Thomas O. Larkin
This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. (November 2018) |
Thomas Oliver Larkin | |
---|---|
Charlestown, Massachusetts, U.S. | |
Died | October 27, 1858 Colusa, California, U.S. | (aged 56)
Citizenship | Mexico, United States |
Occupation(s) | Merchant, politician, landowner |
Known for | Only U.S. consul to Alta California |
Spouse |
Rachel Hobson Holmes
(m. 1833–1858) |
Parent(s) | Thomas Larkin and Ann Rogers |
Relatives | John B. R. Cooper |
Thomas Oliver Larkin (September 16, 1802 – October 27, 1858), known later in life as Don Tomás Larkin,[1][2] was an American diplomat and businessman.
After some success and several business failures on the east coast, his elder half-brother,
Larkin served as the only
Early years
Larkin was born in
On April 8, 1808, at age 6, Larkin's father died, and in 1813 Larkin's mother moved the family to Lynn, Massachusetts. At the age of 15, Larkin went to Boston to apprentice as a bookbinder but disliked working for another man. His mother died in 1818 when he was 16. He had only one close family member remaining, his brother William.[11]
In 1819, he changed employer, but this did not resolve his dissatisfaction. On October 21, 1821 he sailed to
He contracted for a voyage to Bermuda in February 1822 as supercargo of the ship Susan. He was to be paid $20 a month plus 2+1⁄2% of the cargo sale. The drunk captain cheated him and Larkin was never paid.[11]
In June 1822 he opened a store in Wilmington in partnership with his friend, F.G. Thurston. He returned to Boston for a visit and felt like he didn't belong. His brother William and he bought $5,000 in goods in the North and had them shipped to North Carolina. When Thurston tried to discredit Larkin, Larkin successfully turned back the attack on his character, but when William died on September 4, 1825, Larkin lost interest in the business venture.[11]
He moved to Rockfish and opened another store. He was appointed Justice of the Peace, his first taste of government service, but he gave first priority to his business.[11] He made money from the store, but was left $1,500 in debt by a sawmill operation. In 1830 he returned to Massachusetts, destitute.[9][12][11]
Larkin felt he had three options: marry a cousin in Massachusetts, get a job in the Washington DC post office, or join his brother in California. The first two did not materialize.[11]
Move to Alta California
He received a letter from his older half-brother,
The only other passenger was 24 year old Mrs. Rachel Hobson Holmes, who was traveling to Alta California to join her husband, Captain A. C. Holmes, a Danish sea captain and international trader. During the months-long voyage the two had an intimate relationship. The Newcastle made a stopover in
There were no accommodations in the small town and they both were guests at the Cooper house. Upon learning she was carrying Thomas' child, Rachel moved to Santa Barbara where her husband's ship was expected. Faced with the dilemma of explaining the child to her husband, she learned in October that he had died the year before while at sea enroute from Acapulco to Lima, Peru.[16] In January 1833, Rachel gave birth to a daughter she named Isabel Ann.[14]
In Monterey, Larkin found the economics of land and commerce were controlled by the Spanish missions, presidios, pueblos, and a few ranchos.[11]
The lands of each mission joined those of other missions on either side, so that all were connected, or, in other words, the missionaries occupied all the land along the coast, except the presidios, the three pueblos and their lands, and a few ranchos which were held by virtue of grants from the King of Spain.... The missionaries objected to any settlements in the country but the missions; the presidios they regarded as a necessary evil.
Marries Rachel Hobson
Larkin remained in Monterey, working as a clerk for his brother John B. R. Cooper. In early 1833, he sailed to Santa Barbara and was reunited with Hobson. They were married on board the American bark Volunteer, on June 10, 1833. The U. S. Consul for
They had eight more children, five of whom survived to adulthood.[14] Their son Thomas Oliver, Jr., born in Monterey on April 13, 1834, was the first white child born of American parents in California.[9] Holmes was the first American woman in California.[17]
Business growth
In 1834 he built a "double geared"
Larkin built the
At that time, all foreign ships had to stop at the port of Monterey to pay import/export tariffs and obtain permission to trade. Larkin was well-positioned to engage in trade with
Political roles
This section needs additional citations for verification. (July 2023) |
As a prominent figure in the occasional capital of a distant province of an occasionally unstable nation, Larkin stood in a position of influence that could easily have been his undoing if he chose the wrong side. The fact that he was able to survive through shifting administrations is testimony to his political skills.
Despite being a supporter of Governor Juan Bautista Alvarado, he did not involve himself with Alvarado's accusations against Isaac Graham and other foreign residents of the Monterey area, and was not one of those sent to prison in chains in 1840. Larkin loaned money to Alvarado's successor, Micheltorena, which he lost when the Governor was overthrown by Alvarado in 1844. He never applied for Mexican citizenship, which required conversion to Catholicism; instead he renewed his visa annually to maintain his legal status. As a non-citizen, he could not legally own land, but he managed to obtain land grants in the names of his children.
In 1842, Monterey was surprised by the actions of U.S. Commodore Thomas ap Catesby Jones, who landed Marines to take over Monterey in the mistaken belief that war had broken out between the United States and Mexico. Larkin and William Hartnell worked to smooth over the situation. Jones was induced to submit a written apology to the angry Mexican officials and withdraw his troops. The Commodore was subsequently removed from his command, but U.S.–Mexican relations remained tense.
The successful conclusion to the affair brought Larkin to the attention of officials in Washington, and in 1843 President Tyler appointed Larkin as the first (and last) American consul to Alta California. The following year, he thwarted a British attempt to acquire California while he was assisting the Mexican government in building a smallpox hospital in Monterey.
With the rise of James K. Polk to the Presidency in 1845, war with Mexico seemed unavoidable. Larkin hired William Leidesdorff as Vice Consul in San Francisco, thus relieving himself of some of the burden of the office.
Bear Flag Revolt
Early in 1846, Larkin received instructions from Secretary of State
In 1846, Marine Lieutenant
On 7 July 1846, Commodore John D. Sloat entered Monterey Bay with three ships. His marines and "blue-jackets" (enlisted sailors) raised the American flag over the Customs House. Commodore (Rear Admiral)
Stockton appointed Fremont commander of the volunteer militia formed around his 60-man Corps of Topographical Engineers and the Bear Flag Republicans as the California Battalion. He dispatched 160 of the forces on the USS Cyane to occupy San Diego and Los Angeles.
Larkin joined the force sailing for southern California which by 13 August had peacefully occupied San Diego, California and Los Angeles. General José Castro and Governor Pío Pico fled south. Commodore Stockton, the senior military officer in California, appointed Larkin as Naval agent, and Larkin returned to Monterey.
The apparently peaceful conquest of California soon began to fray at the edges in southern California. Revolts broke out in Los Angeles, and the occupation forces under
Larkin was forced to ride to Santa Barbara. En route, he witnessed the inconclusive Battle of Natividad (near Salinas) from General Castro's side. He was later imprisoned in Los Angeles and was not reunited with his family until after the signing of the Treaty of Cahuenga which ended four months of skirmishes. His daughter Sophia Adeline died while he was a captive.[19]
California statehood
Now free to own land in his own name, Larkin turned his attention to his new opportunities. In partnership with
By the time
Early in 1850, he built the first brick building in San Francisco at 1116 Stockton Street.
Move to New York
In 1850 they moved to New York. They rented a comfortable suite at the Irving House, a hotel that was popular with Californians. In November they bought and renovated at great expense an eighteen-room home in a good neighborhood.
Their new home soon acquired the reputation they had gained in California for lavish hospitality. But the cold and damp eastern weather did not agree with them. Rachel and the children endured repeated bouts of illness. Thomas acquired an acute skin disease and was so ill for two months that newspapers mistakenly announced his death. When he finally began to recover, Rachel, who had helped doctor him, collapsed from exhaustion.[14]
Return to San Francisco
In May 1853, they returned to San Francisco where their health improved. They found good schools for the two youngest children and resumed their busy social and business lives. They built an opulent mansion and enjoyed the civic improvements that had taken place in San Francisco as a consequence of the
Larkin acquired several land grants including
Death
On October 27, 1858, while at
Family members
Thomas Oliver Larkin married Rachel M. Hobson (Ipswich, Massachusetts, April 30, 1807 – San Francisco, October 29, 1873), the daughter of Daniel and Eliza Hobson, on June 10, 1833. Children:
- Isabel Ann (Santa Barbara, January, 1833 – July, 1833)
- Thomas Oliver, Jr., (Monterey, April 13, 1834 – San Francisco, July, 1898), named as the first white child born of American parents in California, his elder half-sister being the result of his mother's first marriage.
- William Rogers (August 25, 1835 – Monterey, January 6, 1836)
- Frederick Hobson (December 23, 1836 – May 14, 1869)
- Henry Rogers (May 26, 1838 – Monterey, November 18, 1838)
- Francis Rogers (January 28, 1840 – San Francisco, July 7, 1874)
- Carolina Ann (Monterey, March 24, 1842 – 1891) m. (1) November 3, 1860 to William Lindzey Hamilton b. 1832 at Philadelphia, d. February 2, 1862; (2) October 10, 1862 to William Sampson Tams, son of Sampson and Ann Hennessey (Deas) Tams
- Sophia Adeline (June 20, 1843 – San Francisco, November 28, 1846)
- Alfred Otis (Monterey, April 10, 1847)
Legacy
Larkin bought a large piece of property on Calle Principal between Jefferson and Madison Streets, in Monterey, California. In 1834 he opened a store on the property and began building a home on it, now known as the Larkin House. It was likely the first home in California to have an interior chimney and fireplace. The building marks a turning point in the development of California adobe buildings. The distinctive broad roof that overhangs the second floor windows and the second story balcony are stylish as well as practical and became the standard for adobe buildings of the period.[22] It is a National Historic Landmark and California Historical Landmark.
The Sherman Quarters shares a parcel of land with the Larkin House. Larkin built it in 1834 and made it available as a service to U.S. troops during the U.S. occupation of California. This small adobe building served as headquarters for Lieutenant William Tecumseh Sherman and military secretary of state Henry W. Halleck from 1847 to 1849[23]
Larkin also built the House of the Four Winds on the same property. It served as headquarters for Henry Halleck, Secretary of State.[24][25] After the Mexican–American War, the building was first used as a residence and by the Spanish Governor of Alta California Juan Bautista Alvarado. In 1846, William S. Johnson designated it as the first State of California Hall of Records for the newly formed County of Monterey. Johnson had his office and home in the building.[26][27][28][29]
Larkin Street in San Francisco is named for him. An elementary school in Monterey, now closed, was named for him.
Notes
- ISBN 9780806153704– via Google Books.
- ^ Court, United States Supreme (July 2, 1918). "United States Supreme Court Reports". Lawyers Co-operative Publishing Company – via Google Books.
- ^ Roger D. Joslyn, ed., Vital Records of Charlestown, Mass. to the year 1850 [Boston 1984]
- ISBN 978-0-8061-2733-0
- ^ "Larkin, Thomas Oliver | NCpedia". www.ncpedia.org. Retrieved 2 July 2023.
- ISBN 9780806127330.
- ^ "Monterey County Historical Society, Local History Pages--Biography of Thomas O. Larkin (1802-1858)". mchsmuseum.com.
- ^ "Thomas O. Larkin".
- ^ a b c d e f g h "Larkin, Thomas Oliver | NCpedia". www.ncpedia.org.
- ^ Parker, Robert J. A Yankee in North Carolina. North Carolina Historical Review (October 1937). (accessed August 14, 2014).
- ^ JSTOR 25160727. Retrieved 4 July 2023.
- JSTOR 25160685. Retrieved 4 July 2023.
- ^ "History of San Diego, 1542-1908". San Diego History Center | San Diego, CA | Our City, Our Story. Retrieved 2 July 2023.
- ^ a b c d e f Stapp, Cheryl Anne (10 March 2021). "Rachel Larkin, Diplomat's Wife". Cheryl Anne Stapp. Retrieved 14 April 2022.
- ^ "Mails of the Westward Expansion, 1803 to 1861".
- ^ a b "Thomas Oliver Larkin and Larkin House - The Original Monterey Walking Tours". 29 November 2017. Retrieved 4 July 2023.
- ^ Parker, Robert (1924). The North Carolina Historical Review. Raleigh : North Carolina Historical Commission. p. 325-342. Retrieved 4 July 2023.
- ^ a b "National Historic Landmark District and Downtown Area Context Statement and Reconnaissance Survey Monterey, California" (PDF). The City of Monterey. Monterey, California. Feb 21, 2012. Retrieved 2022-08-11.
- ISBN 0-312-86685-2
- ^ "Larkin's Gold Rush letters to his friends". 17 August 2018.
- ^ "Sacramento Daily Union 29 October 1858 — California Digital Newspaper Collection". cdnc.ucr.edu.
- ^ "Larkin House--American Latino Heritage: A Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary". www.nps.gov. Retrieved 3 July 2023.
- ^ WPA Writers' Program of the Work Projects Administration in Southern California (1941). "Monterey Peninsula". J.L. Delkin: 9, 86. Retrieved 2022-08-12.
- ^ "The WPA guide to the Monterey Peninsula". University of Arizona Press. Tucson, Arizona. 1989. p. 86. Retrieved 2022-08-09.
- ^ "Ladies' Home Journal". Curtis Publishing Company. 33: 31. 1916. Retrieved 2022-08-12.
- OL 11930655M. 1432516302. Retrieved 2022-08-12.
- ^ "Exploring the Monterey Peninusla". Monterey Research. Monterey, California. Retrieved 2022-08-09.
- ^ Andresen, Anna Geil (1917). Historic Landmarks of Monterey, California. Retrieved 2022-08-10.
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ignored (help) - ISBN 9780738520803. Retrieved 2022-08-10.
Sources
- Frank Soule, John H. Gihon, James Nisbet; The annals of San Francisco: containing a summary of the history of the first discovery, settlement, progress, and present condition of California and a complete history of all the important events connected with its great city; to which are added, biographical memoirs of some prominent citizens [New York, 1855] p. 758
- Rayner Wickersham Kelsey, Ph.D., the United States Consulate in California [Berkeley, 1910]
- Eldredge MS Padrone, Monterey, 1836
- Grizzly Bear, May 1928, p. 58
- Rafael Gorney, Diary of Rafael Gorney, in Historical Society of Southern California, Sept. 1963, p. 265
- Rockwell Dennis Hunt, California and Californians [Chicago, 1926] Vol 3: 127–28
- Pioneer, v. 13, p. 107, Aug. 1898
- Los Angeles Blue Book, 1956, p. 441
- Los Angeles Herald Express, 1948-07-31
- William Ensign Lincoln, Some descendants of Stephen Lincoln of Wymondham, England... [Pittsburg, 1930]
- Myrtle Garrison, Romance & History of California Ranchos [San Francisco, c. 1935]
Further reading
- Hague, Harlan and David J. Langum, Thomas O. Larkin: A Life of Patriotism and Profit in Old California [University of Oklahoma Press, 1990]
- Larkin, T. O., & In Hawgood, J. A. (1962). First and last consul: Thomas Oliver Larkin and the Americanization of California. San Marino, Calif: Huntington Library.
- Underhill, R. L. (1939). From cowhides to golden fleece: A narrative of California, 1832–1858 : based upon unpublished correspondence of Thomas Oliver Larkin, trader, developer, promoter, and only American consul. Stanford University, Calif: Stanford University Press.
External links
- Guide to the Thomas O. Larkin Papers at The Bancroft Library