Three-finger salute (Serbian)
The three-finger salute (
The salute usually goes along with the Serbian flag, using several semantic layers to depict its historical meaning, while also being used a symbol of
Origin
Orthodox symbolism
In Serbian and Orthodox tradition, the number three is exceptionally important.
The three fingers were viewed as a symbol of
Serbian Metropolitan Nikolaj Velimirović called for a Serbian salute in which three fingers were to be raised along the greeting: "Thus Help Us God!".[11] In 1937, Velimirović began a sermon protesting the Catholic support for separation of state and religion in Yugoslavia with "Raise three fingers, Orthodox Serbs!".[12]
During
Modern form
Vuk Drašković, the leader of the Serbian Renewal Movement political party, said in a 2007 interview that he first used it in 1990 at the founding meeting of the party, inspired by Paja Jovanović's painting.[16] During the March 1991 street demonstrations in Belgrade, the three fingers were massively used by Drašković's supporters, representing the three demands that the Serbian Renewal Movement had put before the government.[17][18]
Usage
Nowadays, the salute is used in wide variety of events: from street demonstrations and celebrations, rallies during election campaigns (used by members and supporters of almost all Serbian political parties), to sporting events and personal celebrations (wedding and birthday parties).[3]
Usage by Serbian athletes is particularly visible. Serbian tennis player Novak Djokovic often raises three fingers after his victories.[19] In a famous photograph of the Red Star Belgrade team celebrating their victory at the 1990–91 European Cup, eight players are seen using the Serb salute, while a Croatian player, Robert Prosinečki, is not.[20] After winning the
-
2008 Kosovo is Serbia rally in Belgrade
-
2012 Boris Tadić electoral rally
-
NBA basketball player Aleksandar Pavlović displaying the three-finger salute
-
Serbian White Eagles FC players and fans celebrate victory
Controversy
A 1998 Serbian daily newspaper Politika published an article that spoke of the "perennial demonization" of the salute, "which had already entered the catalogue of planitarian gestures", together with the closed fist, outstretched palm and V sign.[23]
Yugoslav wars
During the
When Russian peacekeeping troops entered Sarajevo in 1994, they used the salute when greeting the Serb troops,
In 2006, the United Nations published the case titled IT-00-39-T from the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, describing several atrocities committed by Serb military and police forces on Bosniak and Croatian civilians on 20 July 1992, in the villages Keratem, Omarska and Trnopolje. Detaines were executed, humiliated, and were forced to spit on the Bosnian flag and do the three-finger sign.[30]
There were instances when non-Serb captives were forced to use the salute.[31] According to a BBC documentary about the Srebrenica massacre, Bosnian Serb forces transported Bosnian civilians in buses to the village of Tisca. During the travel the civilians saw Chetniks showed the three-finger symbol and when they arrived, Serb police forces forced them to surrender them to hand over gold and jewellery and threatening to chop off the women's breasts.[32][33]
In 2008, The Bosnian newspaper Oslobođenje published a coverage of the arrest of Radovan Karadžić. The paper accusingly compared the leaders of Republic Srpska with those of the wartime era in the front paper depicting Milorad Dodik next to Karadžić with a photograph of Dodik giving the three-fingered salute during the war.[34]
In 1999,
In 1999, after the
In 2001, after the end of the Kosovo war, the
Recent controversies
2007 Eurovision winner Marija Šerifović used the salute when celebrating points; controversially, she used the salute when receiving the maximum of 12 points from Bosnian viewers, after which Bosnian media reported it as being used as a direct provocation.[38][39] The Swedish-Serbian National Association called it 'ridiculous', saying that the salute is not to be mistaken in that way, but viewed of as nothing more than 'a modified V sign', even though the three finger salute is older than the V sign.[40]
In 2001, Australian football team
The salute was met with controversy in Turkey after Duško Tošić, playing for Beşiktaş, used the salute after Serbia won over Albania in the guest match in the UEFA 2016 qualifiers; Beşiktaş fans threatened him through Turkish media.[43]
In the 2022 World Cup, FIFA opened a disciplinary case against Croatian fans following their taunting of the Canadian goalkeeper Milan Borjan, born in an ethnic Serb region of Croatia that was part of the conflict in the 1990s.[44] Fans chanted 'Borjan is an Ustaša', referring to the pro-Nazi regime which exterminated Serbs, Gypsies, and Jews in Croatia and Bosnia during World War II. In response to the taunting, he showed the three-finger salute.[45]
See also
References
- ISBN 978-0-7391-4867-9.
- ISBN 978-951-29-7594-5. Retrieved 4 January 2020.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-7391-4867-9.
- ^ a b c d A. Palić (7 December 2013). "Prkos raširio tri prsta". Novosti.
- ISBN 978-0-7656-3851-9.
- ^ Vladimir Ćorović (1921). Pokreti i dela. Izdavačka knjižarnica Gece Kona. p. 9.
- ^ M. Đ Milićević (1876). Knez̆evina Srbija. Vol. 1. Sloboda. p. 251.
- ISBN 978-86-7402-035-7.
- ^ Izviesca brzopisna i analiticna ... zasjedanja zemaljskoga sabora dalmatinskoga od dneva ... do ... 18 ... , u koji dan zasjedanje bi odgodjeno. (Stenograph. und analyt. Mitteilungen der ... Session der dalmatischen Landesversammlung.)- U Zadru, Narodnogo Lista 1870-(serbocroat. et ital.). Narodnogo Lista. 1899. p. 604.
- ^ Brankovo kolo za zabavu, pouku i književnost. Vol. 7. 1901. p. 103.
- ISBN 978-86-7005-047-1.
Тако нам Бог помогао!
- ISBN 978-0-19-517429-8.
- ^ Ivan Cvitković (1986). Ko je bio Alojzije Stepinac. Izdavačka djelatnost. p. 113.
- ^ Hodimir Sirotković; Institut za historiju radničkog pokreta (Zagreb, Croatia) (1964). Zemaljsko antifašističko vijeće narodnog oslobodenja Hrvatske: zbornik dokumenata 1943. Institut za historiju radničkog pokreta. p. 458.
U tom pismu se naglašava, da četnici imaju vladu u Londonu i da će ubijati sve one koji se ne krste s tri prsta.
- ISBN 978-0-8047-7924-1.
- ^ "Tri prsta za pobedu" (in Serbian). Večernje novosti. 17 November 2007.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "Tri Srbije?". B92 Editorial. 10 October 2002.
- ^ "3 Prsta". Kurir. 11 November 2006.
Lepo ste se toga setili! Podignuta tri prsta jesu simbol koji je u masovnu upotrebu uveo Vuk Drašković na mitingu u Beogradu 13. marta 1991. godine. Tada je SPO imala tri zahteva, a jedan od njih je bio da se puste svi pohapšeni 9. marta. To je bio naš simbol borbe za promene, a iako je trebalo dosta vremena da se taj simbol prihvati, očigledno je da je uspelo. I kada ga danas koriste radikali, nemam ništa protiv – kaže Srećković.
- ^ "Lekar iz Tuzle: Otvoreno pismo Novaku Đokoviću". Story. Archived from the original on 15 September 2014. Retrieved 1 March 2016.
- ISBN 978-1-4091-0904-4.
- ^ "Prisoners of War". Sports Illustrated. 1996. Archived from the original on 17 July 2007.
- ^ NIN: nedeljne informativne novine. Politika. September 2007.
Знам да су то користили војници у рату, али ја три прста не ди- жем зато што неког мрзим. Ја све љу- де поштујем, и знам шта ми је у срцу
- ^ NIN. Nedeljne informativne novine. Vol. 2454–2465. Politika. 1998. p. 41.
Ријеч је о вишегодишњој демонизацији „поздрава с три прста", који је већ ушао у каталог планетарних геста, заједно са стиснутом шаком, испруженим дланом, и прстима у положају за слово В, а првим се означава „љевичарски" ...
- ISBN 978-1-317-74929-5.
- ^ "960531". ICTY. Archived from the original on 9 March 2001.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) - ^ Danas. Vol. 494–504. 1991. p. 37.
- ^ Martin Grgurovac (1992). Vinkovački ratni dnevnik: dnevnički zapisi od 30.IV.1991. do 16.V.1992. Slavonska nadlada "Privlačica". p. 131.
- ^ "A Three-Finger Salute". The Christian Science Monitor. 2 February 1994.
- ISBN 978-0-16-054094-3.
- ^ Mr Hans Holthuis, Judge Alphons Orie, Presiding Judge Joaquín Martín Canivell Judge Claude Hanoteau (2006). Before: Registrar: Judgement of: International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991 (PDF) (Prosecutor v. Momčilo Krajišnik. Case: IT-00-39-T Date: 27 September 2006 Original: English ed.). United Nations. p. 184.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Michigan Law Review. Vol. 96. University of Michigan, Department of Law. 1998. p. 2049.
- ^ Mrs. Dorothee de Sampayo Garrido-Nijgh, Judge Gabrielle Kirk McDonald, Presiding Judge Ninian Stephen Judge Lal Chand Vohrah (1997). International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of Former Yugoslavia since 1991 (PDF) (Case No. IT-94-1-T: The Office of the Prosecutor: Mr. Grant Niemann Mr. William Fenrick Counsel for the Accused: Mr. Michaïl Wladimiroff Mr. Alphons Orie Ms. Brenda Hollis Mr. Michael Keegan Mr. Steven Kay Ms. Sylvia de Bertodano Mr. Alan Tieger Mr. Milan Vujin Mr. Nikola Kosti} ed.). Retrieved 4 January 2020.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "The Fall of Srebrenica and the Failure of UN Peacekeeping | Bosnia and Herzegovina". Human Rights Watch (Human Rights Watch. 350 Fifth ed.). 1995. Retrieved 4 January 2020.
- ^ Marcus Tanner, Nidzara Ahmetasevic (2009). History oversHadowed by trivia. Regional Media Coverage of Radovan Karadzic Arrest (PDF) (Publisher: birN bih in cooperation with the Konrad Adenauer Foundation, sarajevo, 2009. PublicAtioN editors: Nidzara Ahmetasevic and Marcus tanner editoriAl teAM: Gordana igric, Ana Petruseva MoNitors: Nidzara Ahmetasevic and Merima husejnovic ProoFreAdiNG: Nadira Koric (bosnian/croatian/serbian) and Anna Mctaggart (english) trANslAtioN: sunita hasic and haris Nezirovic dtP: lorko Kalas ed.). Sarajevo. pp. 34–35. Retrieved 4 January 2020.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Watch, Human Rights (1999). A VILLAGE DESTROYED: War Crimes in Kosovo (PDF) (Vol. 11, No. 13 (D) ed.).
- .
- ^ Churcher, Bob (2003). Conflict Studies Research Centre. A continuing cause for concern. Kosovo/Preshevo (PDF) (Preshevo/Kosovo Lindore - A Continuing Cause For Concern Conflict Studies Research Centre ISBN 1-904423-22-1 February 2003 ed.). p. 6. Retrieved 4 January 2020.
- ^ "Tajni znakovi Eurosonga: Kome je Marija podigla tri prsta?". SINA. Archived from the original on 8 October 2007.
- ^ Georg Cederskog (13 May 2007). "Schlagertävlingen hotar bli politiserad". Dagens Nyheter.
- ^ Serbernas riksförbund i Sverige; et al. (17 May 2007). "Missförstå inte våra serbiska tre fingrar". Aftonbladet.
- ^ "Nepoželjna "tri prsta" u hrvatskoj izbornoj kampanji" (in Serbian). RTS. 16 November 2007.
- ^ "Bobby admits salute". theworldgame.sbs.com.au. The World Game. 8 May 2001. Archived from the original on 20 October 2017. Retrieved 16 May 2023.
- ^ "Ne Prestaju Da Prete Tošiću Tri prsta su zabranjena u Turskoj!". Alo.
- ^ "Croatia Charged For World Cup Fans Taunts of Canadian Goalie". CP24. 29 November 2022.
- ^ Dragojlo, Sasa (28 November 2022). "Croatia Cup Fans Insult Canada's Ethnic Serb Goalkeeper". Balkan Insight. Retrieved 18 January 2024.
External links
- Media related to Three-finger salute (Serbian) at Wikimedia Commons