Three-Year Plan

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East-West Route in Warsaw
, 22 July 1949

The Plan of Reconstructing the Economy (

Polish communist government to rebuild Poland after the devastation of the Second World War
. The plan was carried out between 1947 and 1949. It succeeded in its primary aim of largely rebuilding Poland from the devastation of the war, as well as in increasing output of Polish industry and agriculture.

Development and goals

Poland suffered

territorial changes of Poland after World War II.[3]

The Three-Year Plan was developed and monitored by the Central Planning Office (Centralny Urząd Planowania), a body of the government tasked with creation of economic policy, and in the early years dominated by a more liberal Polish Socialist Party (PPS) faction.[3] Among the economists involved in its development was the then CUP director, Czesław Bobrowski.[3] CUP centralized planning for the entire Polish economy was previously broken into separate bodies working on planning for separate branches.

The plan, significantly influenced by the PPS,

cooperatives.[3] Instead of ideology, commonly stressed by later communist plans, it concentrated on the realistic problems and ways to address them.[3]

On 21 September 1946 the

living conditions of working classes
to above the pre-war levels."

The plan as described by the above bodies was designed to develop industry and service sectors, foreign trade and ensure the supply of basic consumer items. The plan specified the size of industrial and agricultural production to be achieved in the following years. In 1949 both the industrial and agricultural productions were to be above the pre-war levels. The industrial output was also to be higher than agricultural output. The plan did not involve creation of new industrial centers, only the rebuilding of the old ones (unless they were over 50% destroyed).[3]

Results and assessment

Due to the dedication of substantial resources to industrial rebuilding, and the successful adoption of the

collectivization of farming and finally, partially due to side-effects of the battle for trade, which damaged traditional supply chains. In 1948 industrial production was 30% higher compared to 1939, but agricultural production was 30% lower (compared to the 1934-38 period).[3]

The battle for trade, pushed for by

Stalinist hardliners like Hilary Minc, suggested that both the cooperative and private sectors should be eliminated and the public sector should be dominant,[3][4] assumptions contrary to the foundations of the three-year plan which stated that all three sectors are equal.[3] The battle for trade also resulted in a decrease of the craftmanship sector.[4]

Already in 1949 the stress was moved from

Soviet economy, concentrated on heavy industrialization, with projects such as Nowa Huta.[3]

Rebuilding of the Polish economy was also slowed in 1947, as Soviet influence caused the Polish government to reject the American-sponsored Marshall Plan, designed to aid European economies in post-war rebuilding.[3][5]

With the simultaneous rebuilding of the cities, substantial migration from rural areas to urban centers occurred, increasing urbanization. Warsaw and other ruined cities were cleared of rubble and rebuilt with great speed during those years.[6] In 1939, 60% of Poles worked in agriculture and 13% in industry; in 1949, the figures were 47% and 21%, respectively.

The three-year plan is widely considered a success and the only efficient economic plan in the history of

People's Republic of Poland.[3] It succeeded in its primary aim: mostly rebuilding Poland from the devastation of the war, as well as in increasing output of Polish industry and agriculture.[3]

See also

  • The Fourth and Fifth Plans of USSR
    which were aimed at rebuilding USSR after World War II
  • Eastern Bloc economies

Notes

  1. ^ US Department of State, Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs. Background Note: Poland (March 2007). Retrieved on 2007-04-07
  2. ISBN 0-7864-0371-3
    .
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q "MIĘDZY MODERNIZACJĄ A MARNOTRAWSTWEM" (in Polish). Institute of National Remembrance. Archived from the original on 2005-03-21. See also other copy online Archived 2007-04-26 at the Wayback Machine
  4. ^ a b c (in Polish) Polska. Gospodarka. Przemysł.. Encyklopedia PWN
  5. ISBN 0-312-22962-3, Google Print, p.132
  6. ^ A brief history of Poland. Chapter 13: "The Post-War Years, 1945-1990." Polonia Today Online. Retrieved on 28 March 2007.

Further reading

  • Stanley J. Zyzniewski, The Soviet Economic Impact on Poland, American Slavic and East European Review, Vol. 18, No. 2 (Apr., 1959), pp. 205–225, JSTOR
  • Werner Stark, The Political Element in the Development of Economic Theory:, Routledge, 1998,
    ISBN 0-415-17535-6, Google Print, p.60-
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