Thoothukudi

Coordinates: 8°45′51″N 78°08′05″E / 8.764200°N 78.134800°E / 8.764200; 78.134800
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Thoothukudi
Tuticorin (colonial)
City
Clockwise from the top
Thoothukudi City Municipal Corporation
 • Mayor Corporation CommissionerN. Jagan Periyasamy Dinesh Kumar C.,
UTC+5:30 (IST)
PIN
628 0xx
Telephone code+91-461
Vehicle registrationTN-69, TN-92,TN-96
Literacy92.10[1]
ClimateBSh (Köppen)
Coastline40 kilometres (25 mi)
Websitethoothukudi.nic.in
www.thoothukudicorporation.com

Thoothukudi (formerly Tuticorin) is a 

ports in India. Thoothukudi is an emerging energy and industrial hub of South India.[6]

Thoothukudi is known as "Pearl City" due to the pearl fishing carried out in the town. It is a commercial

Thoothukudi Municipal Corporation, which covers an area of 353.07 km2 (136.32 sq mi) and had a population of 237,830 in 2011. The urban agglomeration had a population of 410,760 as of 2011.[1]

The majority of the people of the city are employed in salt pans, sea-borne trading, fishing, and tourism. The 21 islands between Thoothukudi and

Our Lady of the Snows Basilica
festival is celebrated annually in August. This and the Shiva temple festivals, including Adi Amavasai, Sasti, and Chittirai chariot festivals, are the major festivals of the area. Roadways are the major mode of transport to Thoothukudi, while the city also has rail, air, and sea transport.

History

João de Castro, Viceroy of Portuguese India, established Portuguese ports in Thoothukudi (1548 to 1658)

Thoothukudi is also known by the name 'Pearl City'. It is also called the "Sea Gateway of Tamil Nadu."[7] Thoothukudi is part of the Pearl Fishery Coast and is known for its pearl fishing and shipbuilding industries.[8]

The ancient town of Korkai, near present-day Thoothukudi, has been a center for maritime trade and pearl fishing for more than 2000 years. Ptolemy's geography refers to Korkai as a center of pearl fishing while describing commercial relations between western India and Alexandria, the chief eastern emporium of the Roman Empire.[9][10] The Periplus says that the Pandyan Empire extended from Comari towards the north, including Korkai, where the pearl fisheries were.[11] Eventually, the Vijayanagara Empire took over Thoothukudi. Conducted trade with the Portuguese. The Empire split into Nayak kingdoms, which were overthrown by the Nawab of Arcot. The Nawab eventually ceded the land to the British in 1801.[citation needed]

The Portuguese established ports in Thoothukudi during the 16th century, and the Dutch occupied these ports in the 17th century as evidenced by Pagoda coins. During the 18th century the British overpowered and occupied the town. Being a port town, the town received attention from the rulers for improving their trade, and so it was brought to Municipal status in 1866.[12] Rao Bahadur Cruz Fernandez and J. L. P. Roche Victoria as the chairmen of municipal corporation made significant contributions, laying the foundations for a modern Thoothukudi.[citation needed]

On 20 October 1986, a new district, carved out of the erstwhile Tirunelveli district was born in Tamil Nadu and named after V. O. Chidambaranar, a prominent national leader hailing from Ottapidaram who led the Swadeshi Movement in the south. Since 1997, as is the case in other districts of Tamil Nadu, this district has been named after its headquarters town, Thoothukudi.[citation needed]

Thoothukudi became the citadel of freedom struggles in the early of the 20th century.[13]

History of the ports

View of the Dutch port in Thoothukudi, in 1752

The major harbour of Thoothukudi is well known as a pearl diving and fishing centre. It is one of the oldest seaports in the world and was the seaport of the

Pandyan kingdom after Korkai, near Palayakayal. It was later taken over by the Portuguese in 1548, captured by the Dutch in 1658, and ceded to the British in 1825. The lighthouse built in 1842 marked the beginning of the history of harbour development in the city. Thoothukudi was established as a Municipality in 1866 with J.M.B. Roche Victoria as its first chairman.[citation needed
]

It attained the status of corporation on August 5, 2008, after 142 years of being a municipality. Thoothukudi Corporation is divided into 60 wards after its expansion in 2011, and these wards comprise four zones—i.e., East, West, North, and South. East zone has 14–16 and 19–33 wards; West zone has 34–47 wards; North zone has 1–13 and 17, 18 wards; and South zone has 48–60 wards.[14][15]

The minor port of the Thoothukudi anchorage port with lighter-age facilities has had flourishing traffic for over a century. The first wooden jetty at this port was commissioned in 1864. This port was used for the export of salt, cotton yarn, senna leaves, palmyrah stalks, palmyrah fibers, dry fish, country drugs, and other goods to neighboring countries and for the import of coal, cotton, copra, pulses, and grains. The minor port of Thoothukudi has the distinction of being the intermediate port, handling the highest traffic tonnage of over 1 million per year.[13]

Geography and climate

Thoothukudi is a port town situated in the Gulf of Mannar, about 125 km (78 mi) north of KanyaKumari, and its environs form part of the coastal belt, which forms a continuous stretch of flat country relieved here and there by small rock outcrops. The region surrounding Thoothukudi is liberally dotted with rain-fed tanks. The red soil found on the southern side of Thoothukudi town is composed of quartz and variable quantities of fine red dry dust. The port is an all-weather one. The bay formed by Hare Island, Devils Point, and the main land gives ample protection to the lighters from monsoonal weather. The beach of Thoothukudi is characterized by a calm breeze and very low waves, giving the image of a big river.[16]

Thoothukudi is located at 8°32′N 78°22′E / 8.53°N 78.36°E / 8.53; 78.36Thoothukudi is located in

Tiruchirapalli. The city mostly has flat terrain and is roughly divided into two by the Buckle Channel. Being in a coastal region, the soil is mostly clay and sandy, and the water table varies between 1 and 4 m (3.3 and 13.1 ft) below ground level. The city has loose soil with thorny shrubs in the north and salt pans in the south.[citation needed
]

Thoothukudi experiences a

south-west monsoon season. The coolest month is January, and the hottest months are from May to June. The city has very high humidity being in the coastal sector.[18]

The 21 islands between Thoothukudi and

lobsters, crabs, and Mollusca are very common.[20][21] Out of the 600 recorded varieties of fish in the region, 72 are found to be commercially important.[22] The thermal discharge from the thermal plants and excessive brine runoff from the salt pans impact the flora and fauna in the region to a large extent.[21][23]

Climate data for Thoothukudi (1981–2010, extremes 1955–2012)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 33.3
(91.9)
35.8
(96.4)
34.9
(94.8)
39.1
(102.4)
41.1
(106.0)
40.5
(104.9)
39.4
(102.9)
39.3
(102.7)
38.8
(101.8)
38.6
(101.5)
35.3
(95.5)
33.8
(92.8)
41.1
(106.0)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 29.8
(85.6)
30.5
(86.9)
32.1
(89.8)
33.5
(92.3)
34.8
(94.6)
35.8
(96.4)
35.6
(96.1)
35.3
(95.5)
34.2
(93.6)
32.5
(90.5)
30.5
(86.9)
29.7
(85.5)
32.9
(91.2)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 21.5
(70.7)
22.4
(72.3)
24.1
(75.4)
25.5
(77.9)
26.3
(79.3)
26.0
(78.8)
25.7
(78.3)
25.6
(78.1)
25.1
(77.2)
24.1
(75.4)
23.0
(73.4)
22.1
(71.8)
24.3
(75.7)
Record low °C (°F) 15.3
(59.5)
16.5
(61.7)
15.6
(60.1)
19.9
(67.8)
21.1
(70.0)
21.3
(70.3)
20.4
(68.7)
20.7
(69.3)
20.0
(68.0)
17.7
(63.9)
16.7
(62.1)
15.6
(60.1)
15.3
(59.5)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 29.4
(1.16)
39.6
(1.56)
24.8
(0.98)
56.2
(2.21)
18.3
(0.72)
3.7
(0.15)
4.7
(0.19)
6.2
(0.24)
14.3
(0.56)
141.8
(5.58)
192.8
(7.59)
99.4
(3.91)
630.2
(24.81)
Average rainy days 1.6 1.8 1.9 2.7 1.2 0.4 0.4 0.5 1.1 6.5 9.2 4.8 32.1
Average
relative humidity (%) (at 17:30 IST
)
76 76 75 77 73 63 63 65 71 76 79 77 73
Source: India Meteorological Department[24][25]

Demographics

Historical population
YearPop.±%
1961124,230—    
1971159,506+28.4%
1981180,832+13.4%
1991199,654+10.4%
2001320,270+60.4%
2011411,628+28.5%
Sources:

Thoothukudi was a port town during the period of

Dutch and British in the 16th–19th centuries. The city expanded after 1907 due to the presence of public establishments. Residential and industrial growth was maximum around Palayamkottai and Ettaiyapuram roads between 1907 and 1930.[27]

Religion in Thoothukudi City (2011)[28]
Religion Percent
Hindus
64.97%
Christians
30.14%
Muslims
4.74%
Other or not stated
0.15%

According to 2011 census, Thoothukudi city had a population of 237,830 with a sex-ratio of 1,010 females for every 1,000 males, much above the national average of 929.[29] Thoothukudi had an average literacy rate of 92.10% with male literacy being 94.84%, and female literacy being 89.37%.

A total of 24,959 were under the age of six, constituting 12,684 males and 12,275 females. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes accounted for 7.42% and 0.1% of the population, respectively.[29] The city had a total of 60,714 households. There were a total of 83,669 workers: 114 cultivators, 154 main agricultural labourers, 1,498 in house hold industries, 77,420 other workers, 4,483 marginal workers, 69 marginal cultivators, 25 marginal agricultural labourers, 280 marginal workers in household industries and 4,109 other marginal workers.

At the time of the 2011 census, Thoothukudi urban agglomeration had a population of 411,628. A total of 42,756 of the population was under 6 years of age.[30]

Tamil is the predominant language in the city and is spoken by almost 99% of the population. The dialect is the Thoothukudi Tamil which is related to Nellai Tamil. English is also widely spoken.[31]

In Thoothukudi Municipal Corporation 65% of the population are Hindus, 30% Christians and 5% Muslims. In the urban agglomeration overall, 71% are Hindus, 25% Christians and 4% Muslims.[28]

Economy

salt pans under twilight
Salt pans near Thoothukudi
Night Scapes of Pearl City

Salt pans in and around the city contribute majorly to the economy of the city. The salt pans produce 1.2 million tonnes of salt every year, contributing to 90% of the salt produced in the state and 50% needed by the chemical industries of the state.[32] Late industrialist & philanthropist S.K.S.C.Nadarajan who was the head in various commerce & manufacturers forum established the first manufacturing unit of Iodized salt in Thoothukudi, It was the first manufacturing unit of Iodized salt in South India.[33]

The other major industries are shipping, fishing, agricultural, power and chemical industries. Fishing is one of the largest contributor to the local economy.[34] Thoothukudi Fishing Harbor is one of the oldest and largest harbors in Tamil Nadu.[35][36]

The

Southern Petrochemical Industries Corporation, Thoothukudi Alkali Chemicals and Fertilizers Limited, Heavy Water Board Plant, Venus Home Appliances, S.K.S.C.Nadarajan & Bror.[38] - Salt manufacturer, P. S. S. Krishnamurthi Exports Private Limited, Madura Coats Private Limited, DCW Limited, Kilburn Chemicals Ltd,[39][40] Nila Sea foods, Diamond Sea foods[41][42]

Maris Associates, VVD Coconut oil mill, AVM oil mill, Ramesh flowers, Agsar Paints and KSPS Salts are some of the small scale and large scale industries in the city. Thoothukudi is the headquarters city of leading private sector bank

Tamilnad Mercantile Bank Limited located. It is one of the fastest growing banks in India during the period of 2007–2012. Its total business is worth 360 billion. The bank targets a Total Business of 500 Billion INR in 2014–15. The city also has a research institute set up by Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute[43] and a Spices laboratory set up by Spices Board of India.[36][44][45]

a ship standing in a port
V.O. Chidambaranar Port Authority
Thoothukudi Thermal Power Station at Night

Thoothukudi also has a State Industries Promotion Corporation of Tamil Nadu Industrial Estate and SIDCO's Industrial Estate[46] which comprises several Small scale and Medium scale Industries.[47] To cope with the increasing trade through Thoothukudi, the Government of India sanctioned the construction of an all-weather port at Thoothukudi. On 11 July 1974, the newly constructed V.O. Chidambaranar Port Authority was declared the tenth major port in India, second only to JN Port (Mumbai) in size. Thoothukudi is an artificial port. During the union budget of 2014–2015, the Central government sanctioned an 11,500 crore Outer Harbour Development Program for Thoothukudi port which is expected to give a push to the export-import sector in southern Tamil Nadu. The project would commence in 2015 and be completed by 2020. The DPR for Outer Harbour was released recently by the Union Shipping Minister. As a port city, almost all major logistics companies (such as St John Freight Systems[48]) have set up office in Thoothukudi.[49][50] The port also has a dedicated container terminal operated by PSA International. The port recently commenced the operation of 2nd Container Terminal by ABG (DBGIT) Pvt Ltd. The port handled 0.5 million TEU's in 2013–2014 to become third largest container port among Major Ports of India. The port is also a significant port due to the fact that it is located close to East-West International Sea Route.[3] The port has direct cargo and container vessel connectivity to all major ports in the world like Colombo, Singapore, JNPT (Mumbai), Mundra, Jebel Ali, Salalah, Rotterdam, Karachi, Hong Kong and much more.[51] This is the third international port in Tamil Nadu and its second all-weather port.[52] The port also helps to increase the tourism in the region. A new ferry has been commenced between Thoothukudi and Colombo. The Station Commander, Indian Coast Guard Station Thoothukudi is located at Thoothukudi, Tamil Nadu under the operational and administrative control of the Commander, Coast Guard Region (East), Chennai. The Coast Guard Station Thoothukudi was commissioned on April 25, 1991, by Vice Admiral SW Lakhar, NM, VSM and then Director General Coast Guard. The Station Commander is responsible for Coast Guard operations in this area of jurisdiction in Gulf of Mannar.[53]

Thoothukudi is the end point of the proposed Madurai-Thoothukudi Industrial Corridor. The study for this Corridor was completed by the Government of Tamil Nadu recently.[54] The Corridor would consist of four manufacturing regions, one agri-business region, two business investment regions, a special tourism zone, one rural tourism hub and one knowledge hub. The government estimates that this Corridor would attract 1,900,000 crore industrial investment over a period of 10 years. The State Government recently formed a Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) for Speedy implementation of the Project. The upcoming new railway line from Madurai to Thoothukudi via Aruppukotai, Ettayapuram would serve as the backbone for the development of this corridor.[55][56] Indian Railways Ministry also completed survey of East Coast Railway Route from Karaikudi to Kanyakumari via Tuticorin is also waiting for approvals, currently the project is shelved by Railway Board.[57]

Entertainment and leisure

Thoothukudi has All India Radio Station which Carries AIR External Services for South Asia in English, Sinhala and Tamil (1053 kHz).[58] FM Radio Stations in Thoothukudi City include Suryan FM (93.5 MHz), Hello FM (106.4 MHz). Thoothukudi is the landing point for the first undersea cable of BSNL connecting Thoothukudi with Colombo.[59]

The city has Tharuvai Multi Purpose Stadium which is maintained by Sports Development Authority of Tamil Nadu. Thoothukudi Gymkhana Club has two Synthetic Turf Tennis courts, Thoothukudi is the only other place after Chennai in Tamil Nadu to have this modern facility.[60] Thoothukudi is known for its bakery items especially Macaroon.[61] It is a light, baked confection including ingredients like almonds, coconuts and nuts. Thoothukudi macaroon is slightly different from European macaroons since it contains cashew as a main ingredient.[62]

Thoothukudi Macroons

The Shankara Rameshwarar Udanurai Pagampriya Temple, Vaikundapathi Perumal Temple and Jamia Mosque in the centre of the town and the

Virgin Mary. The church festival celebrated yearly during last week of July and first week of August, The Shiva temple festivals like Adi Amavasai, Sasti and Chittirai chariot festivals are the major festivals of the land.[63]

Bharat Ratna Puratchi Thalaivar M.G.R. Park and Rajaji Park in Tamizh Salai, Nehruji Beach Park and Roche Park in Kadarkarai Salai, M.G.R. Park in Kamarajar Salai, Sankara Narayanan Park in Tooveypuram, Kakkan Park in Boltenpuram and State Bank Colony Park are the attracting corporation parks in the city.

Harbor Beach in Jawaharlal Nehru Salai and Muthu Nagar Beach[64] in Kadarkarai Salai are the major beaches in the city. There are numerous islands located close to the city namely Hare Island (accessible by road), Nalla Thanni Island which attracts lot of visitors during weekends and festival seasons. The creek opposite to Roche Park has an eco-park with Kayaking facilities that operates everyday from 6 AM to 6 PM. There are a variety of water sports activities in Muthu Nagar beach which includes Jet skiing, Water scooters, Wind surfing, Paddle surfing, Bump rides, Banana boat ride, Fishing, Snorkeling and Scuba diving.

KSPS Ganapathy Kalaiarangam, New Cleopatra Theatre, Perison Plaza Multiscreen, Sathya Theatre, and Sri Balakrishna Talkies are the movie theatres in the city for movie entertainment.

Transport

Port of Thoothukudi during the Madras Presidency, c.a. 1913
Map

Thoothukudi has an extensive transport network and is well-connected to other major cities by road, rail, air and sea. The corporation maintains a total length of 428.54 km (266.28 mi). The city has 37.665 km (23.404 mi) concrete roads, 329.041 km (204.457 mi) black topped surface roads, 56.592 km (35.165 mi) water bound macadam roads and 5.242 km (3.257 mi) earthen roads.[65] The major roads within the city are Tamizh Salai connecting NH-138, Ettayapuram Salai connecting NH-38, Ramanathapuram Salai connecting SH-49, Tiruchendur Salai connecting SH-176, V.O. Chidambaranar Salai and Victoria Extension Road. The highway V.O.C. Salai outside the city connects the Port Authority, Thermal Power Station, SPIC industry and NH-38. The city has two bus termini: Perarignar Anna Bus Terminus in Meenakshipuram Pradhana Salai and Thoothukkudi New Bus Terminus in Ettayapuram Salai. About 700 buses are operated from these two bus stands to local and intercity destinations.[66]

The

Koodankulam at a cost of 2.57 billion sanctioned and is in progress.[68]

Airport Authority of India plans to extend the runway and modernise the airport to handle to more traffic and bigger aircraft. The land acquisition process is completed and AAI is ready to start the expansion works. A new Terminal has been planned and the runway is to expanded to facilitate the movement of Airbus A320 and Boeing 737s.[75] There was also a proposal in 2009 for a greenfield airport.[76] Madurai Airport is the nearest customs airport with daily international connections to Colombo and Dubai. Thiruvananthapuram International Airport in Kerala
is the nearest international airport located at a distance of about 200 km (124 mi).

Scotia Prince, was operating a ferry service to Colombo, Sri Lanka. Ferry services between the two countries have been revived after more than 20 years.[77]

Municipal administration and politics

Thoothukudi municipality was established in 1866 during the British Raj. It was promoted to a municipal corporation on August 5, 2008, bringing an area of 90.663 km2 (35.005 sq mi) within the city limits. The municipal corporation has four zones, namely North, East, West, and South. The corporation has 60 wards, and there is an elected councilor for each of those wards.[78] The functions of the corporation are devolved into six departments: general administration and personnel, engineering, revenue, public health, city planning, and information technology (IT). All these departments are under the control of a Municipal Commissioner, who is the executive head.[79] The legislative powers are vested in a body of 60 members, one from each of the 60 wards.[80] The legislative body is headed by an elected mayor, assisted by a deputy mayor.[81] Thoothukudi city is the headquarters of the Thoothukudi district.

Municipal corporation officials

Elected members

Election Position Name Political party Term in office
Assumed office Left office Time in office
2022 Mayor P. Jegan Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 4 March 2022 Incumbent 2 years, 23 days
Deputy Mayor
S. Jenitta

Commissioner

Name Term in office
Assumed office Left office Time in office
C. Dinesh Kumar 5 February 2023 Incumbent 1 year, 51 days

Thoothukudi comes under the

delimitation with the following assembly constituencies: Vilathikulam, Thoothukkudi, Tiruchendur, Srivaikuntam, Ottapidaram, and Kovilpatti.[85]

Legislative leaders

Elected members

Election Position Name Political party Term in office
Assumed office Left office Time in office
2019 Member of Parliament
Kanimozhi Karunanidhi
Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 18 June 2019 Incumbent 4 years, 283 days
2021 Member of the Legislative Assembly P. Geetha Jeevan 11 May 2021 Incumbent 2 years, 321 days

Education and utility services

There are 31 schools in Thoothukudi city, of which 10 are operated by the municipal corporation. There are 31 high schools and higher secondary schools, one of which is a government school. Tuticorin has high literacy rates and lower literacy rate gap between males and females.

Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, Nagapattinam. There is one government and many private Engineering college affiliated to Anna University in the city and arts colleges on Tamizh Salai and Tiruchendur road. There is also a Government Medical college and Hospital. The colleges are affiliated to the Manonmaniam Sundaranar University in Tirunelveli. There are three Industrial Training Institutes (ITI) and about 50 computer training centres also. The city has Government Medical College Hospital and new ESI Hospital is being constructed at the Bypass road.[87][88]

Electricity supply to the city is regulated and distributed by the

Thoothukudi City Corporation from the Tamirabarani with 8 overhead tanks. In the period 2010–2011, a total of 21 million litres of water was supplied everyday for households in the city.[90]

About 96 metric tonnes of solid waste are collected from the city every day by door-to-door collection and subsequently the source segregation and dumping is carried out by the sanitary department of the Thoothukudi Municipal corporation. The coverage of solid waste management had efficiency of 94% as of 2011[update].[91] The underground drainage system was constituted in 1984 and covers only certain zones of the corporation area. The remaining sewerage system for disposal of sullage is through septic tanks and public conveniences.[92] The corporation maintains a total of 69.47 kilometres (43.17 mi) of storm water drains.[93] The corporation operates five health posts throughout the city. Apart from these, there are various private hospitals and clinics that take care of the health care needs of the citizens.[94]

Thoothukudi comes under the Thoothukudi Telecom District of the

broadband internet service.[95] Thoothukudi is one of the few cities in India where BSNL's Caller Line Identification (CLI) based internet service Netone is available.[96]

Environmental Issues

Air Pollution is the major environmental challenge faced by Thoothukudi while water and noise pollution are environmental issues too. Thoothukudi is the only city from the state of Tamil Nadu to be listed as one of the Non-attainment cities by Ministry of Environment primarily on the basis of excess

PM10 under the National Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Program (NAMP) for the period 2011 - 2015.[97][98]

The city has a lot of red industries as a result of which the

PM10
is three times higher than WHO standards for PM10 particles which is 20 micrograms per cubic metre. Environmentalists blame public and private coal-fired thermal power plants, copper smelter and chemical industries for polluting the air quality of Thoothukudi.

A 2010 study

opened fire on protestors killing 13 and injuring 102. The plant was soon closed.[100]

Research Institutes/Centres

There are many central and state government research institutes/centres also situated inside and outskirt of Thoothukudi city. Those are:

Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CERI) in new harbour area, Thoothukudi[104] and Sub-Regional office of The Marine Products Export Development Authority (MPEDA) in Millerpuram.[105]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b c d "Archived copy". Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 29 December 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  2. ^ "Provisional population totals of UA 2011" (PDF). Census of India. 2011. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  3. ^ a b "Thoothukudi Vision 2025" (PDF). thoothukudi.tn.nic.in. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016.
  4. ^ "New Marine Training Academy at Tuticorin". The Times Of India. 27 July 2013.
  5. ^ "List of Polytechnic Colleges in Tamil Nadu - Polytechnic College List". Polytechnic College List. Retrieved 20 March 2018.
  6. ^ "Pearl City Tuticorin Emerging As 'Energy And Industrial Hub' Of South India 6000 Mw Of Power Plants In The Pipeline | Press Release | Solarplaza | The global solar energy (PV) platform". Archived from the original on 2 July 2010.
  7. ^ "Thoothukudi - Wikimapia". wikimapia.org. Retrieved 20 March 2018.
  8. ^ Thoothukudi district (2011). "Thoothukudi Tourism" (PDF). Thoothukudi district, Government of India. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  9. .
  10. S2CID 153420843. Archived from the original
    on 5 June 2011. Retrieved 16 September 2017.
  11. ^ Majeed, pp. 73
  12. ^ Thoothukudi district (2011). "Thoothukudi History" (PDF). Thoothukudi district, Government of India. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 June 2013. Retrieved 30 December 2012.
  13. ^ a b "Thoothukudi District". www.thoothukudi.tn.nic.in. Retrieved 20 March 2018.
  14. ^ "Welcome to Thoothukudi Corporation". tn.gov.in. Archived from the original on 7 March 2014. Retrieved 20 March 2018.
  15. Thoothukudi Municipal Corporation
  16. ^ "Thoothukudi District". www.thoothukudi.tn.nic.in. Retrieved 20 March 2018.
  17. ^ Urban Infrastructure Report 2008, p. 6
  18. .
  19. ^ J. 2008, p. 10
  20. ^ Cite error: The named reference Hirway2 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  21. ^ a b J. 2008, p. 14
  22. ^ J. 2008, p. 17
  23. .
  24. ^ "Station: Tuticorin Climatological Table 1981–2010" (PDF). Climatological Normals 1981–2010. India Meteorological Department. January 2015. pp. 763–764. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 19 March 2020.
  25. ^ "Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)" (PDF). India Meteorological Department. December 2016. p. M206. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 19 March 2020.
  26. ^ "Area and Population, Tuticorin corporation Population". Thoothukudi Corporation. 2011. Archived from the original on 21 February 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  27. ^ Urban Infrastructure Report 2008, p. 12
  28. ^ a b "Table C-01 Population By Religious Community - Tamil Nadu" (XLS). Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India. 2011.
  29. ^ a b "Census Info 2011 Final population totals". Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. 2013. Retrieved 26 January 2014.
  30. ^ "2011 census" (PDF). 2011. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  31. ^ "Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue (Town) - Tamil Nadu". Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India. 2011.
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References

External links