Thomas Telford

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Thomas Telford
Menai suspension bridge
  • A5 road

    • Thomas Telford

    FRSE (9 August 1757 – 2 September 1834) was a Scottish civil engineer. After establishing himself as an engineer of road and canal projects in Shropshire, he designed numerous infrastructure projects in his native Scotland, as well as harbours and tunnels. Such was his reputation as a prolific designer of highways and related bridges, he was dubbed the Colossus of Roads (a pun on the Colossus of Rhodes), and, reflecting his command of all types of civil engineering in the early 19th century, he was elected as the first president of the Institution of Civil Engineers
    , a post he held for 14 years until his death.

    The town of Telford in Shropshire was named after him.

    Early career

    Telford was born on 9 August 1757, at Glendinning, a

    Eskdale, Dumfriesshire. His father John Telford, a shepherd, died soon after Thomas was born. Thomas was raised in poverty by his mother Janet Jackson (died 1794).[1]

    Portrait and signature of Thomas Telford

    At the age of 14, he was apprenticed to a stonemason, and some of his earliest work can still be seen on the bridge across the

    River Esk in Langholm in Dumfries and Galloway. He worked for a time in Edinburgh and in 1782 he moved to London where, after meeting architects Robert Adam and Sir William Chambers, he was involved in building additions to Somerset House there. Two years later he found work at Portsmouth dockyard
    and – although still largely self-taught – was extending his talents to the specification, design and management of building projects.

    In 1787, through his wealthy patron

    Madeley. Called in to advise on a leaking roof at St Chad's Church, Shrewsbury
    in 1788, he warned the church was in imminent danger of collapse; his reputation was made locally when it collapsed 3 days later, but he was not the architect for its replacement.

    As the Shropshire county surveyor, Telford was also responsible for bridges. In 1790 he designed a bridge carrying the London–Holyhead road over the River Severn at Montford, the first of some 40 bridges he built in Shropshire, including major crossings of the Severn at Buildwas, and Bridgnorth. The bridge at Buildwas was Telford's first iron bridge. He was influenced by Abraham Darby's bridge at Ironbridge, and observed that it was grossly over-designed for its function, and many of the component parts were poorly cast. By contrast, his bridge was 30 ft (9 m) wider in span and half the weight, although it now no longer exists. He was one of the first engineers to test his materials thoroughly before construction. As his engineering prowess grew, Telford was to return to this material repeatedly.

    In 1795, the bridge at

    Tenbury also swept away. This bridge across the River Teme
    was the joint responsibility of both Worcestershire and Shropshire and the bridge has a bend where the two counties meet. Telford was responsible for the repair to the northern (Shropshire) end of the bridge.

    Ellesmere Canal

    Telford's reputation in Shropshire led to his appointment in 1793 to manage the detailed design and construction of the

    Ellesmere, with Chester, utilising the existing Chester Canal, and then the River Mersey
    .

    A canal boat traverses the Pontcysyllte aqueduct in North Wales

    Among other structures, this involved the spectacular Pontcysyllte Aqueduct over the River Dee in the Vale of Llangollen, where Telford used a new method of construction consisting of troughs made from cast iron plates and fixed in masonry. Extending for over 1,000 feet (300 metres) with an altitude of 126 ft (38 m) above the valley floor, the Pontcysyllte Aqueduct consists of nineteen arches, each with a 45 ft (14 m) span. Being a pioneer in the use of cast-iron for large scaled structures, Telford had to invent new techniques, such as using boiling sugar and lead as a sealant on the iron connections. Eminent canal engineer William Jessop oversaw the project, but he left the detailed execution of the project in Telford's hands. The aqueduct was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2009.[2]

    Longdon-on-Tern Aqueduct in Shropshire

    The same period also saw Telford involved in the design and construction of the Shrewsbury Canal. When the original engineer, Josiah Clowes, died in 1795, Telford succeeded him. One of Telford's achievements on this project was the design of Longdon-on-Tern Aqueduct, the cast-iron aqueduct at Longdon-on-Tern, pre-dating that at Pontcysyllte, and substantially bigger than the UK's first cast-iron aqueduct, built by Benjamin Outram on the Derby Canal just months earlier. The aqueduct is no longer in use, but is preserved as a distinctive piece of canal engineering.

    The Ellesmere Canal was left uncompleted in 1805 because it failed to generate the revenues needed to finance the connecting sections to Chester and Shrewbury. However, alongside his canal responsibilities, Telford's reputation as a civil engineer meant he was constantly consulted on numerous other projects. These included water supply works for Liverpool, improvements to London's docklands and the rebuilding of London Bridge (c. 1800).

    Most notably (and again William Pulteney was influential), in 1801 Telford devised a master plan to improve communications in the

    Wick, Portmahomack and Banff
    ), and 32 new churches.

    Telford also undertook highway works in the Scottish Lowlands, including 184 miles (296 km) of new roads and numerous bridges, ranging from a 112 ft (34 m) span stone bridge across the

    Tongueland in Kirkcudbright (1805–06) to the 129 ft (39 m) tall Cartland Crags bridge near Lanark
    (1822).

    In 1809, Telford was tasked with improving the Howth Road in Dublin, to connect the new harbour at Howth to the city of Dublin as part of wider plan to improve communication between Dublin and London.[3] The milestones that are a feature of this route from Howth to the GPO on O'Connell Street still mark the route.[4] He also drafted the first design of the Ulster Canal.[3] Irish engineer, William Dargan, was trained by Telford.[5]

    Telford was consulted in 1806 by the

    King of Sweden about the construction of a canal between Gothenburg and Stockholm. His plans were adopted and construction of the Göta Canal
    began in 1810. Telford travelled to Sweden at that time to oversee some of the more important initial excavations.

    Many of Telford's projects were undertaken due to his role as a member of the

    Poor Employment Act of 1817, to help finance public work projects that would generate employment.[6]

    The 'Colossus of Roads'

    Menai Suspension Bridge

    During his later years, Telford was responsible for rebuilding sections of the

    A464 through the cities of Coventry, Birmingham and Wolverhampton
    . Between London and Shrewsbury, most of the work amounted to improvements. Beyond Shrewsbury, and especially beyond Llangollen, the work often involved building a highway from scratch. Notable features of this section of the route include the
    Ogwen Valley
    , Telford deviated from the original road, built by Romans during their occupation of this area.

    On the island of Anglesey a new embankment across the Stanley Sands to Holyhead was constructed, but the crossing of the Menai Strait was the most formidable challenge, overcome by the Menai Suspension Bridge (1819–26). Spanning 580 feet (180 m), this was the longest suspension bridge of the time. Unlike modern suspension bridges, Telford used individually linked 9.5-foot (2.9 m) iron eye bars for the cables.

    Galton Bridge

    Telford also worked on the North Wales coast road between Chester and Bangor, including another major suspension bridge at Conwy, opened later the same year as its Menai counterpart.

    Further afield Telford designed a road to cross the centre of the Isle of Arran. Named the 'String road', this route traverses bleak and difficult terrain to allow traffic to cross between east and west Arran avoiding the circuitous coastal route. His work on improving the Glasgow – Carlisle road, later to become the A74, has been described as "a model for future engineers."[7]

    Telford improved on methods for the building of macadam roads by improving the selection of stone based on thickness, taking into account traffic, alignment and slopes.[8]

    The punning nickname Colossus of Roads was given to Telford by his friend, the eventual

    Poet Laureate, Robert Southey.[9]

    In 1821, he was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.

    The 'Telford Church'

    A 'Telford church' on Ulva (1827/8) in the Inner Hebrides

    An Act of Parliament in 1823 provided a grant of £50,000 for the building of up to 40 churches and manses in communities without any church buildings (hence the alternative name: 'Parliamentary Church' or 'Parliamentary Kirk').[10] The total cost was not to exceed £1500 on any site and Telford was commissioned to undertake the design. He developed a simple church of T-shaped plan and two manse designs – a single-storey and a two-storey, adaptable to site and ground conditions, and to brick or stone construction, at £750 each. Of the 43 churches originally planned, 32 were eventually built around the Scottish highlands and islands (the other 11 were achieved by redoing existing buildings). The last of these churches was built in 1830.[11][12] Some have been restored and/or converted to private use.[13]

    Late career

    Other works by Telford include the St Katharine Docks (1824–28) close to Tower Bridge in central London, where he worked with the architect Philip Hardwick, the Gloucester and Berkeley Ship Canal (today known as the Gloucester and Sharpness Canal), Over Bridge near Gloucester, the second Harecastle Tunnel on the Trent and Mersey Canal (1827), and the Birmingham and Liverpool Junction Canal (today part of the Shropshire Union Canal) – started in May 1826 but finished, after Telford's death, in January 1835. At the time of its construction in 1829, Galton Bridge was the longest single span in the world. Telford surveyed and planned the Macclesfield Canal, which was completed by William Crosley (or Crossley).[14] He also built Whitstable harbour in Kent in 1832, in connection with the Canterbury and Whitstable Railway with an unusual system for flushing out mud using a tidal reservoir. He also completed the Grand Trunk after James Brindley died due to being over-worked.

    In 1820, Telford was appointed the first President of the recently formed Institution of Civil Engineers, a post he held until his death.[15]

    Freemasonry

    He was Initiated into Freemasonry in Antiquity Lodge, No. 26, (Portsmouth, England) in 1770.[citation needed] This lodge no longer exists. He was a founder member of Phoenix Lodge, No. 257 (also in Portsmouth). Telford designed a room within the George Inn for the lodge.[16] In 1786 he became an affiliate member of Salopian Lodge, No. 262 (Shrewsbury, England).[17]

    Telford's death

    Telford's young draughtsman and clerk 1830–34

    George Turnbull
    in his diary states:

    On the 23rd [August 1834] Mr Telford was taken seriously ill of a bilious derangement to which he had been liable … he grew worse and worse … [surgeons] attended him twice a day, but it was to no avail for he died on the 2nd September, very peacefully at about 5pm. … His old servant James Handscombe and I were the only two in the house [24 Abingdon Street, London] when he died. He was never married. Mr Milne and Mr Rickman were, no doubt, Telford's most intimate friends. … I went to Mr Milne and under his direction … made all the arrangements about the house and correspondence. … Telford had no blood relations that we knew of. The funeral took place on the 10th September [in Westminster Abbey]. … Mr Telford was of the most genial disposition and a delightful companion, his laugh was the heartiest I ever heard; it was a pleasure to be in his society.[18][19]

    Thomas Telford was buried in the nave of Westminster Abbey; a statue was erected to him nearby, in St Andrew's Chapel adjoining the north transept.[20]

    Throughout his life Telford had a great affection for his birthplace of Eskdale and its people and in his will left legacies to the two local libraries at Westerkirk and Langholm.[21]

    Honours

    Plaque to Telford at the corner of Bayside and the Coast Road, Dublin

    In 2011 he was one of seven inaugural inductees to the Scottish Engineering Hall of Fame.[22]

    Telford the poet

    Telford's reputation as a man of letters may have preceded his fame as an engineer: he had published poetry between 1779 and 1784, and an account of a tour of Scotland with Robert Southey. His will left bequests to Southey (who would later write Telford's biography), the poet Thomas Campbell (1777–1844) and to the publishers of the Edinburgh Encyclopædia (to which he had been a contributor).[9]

    George Turnbull states that Telford wrote and gave him a poem:[23][24]

    On reading an account of the death of ROBERT BURNS, the SCOT POET

    CLAD in the sable weeds of woe,
    The Scottish genius mourns,
    As o'er your tomb her sorrows flow,
    The "narrow house" of Burns.'

    Each laurel round his humble urn,
    She strews with pious care,
    And by soft airs to distance borne,
    These accents strike the ear.

    Farewell my lov'd, my favourite child,
    A mother's pride farewell!
    The muses on thy cradle smiled,
    Ah! now they ring thy knell.

    ---- ten verses and then ----

    And round the tomb the plough shall pass,
    And yellow autumn smile;
    And village maids shall seek the place,
    To crown thy hallowed pile.

    While yearly comes the opening spring,
    While autumn wan returns ;
    Each rural voice shall grateful sing,
    And SCOTLAND boasts of BURNS.

    22nd August, 1796. T.T.

    (Turnbull includes notes that explain nine references to Burns's life in the poem.)

    Turnbull also states:[18][25]

    His ability and perseverance may be understood from various literary compositions of after life, such as the articles he contributed to the Edinburgh Encyclopædia, such as Architecture, Bridge-building, and Canal-making. Singular to say the earliest distinction he acquired in life was as a poet. Even at 30 years of age he reprinted at Shrewsbury a poem called "Eskdale", … Some others of his poems are in my possession.

    Another example, later in Telford's life, was To Sir John Malcolm on Receiving His Miscellaneous Poems (1831).[26]

    Bridges designed by Telford

    Lothian Bridge (1831) on the present-day A68
    An early proposal for Telford's Menai Suspension Bridge

    Telford designed a number of bridges and aqueducts during his career. They include:[27]

    Year Name / Location
    London Bridge proposal
    Potarch Bridge
    1792 Montford Bridge
    1796 Buildwas bridge
    1796 Longdon-on-Tern Aqueduct
    1797 Coundarbour Bridge
    1798 Bewdley Bridge
    1801 Chirk Aqueduct
    1805 Pontcysyllte Aqueduct
    1806 Glen Loy Aqueduct, Caledonian Canal
    1808 Tongland Bridge
    1809 Dunkeld Bridge
    1810 Bridgnorth bridge
    1811 Helmsdale bridge
    1812 Bonar Bridge
    1813 Telford Bridge, Invermoriston
    1815 Craigellachie Bridge
    1815 Dunans Bridge
    1815 Waterloo Bridge, Betws-y-Coed
    1818 Sligachan Old Bridge
    1819 Bannockburn Bridge
    1820 Cantlop Bridge
    1823 Stanley Embankment
    1824 Eaton Hall Bridge
    1826 Conwy Suspension Bridge
    1826 Menai Suspension Bridge
    1826 Mythe Bridge
    1827 Holt Fleet Bridge
    1827 Over Bridge
    1827 Bridge of Keig[28]
    1829 Galton Bridge
    1831 Dean Bridge, Edinburgh
    1831
    Lothian Bridge
    , Pathhead
    1832 Broomielaw Bridge, Glasgow[a]

    Places named after Telford

    Statue of Thomas Telford outside the law courts in Telford, Shropshire.

    Telford is commemorated through the naming of a number of sites:

    Autobiography

    Telford's autobiography, titled The Life of Thomas Telford, Civil Engineer, written by himself, was published posthumously in 1838.[29][37]

    Bibliography

    • The Life of Thomas Telford; civil engineer with an introductory history of roads and travelling in Great Britain Samuel Smiles (1867)
    • Thomas Telford L. T. C. Rolt, Longmans (1958)
    • Thomas Telford, Penguin (1979),
      ISBN 0-14-022064-X
    • Thomas Telford, Engineer, Thomas Telford Ltd (1980),
      ISBN 0-7277-0084-7
    • Man of Iron: Thomas Telford and the Building of Britain,
      ISBN 9781408837467

    See also

    People acquainted with Thomas Telford

    Notes

    1. ^ The bridge was completed 1836; construction had begun March 1833, but the design and contract specification had been signed off by Telford in November 1832[29]: 507–525 

    References

    1. ISBN 978-0-902198-84-5. Archived from the original
      (PDF) on 4 October 2006. Retrieved 25 September 2010.
    2. ^ "Pontcysyllte Aqueduct and Canal". UNESCO – World Heritage List. UNESCO. Retrieved 17 January 2017.
    3. ^ a b "Telford, Thomas". Dictionary of Irish Architects. Retrieved 24 October 2022.
    4. ^ "Howth Road, Dublin 3". National Inventory of Architectural Heritage. Retrieved 24 October 2022.
    5. ^ Mulligan, Fergus (29 May 2013). "The genius who put Ireland on rails". The Irish Times. Retrieved 24 October 2022.
    6. ^ "Engineering Timelines – Thomas Telford". engineering-timelines.com. Retrieved 26 September 2014.
    7. ISBN 9781107616707
      .
    8. New York Times. Archived from the original
      on 30 June 2012. Retrieved 19 January 2007.
    9. ^ a b "Colossus of Roads?". Feature on Telford's testament. National Archives of Scotland. 2007. Retrieved 21 August 2007.
    10. ^ The Edinburgh Review. 70: 25. October 1839. {{cite journal}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
    11. ^ Telford Church Design
    12. ^ Anne Burgess (March 2014). "Thomas Telford's Parliamentary Kirks". Geograph Britain and Ireland. licence: cc. Archived from the original on 5 March 2017. Retrieved 5 March 2017.
    13. ^ "RIAS Awards 2013". The Royal Incorporation of Architects in Scotland. Retrieved 5 March 2017.
    14. ^ "History of the Macclesfield Canal". www.penninewaterways.co.uk. Retrieved 17 July 2020.
    15. ^ Watson, Garth (1988). The Civils. London: Thomas Telford Ltd. p. 251.
      ISBN 0-7277-0392-7
      .
    16. ISBN 9781408837467
      .
    17. ISBN 978-0-9560933-8-7
    18. ^
      Cambridge University
      , England
    19. ^ Pages 15 to 18 of George Turnbull, C.E. the 437-page memoirs published privately 1893: scanned copy held in the British Library, London on compact disk since 2007
    20. ^ 'The Abbey Scientists' Hall, A.R. p. 41: London; Roger & Robert Nicholson; 1966
    21. ^ "Thomas Telford 1757–1854" in Langholm Online Archived 14 May 2018 at the Wayback Machine, retrieved 12 May 2018
    22. ^ "Scottish Engineering Hall of Fame". engineeringhalloffame.org. 2012. Retrieved 19 February 2022.
    23. Cambridge University
      , England
    24. ^ Pages 19 to 21 of George Turnbull, C.E. the 437-page memoirs published privately 1893: scanned copy held in the British Library, London on compact disk since 2007
    25. ^ Page 18 of George Turnbull, C.E. the 437-page memoirs published privately 1893: scanned copy held in the British Library, London on compact disk since 2007
    26. ISBN 0-903802-37-6
      .Malcolm (1769-1833) was of an Eskdale family like Telford.
    27. ^ Structurae: International Database and Gallery of Structures, retrieved 27 May 2009.
    28. ^ "Press and Journal – Article – Bridge of Keig closes amid fears". Archived from the original on 20 March 2012. Retrieved 26 September 2014.
    29. ^ a b Telford, Thomas (1838). John, Rickman (ed.). Life of Thomas Telford, civil engineer, written by himself, containing a descriptive narrative of his professional labours, with a folio atlas of copper plates. London: J. and L.G. Hansard and Sons, sold by Payne and Foss.
    30. ^ Robertson, David. "GCSE: Top comprehensive schools". Times Online. Retrieved 25 January 2010.
    31. ^ "Telford | Accommodation | Loughborough University". www.lboro.ac.uk. Retrieved 14 February 2022.
    32. ^ "TELFORD GOT ITS NAME FROM THE RAILROAD AFTER STATION BUILT". The Morning Call. 6 May 1985. Retrieved 14 February 2022.
    33. ^ Telford College, Edinburgh
    34. ^ Tattrie, Jon (17 September 2008). "Shubenacadie Canal bridge underway". Metro News. Free Daily News Group Inc. Archived from the original on 29 October 2014. Retrieved 28 October 2014.
    35. ^ Waterfront development Corporation TELFORD BRIDGE (DARTMOUTH) Archived 28 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine, Press Release n.d., [about 2008]
    36. ^ "Mooring sites in Manchester" (PDF). Canal & River Trust. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 October 2022. Retrieved 22 August 2022.
    37. OCLC 271476168
      .

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