Thomas Hughes

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Thomas Hughes

QC
Thomas Hughes
Thomas Hughes
Born(1822-10-20)20 October 1822
Uffington, Berkshire (now Oxfordshire), England
Died22 March 1896(1896-03-22) (aged 73)
Brighton, East Sussex, England
Pen nameVacuus Viator[1]
OccupationLawyer, writer, reformer
EducationOriel College, Oxford
PeriodNineteenth century
GenreChildren's literature

Thomas Hughes

QC (20 October 1822 – 22 March 1896) was an English lawyer, judge, politician and author. He is most famous for his novel Tom Brown's School Days (1857), a semi-autobiographical work set at Rugby School, which Hughes had attended. It had a lesser-known sequel, Tom Brown at Oxford
(1861).

Hughes had numerous other interests, in particular as a Member of Parliament, in the British co-operative movement, and in a settlement—Rugby, Tennessee, USA—reflecting his values.

Early life

Hughes was the second son of John Hughes, editor of the Boscobel Tracts (1830), and was born in Uffington, Berkshire (now Oxfordshire). He had six brothers, and one sister, Jane Senior, who later became Britain's first female civil servant. At the age of eight he was sent to Twyford School, a preparatory public school near Winchester, where he remained until the age of eleven. In February 1834 he went to Rugby School, which was then under the celebrated Thomas Arnold, a contemporary of his father at Oriel College, Oxford.

Hughes excelled at sports rather than in scholarship, and his school career culminated in a

Lord's Cricket Ground.[2] In 1842 he went on to Oriel College, and graduated BA in 1845. At Oxford, he played cricket for the university team in the annual University Match against Cambridge University, also at Lord's, and a match still regarded as first-class cricket.[3]

Legal career

Hughes was

Chester district in July 1882.[4]

Social interests

A committed social reformer, Hughes became involved in the

Great Ormond Street, and was the college's principal from 1872 to 1883.[5]

Hughes gave evidence in 1850 to a House of Commons committee on savings.[4] In so doing he participated in a Christian Socialist initiative, which led shortly to the Industrial and Provident Societies Partnership Act 1852, and the emergence of the industrial and provident society.[6] The Act was the work of Robert Aglionby Slaney, with whom Hughes worked in alliance.[7][8]

Hughes was involved also in the formation of some early trade unions, and helped finance the printing of Liberal publications; and acted as the first

President of the Co-operative Congress in 1869, serving on the Co-operative Central Board.[9] He invested with William Romaine Callender in co-operative mills, in 1866.[10]

In politics

Vanity Fair
in 1872.

Hughes was elected to Parliament as a Liberal for Lambeth (1865–68), and for Frome (1868–74). He stood as candidate in 1874 for Marylebone in 1874, but dropped out just before the election, despite support from Octavia Hill.[4][11] The context for the end of his political career was the unpopularity with Hughes's Frome constituents of his support for the Elementary Education Act 1870.[12]

As an MP Hughes worked on

co-operatives, which in particular became able to operate as a limited company.[8] The issue of legal obstacles to the operation of labour unions was topical, and in 1867 Hughes was made a member of a Royal Commission set up to consider the matter. Initially he was the only one on the committee sympathetic to the union point of view; after some lobbying he was joined by Frederic Harrison, and a concession was made to union representatives, allowing them observer places in the proceedings.[13] Hughes then worked with Harrison and Robert Applegarth to diminish the effect of some of the testimony from employers.[14]

The outcome of this commission was that Harrison, Hughes and

conspiracy.[15]

Volunteers

During the invasion scare of 1859, Hughes raised the

19th (Bloomsbury) Middlesex Rifle Volunteer Corps from among the students of the Working Men's College, and commanded it with the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel until 1869, when he became the unit's first Honorary Colonel. The battalion was known as 'Tom Brown's Corps'. Hughes estimated that it was the poorest in London, Rifle Volunteer Corps at the time being predominantly middle class. He also served as deputy editor of the Volunteer Services Gazette.[16][17][18]

Later life

In 1878–9 Hughes began writing The Manual for Co-operators (1881), with

Vansittart Neale, for the Co-operative Congress. As a side-product he developed an interest in the model village.[19] In 1880, he acquired the ownership of Franklin W. Smith's Plateau City and founded a settlement in America—Rugby, Tennessee—which was designed as an experiment in utopian living for the younger sons of the English gentry. It followed closely on the failed colony Buckthorn (existing about 1872 to 1879), established by another Englishman, Charles Lempriere, in western Virginia; this settlement had supposedly been suggested by Hughes.[20] Rugby was also unsuccessful on its own terms, but it still exists and is listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places
.

Hughes was also a prominent figure in the anti-opium movement, and a member of the Society for the Suppression of the Opium Trade.[21]

At the end of the 1880s Hughes clashed with

Co-operative Wholesale Society, over the vertical integration Mitchell favoured for the Society.[22] Hughes died in 1896 aged 73, at Brighton
, of heart failure, and was buried there.

Works

While living at Wimbledon, Hughes wrote his famous story Tom Brown's School Days, which was published in April 1857. He is associated with the novelists of the "muscular school", a loose classification but centred on the fiction of the Crimean War period.[23] Although Hughes had never been a member of the sixth form at Rugby, his impressions of the headmaster Thomas Arnold were reverent.

Hughes also wrote The Scouring of the White Horse (1859), Tom Brown at Oxford (1861), Religio Laici (1868), Life of Alfred the Great (1869) and the Memoir of a Brother. His brother, George Hughes, was the model for the Tom Brown character.

Family

In 1847, Hughes married Frances Ford, daughter of Rev.

J. M. F. Ludlow and his family;[24] Ludlow already shared barristers' chambers with Hughes, and the arrangement lasted four years.[4] There were five sons (Maurice, James, George, John, and Arthur) and four daughters (Lilian, Evie, Caroline and Mary) of the marriage.[25][26]

Lilian Hughes perished in the sinking of the

Poor Law
guardian and volunteer visitor to the local Poor Law infirmary and children's home.

Legacy

Statue of Thomas Hughes at Rugby School

A Hughes Scholarship was founded at Oriel College, Oxford. It was a closed award, open only to members, or sons of members, of some Co-operative Societies, in which aspect the award reflected Hughes's involvement with the Co-operative Movement.[27] The first scholar was elected to Oriel in 1884.[28] It was later combined with an award honouring the social reformer Edward Vansittart Neale.[29]

A statue of Hughes (pictured right) stands outside Rugby School Library: the sculptor was Thomas Brock, and the statue was unveiled in 1899.[30]

Bibliography

Fiction

Non-fiction

  • Religio Laici (1861)
  • A Layman's Faith (1868)
  • Alfred the Great (1870). In the Sunday Library for Household Reading, this was a largely political work, and was history verging on fiction.[31]
  • Memoir of a Brother (1873)
  • The Old Church; What Shall We Do With It? (1878)
  • The Manliness of Christ (1879)
  • True Manliness (1880)
  • Rugby Tennessee (1881)
  • Memoir of Daniel Macmillan (1882)
  • G.T.T. Gone to Texas (1884)
  • Notes for Boys (1885)
  • Life and Times of Peter Cooper (1886)
  • James Fraser Second Bishop of Manchester (1887)
  • David Livingstone (1889)
  • Vacation Rambles (1895)
  • Early Memories for the Children (1899)

References

  1. ^ Joseph F. Clarke (1977). Pseudonyms. BCA. p. 164.
  2. ^ "Scorecard: Marylebone Cricket Club v Rugby School". cricketarchive.com. 18 June 1840. Retrieved 11 March 2013.
  3. ^ "Scorecard: Oxford University v Cambridge University". cricketarchive.com. 9 June 1842. Retrieved 11 March 2013.
  4. ^ a b c d e f Lee, Sidney, ed. (1901). "Hughes, Thomas (1822-1896)" . Dictionary of National Biography (1st supplement). Vol. 3. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
  5. ^ J. F. C. Harrison ,A History of the Working Men's College (1854–1954), Routledge Kegan Paul, 1954
  6. ^ Arnold Bonner (1970). British Co-operation. Cooperative Union. p. 66.
  7. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/25713. (Subscription or UK public library membership
    required.)
  8. ^
    doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/14091. (Subscription or UK public library membership
    required.)
  9. ^ Congress Presidents 1869–2002 (PDF), February 2002, archived from the original (PDF) on 28 May 2008, retrieved 18 October 2007
  10. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/39657. (Subscription or UK public library membership
    required.)
  11. ISBN 978-1-108-02457-0
    .
  12. ^ Paul Smith (1967). Disraelian Conservatism and Social Reform. Routledge & Kegan Paul. p. 178 note 3.
  13. ^ a b Paul Smith (1967). Disraelian Conservatism and Social Reform. Routledge & Kegan Paul. p. 46.
  14. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/37120. (Subscription or UK public library membership
    required.)
  15. ^ Paul Smith (1967). Disraelian Conservatism and Social Reform. Routledge & Kegan Paul. p. 215.
  16. ^ Army List.
  17. ^ Ian F.W. Beckett, Riflemen Form: A Study of the Rifle Volunteer Movement 1859–1908, Aldershot: Ogilby Trusts, 1982, ISBN 0 85936 271 X., pp. 33, 61, Appendices VI and VII.
  18. ^ Ray Westlake, Tracing the Rifle Volunteers, Barnsley: Pen and Sword, 2010, ISBN 978-1-84884-211-3, p. 168.
  19. ISBN 978-0-521-53051-4
    .
  20. ^ Lee, Sidney, ed. (1912). "Lempriere, Charles" . Dictionary of National Biography (2nd supplement). Vol. 2. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
  21. ISBN 978-0-8131-1924-3
    . Retrieved 23 May 2012.
  22. ^ Arnold Bonner (1970). British Co-operation. Cooperative Union. pp. 134–5.
  23. ISBN 978-0-8047-1842-4
    .
  24. ISBN 978-0-521-30387-3
    .
  25. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/38525. (Subscription or UK public library membership
    required.)
  26. ^ "gb1499-thl - Thomas and Mary Hughes Letters - Archives Hub". Retrieved 14 June 2014.
  27. ^ Oxford University Handbook (1912), p. 31; archive.org.
  28. ^ Charles Lancelot Shadwell, Registrum Orielense, an account of the members of Oriel College, Oxford vol. 2, (1893), pp. x–xi; archive.org.
  29. ^ Arnold Bonner (1970). British Co-operation. Cooperative Union. p. 499.
  30. ^ Public sculpture of Warwickshire, Coventry and Solihull by George Thomas Noszlopy, page 28–29
  31. ISBN 978-0-521-03117-2
    .

Further reading

External links

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Thomas Hughes
Parliament of the United Kingdom
Preceded by Member of Parliament for Lambeth
1865 – 1868
With: Frederick Doulton 		Succeeded by
William McArthur
James Lawrence
Preceded by Member of Parliament for Frome
1868 – 1874 		Succeeded by
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