without debate the legislature voted the presiding officer $2000 for "the arduous duties...performed this week for the State". A page told Dixon that he was not receiving his $20/day pay. The chamber "reek[ed] of vile cigars and stale whisky", and "the odor of perspiring negroes", which he mentions twice.[35] Karen Crowe finds his memories about this trip "particularly confused"; his chronology is not correct.[36]
- In the elections of 1870, the Klan warned black people in North Carolina who could not read their ballot not to cast it. His uncle was their chief.[37]
In addition, because his uncle was very involved in both the Klan and other local politics—residents funded him to go to Washington on their behalf—he got many reports about other alleged misconduct by black people and their white allies who controlled government in North Carolina.
Dixon had a particular hatred for Radical Republican
Dixon opposed women having the right to vote. "His prejudices against women are more subtle." "For him, though a woman's real fulfillment lies most assuredly in marriage, the best example of that institution is one in which she takes an equal part."[39]
Dixon was also concerned with threats of communism and war. "Civilization was threatened by socialists, by involvement of the U.S. in European affairs, finally, by communists... He saw civilization as a somewhat fragile quality thing threatened with wreck and ruin from all sides."[2]
Minister
Dixon was ordained as a
On April 10, 1887, Dixon moved to the Second Baptist Church in
In August 1889, although his Boston congregation was willing to double his pay if he would stay, Dixon accepted a post in New York City.
In 1895, Dixon resigned his position, saying that "for reaching of the non-church-going masses, I am convinced that the machinery of a strict Baptist church is a hindrance", and that he wished for "a perfectly free pulpit". The Board of the church had expressed to him three times their desire to leave Association Hall and return to the church's building; according to them, the crowds attending were not making enough donations to cover the Hall's rental, for which reason there was "a gradual increase of the indebtedness of the church, without any prospect for a change for the better."
In 1896 Dixon's Failure of Protestantism in New York and its causes appeared.
"Dixon decided to move on and form a new church, the People's Church (sometimes described as the People's Temple), in the auditorium of the
When absent giving lectures, "the only man I could find who could hold my big crowd" was
"While pastor of the People's church [sic] in New York he was once indicted on a charge of criminal libel for his pulpit attacks on city officials. When the warrant of arrest was served on him he set about looking up the records of the members of the grand jury which had indicted him. Then he denounced the jury from his pulpit. The proceedings were dropped."[47][48]
Lecturer
Dixon was someone "who had something to say to the world and meant to say it." He had "something burning in his heart for utterance."[49] He insisted repeatedly that he was only telling the truth, furnished documentation when challenged,[50] and asked his critics to point out any untruths in his works, even announcing a reward for anyone who could. The reward was not claimed.[51]
Dixon enjoyed lecturing, and found it "an agreeable pastime". "Success on the platform was the easiest thing I ever tried."[52] He went on the Chautauqua circuit,[53] and was often hailed as the best lecturer in the nation.[3]: 51 [54] He tells us in his autobiography that as a lecturer, "I always spoke without notes after careful preparation".[52] Over four years he was heard by an estimated 5,000,000 attendees, sometimes exceeding 6,000 at a single program.[55]: 103 He gained an immense following throughout the country, particularly in the South, where he played up his speeches on the plight of the working man and what he called the horrors of Reconstruction.[56]
[H]e can whirl words and ideas at an audience as few men can.... He spoke on the "New America" before an audience that nearly filled the opera house. The people held their breath and listened, they clapped their hands, they laughed and sometimes some of them cried a little, and when the lecturer[,] after a magnificent close, bowed himself off the platform, they felt wronged that they had paid fifty cents apiece to hear so short an address; then they looked at their watches to find that they had been listening two hours.[57]
About 1896, Dixon had a breakdown caused by overwork. He had lived on 94th St. in Manhattan and on Staten Island, but did not like the weather, "and the doctor had come to see us every week". The doctor said he should "live in the country".[58] Now wealthy, in 1897 Dixon purchased "a stately colonial home, Elmington Manor", in Gloucester County, Virginia. The house had 32 rooms and the grounds were 500 acres (200 ha).[59] He had his own post office, Dixondale.[25][60] The same year he had an 80 feet (24 m) steam yacht built, which required a crew of "two men and a boy"; he named it Dixie.[61] He says in his autobiography that one year he paid income tax on $210,000. "I felt...I had more money than I could possibly spend."[62]
Becoming a novelist
It was during such a lecture tour that Dixon attended a
Dixon as novelist
Dixon turned to writing books as a way to present his ideas to an even larger audience. Dixon's "Trilogy of Reconstruction" consisted of
"I thank God that there is not to-day the clang of a single slave's chain in this continent. Slavery may have had its beneficent aspects, but democracy is the destiny of the race, because all men are bound together in the bonds of fraternal equality with common love."
-Thomas Dixon Jr., 1896 from Protestantism and Its Causes, New York[8] |
"...no amount of education of any kind, industrial, classical or religious, can make a Negro a white man or bridge the chasm of centuries which separate him from the white man in the evolution of human nature."
-Thomas Dixon Jr., 1905 from "Booker T. Washington and the Negro", p. 1, Saturday Evening Post, August 19, 1905.[69] |
Dixon's Reconstruction-era novels depict Northerners as greedy
Another pet hate for Dixon and the focus of another trilogy was
Dixon wrote 22 novels, as well as many plays, sermons, and works of non-fiction.
While The Birth of a Nation is still viewed for its crucial role in the birth of the feature film, none of Dixon's novels have stood the test of time. When Publishers Weekly listed the best-selling fiction of the last quarter century, none of Dixon's books was included.[74]
Dixon as playwright
After the successful publication of The Clansman Dixon proceeded to adapt it for the stage. It opened in Norfolk on September 22, 1905, and toured the south with great commercial success before venturing into receptive northern markets such as Indianapolis.[75] One Dixon biographer, reviewing the script, noted its conspicuous gaps in character and plot development. No background or justification is offered for Nathan Bedford Forrest, the Klan or the institution of lynching, but the play nonetheless excited the passions of southern audiences that took these for granted.[76] Contemporary newspaper and religious criticism, even in the south, was less favorable. Journalists called the play a "riot breeder" and an "exhibition of hysterics" while an Atlanta Baptist minister denounced it as a slander on white southerners as well as black.[77] The Clansman played in New York in 1906, again to an enthusiastic audience and critical panning, while Dixon gave speeches around the city and unsuccessfully offered Booker T. Washington a bribe to repudiate racial equality.[78]
Dixon created other plays through 1920, both adapted and original. All of them continued his racial and sectional themes except for the 1919
Dixon as filmmaker
Turning The Clansman into a movie was the next step, reaching more people with even more impact.[80] As he said à propos of The Fall of a Nation (1916): the movie "reached more than thirty million people and was, therefore, thirty times more effective than any book I might have written."[81]
Attitudes towards the revived Klan
Dixon was an extreme
Family
Dixon married Harriet Bussey on March 3, 1886. The couple eloped to Montgomery, Alabama after Bussey's father refused to give his consent to the marriage.[86]
Dixon and Harriet Bussey had three children together: Thomas III, Louise, and Jordan.
Final years
Dixon's final years were not financially comfortable. "He had lost his house on Riverside Drive in New York, which he had occupied for twenty-five years.... His books no longer became...best sellers."[55]: 221 The money he earned from his first books he lost on the stock and cotton exchanges in the crash of 1907.[87] "His final venture in the late 1920s was a vacation resort," Wildacres Retreat, in Little Switzerland, North Carolina. "After he had spent a vast amount of money on its development, the enterprise collapsed as speculative bubbles in land across the country began to burst before the crash of 1929."[88] He ended his career as an impoverished court clerk in Raleigh, North Carolina.[6][page needed][89]
Harriet died on December 29, 1937, and fourteen months later, on February 26, 1939, Dixon had a debilitating
Dixon died on April 3, 1946. He is buried, with Madelyn, in Sunset Cemetery in Shelby, North Carolina.
Archival material
The Thomas Frederick Dixon Jr. Collection, in the John R. Dover Memorial Library at
Additional archival material is in the
List of works
Novels
- The Leopard's Spots: A Romance of the White Man's Burden—1865–1900 (1902) (Part 1 of the trilogy on Reconstruction)
- The One Woman: A Story of Modern Utopia(1903) (Part 1 of the trilogy on socialism)
- The Clansman: A Historical Romance of the Ku Klux Klan (1905) (Part 2 of the trilogy on Reconstruction)
- The Traitor: A Story of the Fall of the Invisible Empire(1907) (Part 3 of the trilogy on Reconstruction)
- Comrades: A Story of Social Adventure in California (1909) (Part 2 of the trilogy on socialism)
- The Root of Evil (1911) (Part 3 of the trilogy on socialism) An attack on capitalism
- The Sins of the Father: A Romance of the South (1912), on miscegenation
- The Southerner: A Romance of the Real Lincoln (1913) (First of three novels on Southern heroes)
- The Victim: A Romance of the Real Jefferson Davis (1914) (Second of three novels on Southern heroes) Text from FadedPage. Text from Project Gutenberg. Original pages, from Kentucky Digital Library.[permanent dead link]
- The Foolish Virgin: A Romance of Today (1915) (opposes emancipation of women)
- The Fall of a Nation. A Sequel to The Birth of a Nation (1916)
- The Way of a Man. A Story of the New Woman (1918)
- The Man in Gray. A Romance of North and South (1921), on Robert E. Lee (Third of three novels on Southern heroes)
- The Black Hood (1924) (on the Ku Klux Klan)
- The Love Complex (1925). Based on The Foolish Virgin.[93]
- The Sun Virgin (1929) (On Francisco Pizarro.)
- Companions (1931) (Based on The One Woman.)
- The Flaming Sword (1939), on the dangers of Communism for the United States (in the novel, Communists take over the country)
Theater
- From College to Prison, play, Wake Forest Student, January 1883.[94]
- The Clansman(1905). Produced by George H. Brennan. Multiple touring companies simultaneously.
- The Traitor (1908), written in collaboration with Channing Pollock, whose name got first billing over that of Dixon[95]
- The Sins of the Father (1909) Antedates 1912 publication of the novel. Dixon toured playing a main part after the actor was killed.[96] "The Dixon family was of the opinion that he was absolutely lousy on stage."[97]
- Old Black Joe, one act (1912)[97]
- The Almighty Dollar (1912)[98]
- The Leopard's Spots (1913)[98]
- The One Woman (1918)
- The Invisible Foe (1918). Written by Walter C. Hackett; produced and directed by Dixon.
- The Red Dawn: A Drama of Revolution (1919, unpublished)[97]
- Robert E. Lee, a play in five acts (1920)[98]
- A Man of the People. A Drama of Abraham Lincoln (1920). "The three-act drama dealt with the Republican National Committee's request that Lincoln stand down as candidate for president at the end of his first term in office and Lincoln's conflict with
Cinema
- The Birth of a Nation (1915)
- The Fall of a Nation (1916) (lost)
- The Foolish Virgin (1916)
- The One Woman (1918)
- Bolshevism on Trial, based on Comrades (1919)
- Wing Toy (1921) (lost)
- Where Men Are Men (1921)
- Bring Him In (1921) "Based on a story by H. H. Van Loan."[6]: 213
- Thelma (1922)
- The Mark of the Beast (1923) The only film Dixon directed as well as wrote and produced. It is equally important for bringing Madelyn Donovan openly into his life.[99]
- The Brass Bowl (1924) "Based on the novel by Louis Joseph Vance."[6]: 213
- The Great Diamond Mystery (1924) "Based on a story by Shannon Fife."[6]: 213
- The Painted Lady (1924) "Based on the Saturday Evening Post story by Larry Evans."[6]: 213
- The Foolish Virgin (1924) (lost)
- Champion of Lost Causes (1925) "Based on the Flynn's magazine story by Max Brand."[6]: 214
- The Trail Rider (1925) "Based on the novel by George Washington Ogden."[6]: 214
- The Gentle Cyclone (1926) "Based on the Western Story Magazine story "Peg Leg and Kidnapper" by Frank R. Buckley."[6]: 214
- The torch; a story of the paranoiac who caused a great war (screenplay, self-published, 1934). On John Brown, who Dixon presents as a madman, receiving "most of the blame for having touched off the 'powder keg' that caused the Civil War."[55]: 238 n. 14
- Nation Aflame (1937)[100]
Non-fiction
- Living problems in religion and social science (sermons) (1889)
- What is religion? : an outline of vital ritualism : four sermons preached in Association Hall, New York, December 1890 (1891)
- Dixon on Ingersoll. Ten discourses, delivered in Association Hall, New York. With a Sketch of the Author by Nym Crinkle (1892)
- The failure of Protestantism in New York and its causes (1896)
- An open letter from Rev. Thomas Dixon to J.C. Beam. Read it. (self-published pamphlet, 1896?)
- Dixon's sermons. Vol. i, no. i-v. i, no. 4. : a monthly magazine (1898) (Pamphlets on the Spanish–American War.)
- The Free lance. Vol. i, no. 5-v. i, no. 9. : a monthly magazine (1898–1899) (Collection of five speeches, published in the magazine, on the Spanish–American War.)
- Dixon's Sermons : Delivered in the Grand Opera House, New York, 1898-1899 (1899)
- The Life Worth Living: A Personal Experience (1905)
- The hope of the world; a story of the coming war (self-published pamphlet, 1925)
- The Inside Story of the Harding Tragedy. New York: The Churchill Company, 1932. With Harry M. Daugherty.
- A dreamer in Portugal; the story of Bernarr Macfadden's mission to continental Europe (1934)
- Southern Horizons : The Autobiography of Thomas Dixon (1984)
Articles
- Dixon, Jr., Thomas (March 1883). "The New South". Wake Forest Student. Vol. 2, no. 7. Address of the Euzelian Orator on the occasion of the anniversary of the Literary Societies, February 16, 1883. pp. 283–292.
- Dixon, Jr., Thomas (September 1905). "The Story of Ku Klux Klan. Some of its leaders, living and dead. Illustrated with photographs, prints and drawings by A. I. Keller". Metropolitan Magazine. Vol. 22, no. 6. Reproduced in its entirety in The Tennessean, August 27, 1905. pp. 657–669.
References
- S2CID 162913069. p. 510:
However, Dixon might be best described as a professional racist who made his living writing books and plays attacking the presence of African Americans in the United States. A firm believer not only in white supremacy, but also in the 'degeneration' of blacks after slavery ended, Dixon thought the ideal solution to America's racial problems was to deport all blacks to Africa.
- ^ a b c Crowe 1984, p. xvi.
- ^ OCLC 878907961.
- Shelby Star. Shelby, North Carolina. November 27, 2000. Archivedfrom the original on December 8, 2019. Retrieved May 6, 2019.
- ^ Society, Sons of the American Revolution Empire State (1899). Register of the Empire State Society of the Sons of the American Revolution. The Society. Archived from the original on May 21, 2021. Retrieved October 24, 2020.
- ^ ISBN 0-8071-3130-X.
- ^ from the original on April 29, 2019. Retrieved December 16, 2016.
- ^ a b c Roberts, p. 202.
- Doubleday, Page & Company. Archivedfrom the original on April 2, 2019. Retrieved April 3, 2019.
- ^ Dixon, Jr., Thomas (November 1905). "The story of Ku Klux Klan: some of its leaders, living and dead". Walker's Magazine. Vol. 1, no. 4. pp. 21–31.
- ^ "History and catalogue of the Kappa Alpha fraternity". Kappa Alpha Order, Chi Chapter. 1891: 228.
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) - ^ "Commencement Week". Wake Forest Student. June 1883. p. 472.
- ^ Williamson, A Rage for Order: Black-White Relations in the American South Since Emancipation
- ^ Crowe 1984, p. 167.
- ^ Crowe 1984, p. 168.
- ^ Slide 2004, p. 20.
- ^ Slide 2004, p. 53.
- ^ The Play that is Stirring the Nation. The Clansman. New York: American News Company. 1905. p. 69. Archived from the original on July 20, 2021. Retrieved July 20, 2021.
- ^ a b Slide 2004, p. [page needed].
- ^ "Dixon, Thomas". American National Biography. Archived from the original on March 13, 2017. Retrieved March 13, 2017.
Dixon now decided that he would try politics, and in 1884 he ran successfully for a Democratic seat in the state legislature.
- ^ Cook, Thomas Dixon, p. 36; Gillespie, Thomas Dixon Jr. and the Birth of Modern America
- ^ Crowe 1984, pp. 181–186.
- ^ Cook, Thomas Dixon, p. 38.
- ^ Cook, Thomas Dixon, pp. 38-39.
- ^ a b Marcosson, I.F. (January 29, 1905). "Thomas Dixon, author, and how he works". Times Dispatch. Richmond, Virginia. p. 35. Archived from the original on August 22, 2019. Retrieved June 13, 2019.
- New York Times. April 4, 1946. p. 23. Archivedfrom the original on June 23, 2019. Retrieved June 23, 2019.
- ^ Crowe 1984, p. xxv.
- Gale A412120492.
- ^ Crowe 1984, p. xxvi.
- JSTOR 25106167.
- ^ Crowe 1984, pp. 36–37.
- ^ Crowe 1984, pp. 53–59.
- ^ Crowe 1984, pp. 75–76.
- ^ Crowe 1984, p. 78.
- ^ Crowe 1984, pp. 78–81.
- ^ a b Crowe 1984, p. xxiv.
- ^ a b Crowe 1984, p. 195.
- ^ Crowe 1984, p. xvii.
- ^ Crowe 1984, p. xxix.
- Berkshire Eagle. Pittsfield, Massachusetts. December 29, 1964. p. 26. Archivedfrom the original on April 4, 2019. Retrieved April 3, 2019.
- ^ a b Slide 2004, p. 21.
- ^ New York Times. March 11, 1895. Archived(PDF) from the original on July 20, 2021. Retrieved April 4, 2019.
- ^ Crowe 1984, pp. 205–211.
- ^ "Rev. Thomas Dixon Jr". Peninsula Enterprise. Accomac, Virginia. March 16, 1895. p. 2. Archived from the original on April 4, 2019. Retrieved April 3, 2019.
- New York Times. January 14, 1895. p. 6. Archivedfrom the original on April 4, 2019. Retrieved April 4, 2019.
- ^ Crowe 1984, p. 237.
- ^ Crowe 1984, pp. 234–236.
- ^ "Names Seen In the Day's News". Morning Mercury. Huntsville, Alabama. February 7, 1905. p. 3. Archived from the original on April 4, 2019. Retrieved April 4, 2019.
- ^ Wheeler, A.C. (1892). "Biographical and Critical Sketch". Dixon on Ingersoll. New York: John B. Alden. pp. 12–13.
- ^ Crowe 1984, pp. 279–280.
- New York Age. November 9, 1905. p. 4. Archivedfrom the original on July 20, 2021. Retrieved June 13, 2019.
- ^ a b Crowe 1984, p. 260.
- ^ Slide 2004, p. 23.
- ^ a b c Slide 2004, p. 25.
- ^ OCLC 729785733.
- ^ Slide 2004, p. [page needed].
- ^ "Dixon's Lecture". Emporia Weekly Gazette. Emporia, Kansas. October 16, 1902. p. 8. Archived from the original on April 4, 2019. Retrieved April 4, 2019.
- ^ Crowe 1984, p. 239.
- ^ Crowe 1984, pp. 244–245.
- ^ "[Search for Dixondale Post Office]". postalhistory.com. Archived from the original on May 21, 2021. Retrieved June 10, 2019.
- ^ Crowe 1984, p. 250.
- ^ Crowe 1984, p. 314.
- ^ Crowe 1984, pp. 177, 262.
- ^ Crowe 1984, p. 264.
- ^ Crowe 1984, p. 266.
- ^ Crowe 1984, pp. 266–267.
- ^ Slide 2004, p. 27.
- ^ Slide 2004, p. 4.
- ^ Roberts, p. 204.
- ^ a b c d e Leiter, Andrew (2004). "Thomas Dixon, Jr.: Conflicts in History and Literature". Documenting the American South. Archived from the original on February 28, 2017. Retrieved July 21, 2017.
- ISBN 0-8131-9117-3. Archivedfrom the original on April 3, 2019. Retrieved April 3, 2019.
- ^ Slide 2004, p. 30.
- ^ Gillespie, Thomas Dixon Jr. and the Birth of Modern America; Davenport, F. Garvin. Journal of Southern History, August 1970.
- ^ Slide 2004, p. 5.
- ^ Slide 2004, p. 59–60.
- ^ Slide 2004, p. 58–60.
- ^ Slide 2004, p. 60.
- ^ Slide 2004, p. 64.
- ^ Slide 2004, p. 67–69.
- OCLC 23918841.
- ^ Crowe 1984, p. 310.
- ^ Slide 2004, p. 18.
- ^ Slide 2004, p. 16.
- ISBN 978-0-8071-3532-7.
- ^ "Race Hatred". Mitchell Capital. Mitchell, South Dakota. June 12, 1903. Archived from the original on April 4, 2019. Retrieved April 4, 2019.
- ^ Cook, Thomas Dixon, p. 39.
- ^ Crowe 1984, pp. 292–293.
- ^ Williamson, Joel (1987). "Thomas Dixon, Jr.". In Powell, William S. (ed.). Dictionary of North Carolina Biography. University of North Carolina Press. Archived from the original on May 9, 2019. Retrieved May 9, 2019.
- ^ Davenport, Journal of Southern History: August 1970; New York Times, April 17, 1934. p. 19, Dixon Penniless; $1,250,000 Gone.
- ^ Crowe 1984, p. xxxi.
- ^ "Thomas Dixon Library Goes to Gardner-Webb College". Daily Times-News. Burlington, North Carolina. May 17, 1945. Archived from the original on April 3, 2019. Retrieved April 3, 2019.
- Gardner-Webb University. Archivedfrom the original on April 3, 2019. Retrieved April 3, 2019.
- ^ Slide 2004, p. 103 n. 52.
- ^ Slide 2004, p. 19.
- ^ Slide 2004, p. 67.
- ^ Slide 2004, pp. 67–68.
- ^ a b c d Slide 2004, p. 69.
- ^ a b c Slide 2004, p. 70.
- ^ Slide 2004, p. 161.
- ^ Slide 2004, pp. 210–212.
Bibliography
- Crowe, Karen, ed. (1984). Southern Horizons: The Autobiography of Thomas Dixon. ProQuest 303250905.
- Lehr, Dick (2017). The birth of a movement: how "Birth of a Nation" ignited the battle for civil rights (2nd ed.). New York: PublicAffairs. ISBN 978-1-58648-987-8.
- Gillespie, Michele K.; Hall, Randal L. (2006). Thomas Dixon Jr. and the Birth of Modern America. ISBN 0-8071-3130-X.
- Slide, Anthony (2004). American Racist: The Life and Films of Thomas Dixon. The University Press of Kentucky. Project MUSE book 10080.
- McGee, Brian R. (2000). "Thomas Dixon's The Clansman: Radicals, Reactionaries, and the Anticipated Utopia". Southern Communication Journal. 65 (4): 300–317. S2CID 143698914.
- McGee, Brian R. "The Argument from Definition Revised: Race and Definition in the Progressive Era", pp. 141–158, Argumentation and Advocacy, Vol. 35 (1999)
- Gilmore, Glenda Elizabeth. Gender and Jim Crow: Women and the Politics of White Supremacy in North Carolina, 1986-1920. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1996. ISBN 0-8078-2287-6
- Williamson, Joel. A Rage for Order: Black-White Relations in the American South Since Emancipation, Oxford, 1986. ISBN 0-19-504025-2
- Roberts, Samuel K. (1980). "Kelly Miller and Thomas Dixon Jr. on Blacks in American Civilization". Phylon. 41 (2): 202–209. JSTOR 274972.
- Cook, Raymond A. (1974). Thomas Dixon. ISBN 0-8057-0206-7.
- Davenport, F. Garvin Jr. (August 1970). "Thomas Dixon's Mythology of Southern History". JSTOR 2206199.
- Bloomfield, Maxwell (1964). "Dixon's The Leopard's Spots: A Study in Popular Racism". JSTOR 2710931.
External links
- Historical Information from Historical Marker Database
- Works by Thomas Dixon Jr. at Project Gutenberg
- Works by or about Thomas Dixon Jr. at Internet Archive
- Works by Thomas Dixon Jr. at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
- Thomas Dixon Jr. at Find a Grave
- Full version of The Clansman
- Thomas F. Dixon Jr. at IMDb