Thronion (Illyria)
Thronion (
. Thronion was conquered by nearby Apollonia before 460 BCE.Thronion has been identified with the site of Triport northwest of present-day Vlorë, Albania, where a large fortified port-town that was inhabited from the 6th century BCE to the 2nd century CE is found now partially submerged.
Name
Attestation
The city was attested by Ancient Greek epigraphy as Θρόνιον (Thronion), inscribed on a monument erected by Apolloniates in Olympia,[1] as well as on an official inquiry of the oracle of Dodona.[2]
The Apollonian monument at Olympia was found by archaeologist
Etymology
The city bears the same name as Thronion, the chief city of the Locrians.[5]
Location
Pausanias places Thronion in front of the
The data from Pausanias and the Apollonian conquest of the city support the placement of the Euboean colony of Thronion on the coastal site of
Admitting that Triport corresponds to Thronion, conquered by Apollonia in the 5th century BC, Apollonia's territory was close to
History
Archaic period
The shores of the
Thronion was traditionally supposed to be founded as a
Classical period
Before 460 BCE a war was fought between Apollonia and Thronion.[24] Apolloniates won and conquered Thronion, and the conquerors were satisfied obtaining the fringes of the territory of the Amantes.[1] By conquering Thronion, the Apolloniates had achieved two goals: they had substantially enlarged their territory towards the Illyrian hinterland and had also acquired a profitable source of money.[25] It gave the Apolloniates control over the lower valley of the Shushicë river, a tributary of the Aoös (modern Vjosa), and consolidated their control over the sanctuary of Nymphaion and the area of the bitumen mines of present-day Selenicë, located to the east of the confluence of the Shushicë into the Aoös.[1] Through that expansion Apollonia benefitted from the exploitation of new fertile lands.[9] With the spoils of Thronion, the Apolloniates erected a monument at Olympia celebrating their victory and conquest.[1] This turn may have also been the result of Apollonia's increasing power towards nearby Epirote lands.[26]
After the Apollonian conquest of Thronion, the region experienced the development of indigenous proto-urban settlements into urban settlements, like Amantia of the Amantes and Nikaia of the Bylliones, where polygonal walls and cyclopean ramparts were built around mid-5th century BCE.[27] Territorial modifications apparently took place in this sector during the 4th century BCE, with a withdrawal of Apollonia onto its previous domain.[14]
Economy
The wealth of Thronion may have derived in part from control of the bitumen mines around present-day
See also
Notes
- ^ A previous proposal for the location of Thonion was Kaninë,[11] an inland site to the south-east of Vlorë that features only a small Illyrian hilltop fortification dating at the earliest to the 4th–3rd centuries BCE,[12] but recently scholars are abandoning this proposal, and favoring the location at the archaeological site discovered at Triport.[11]
References
- ^ a b c d Bereti, Quantin & Cabanes 2011, p. 11.
- ^ Chapinal-Heras 2021, p. 182.
- ^ Bereti, Quantin & Cabanes 2011, p. 11; Morgan 2018, p. 226; Lasagni 2019, p. 50; Jaupaj 2019, pp. 87–88.
- ^ Morgan 2018, p. 226.
- ^ a b Dominguez-Monedero 2014, p. 197.
- ^ Stocker 2009, p. 228; Dominguez-Monedero 2014, p. 197; Bereti, Quantin & Cabanes 2011, p. 11.
- ^ Jaupaj 2019, pp. 87–88.
- ^ a b Castiglioni 2018, p. 323.
- ^ a b Castiglioni 2018, p. 327.
- ^ Bereti, Quantin & Cabanes 2011, p. 11; Cabanes 2011, p. 76; Cabanes 2008, p. 171
- ^ a b Lasagni 2019, p. 50.
- ^ Lasagni 2019, p. 50; Zindel et al. 2018, pp. 320, 346.
- ^ Volpe et al. 2014, p. 300.
- ^ a b Bereti, Quantin & Cabanes 2011, pp. 12.
- ^ Quantin 2018, p. 103.
- ^ Papadopoulos, Bejko & Morris 2007, p. 108.
- ^ Papadopoulos 2016, p. 440.
- ^ Bejko et al. 2015, pp. 4–5; Papadopoulos 2016, p. 440
- ^ Castiglioni 2018, p. 323; Bejko et al. 2015, p. 4; Wilkes & Fischer-Hansen 2004, p. 322.
- ^ a b Quantin 2018, p. 102.
- ^ Papadopoulos 2016, p. 440; Bejko et al. 2015, p. 4; Wilkes & Fischer-Hansen 2004, p. 322.
- ^ Stocker 2009, p. 226
- ^ Malkin 2001, pp. 192–193
- ^ Lasagni 2019, p. 50; Bereti, Quantin & Cabanes 2011, p. 11.
- ^ Stickler 2014, p. 128.
- ^ Domínguez Monedero, Adolfo J. (2020). "The Actors of Cultural Contact in Ancient Epirus: Colonists, Traders and Pilgrims". Menschen - Kulturen - Traditionen. 17. Deutsches Archeologisches Institut: 234.
- ^ Bereti, Quantin & Cabanes 2011, pp. 11–12; Lasagni 2019, p. 50.
- ^ Stocker 2009, p. 298.
Bibliography
- Bejko, Lorenc; Morris, Sarah; Papadopoulos, John; Schepartz, Lynne (2015). The Excavation of the Prehistoric Burial Tumulus at Lofkend, Albania. ISD LLC. ISBN 978-1938770524.
- Bereti, Vasil; Quantin, François; Cabanes, Pierre (2011). "Histoire et épigraphie dans la région de Vlora (Albanie)". REA. 113 (1).
- Cabanes, Pierre (2008). "Greek Colonisation in the Adriatic". In ISBN 9789047442448.
- Cabanes, Pierre (2011). "Disa çështje mbi Amantët / Interrogations sur les Amantes". Iliria. 35: 75–98. .
- Castiglioni, Maria Paola (2018). "Les Grecs en Adriatique". Cadernos do Lepaarque. XV (29): 320–339. ISSN 2316-8412.
- Chapinal-Heras, Diego (2021). Experiencing Dodona: The Development of the Epirote Sanctuary from Archaic to Hellenistic Times. Berlin and Boston: Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. ISBN 978-3-11-072759-3.
- Dominguez-Monedero, Adolfo J. (2014). "Eubeos y locrios entre el Jónico y el Adriático". L. Breglia, A. Moleti (Eds.) Hespería. Tradizioni, rotte, paesaggi. Tekmeria, 16. Paestum. Pandemos. 2014. P. 189-210. Retrieved 1 December 2020.
- Jaupaj, Lavdosh (2019). Etudes des interactions culturelles en aire Illyro-épirote du VII au III siècle av. J.-C (Thesis). Université de Lyon; Instituti i Arkeologjisë (Albanie).
- Lasagni, Chiara (2019). Le realtà locali nel mondo greco: Ricerche su poleis ed ethne della Grecia occidentale. Studi e testi di epigrafia. Edizioni dell'Orso. ISBN 978-88-6274-962-6.
- Malkin, Irad (2001). Ancient Perceptions of Greek Ethnicity. Center for Hellenic Studies, Trustees for Harvard University. ISBN 0-674-00662-3.
- Morgan, Catherine (2018). "Nostoi and Material Culture in the Area of the Classical-Hellenistic Ionian and Adriatic Seas". In Simon Hornblower, Giulia Biffis (ed.). The Returning Hero: Nostoi and Traditions of Mediterranean Settlement. Oxford University Press. pp. 213–244. ISBN 978-0-19-881142-8.
- Papadopoulos, John (2016). "Komai, Colonies and Cities in Epirus and Southern Albania: The Failure of the Polis and the Rise of Urbanism on the Fringes of the Greek World". In Molloy, Barry P.C. (ed.). Of Odysseys and Oddities: Scales and Modes of Interaction Between Prehistoric Aegean Societies and their Neighbours. Oxbow Books. pp. 435–460. ISBN 978-1-78570-232-7.
- Papadopoulos, John K.; Bejko, Lorenc; Morris, Sarah P. (2007). "Excavations at the Prehistoric Burial Tumulus of Lofkënd in Albania: A Preliminary Report for the 2004-2005 Seasons". S2CID 192986428.
- Quantin, François (2018). "Divinités d'Orikos et de sa région: État des lieux documentaire et perspectives de recherche". SLSA Jahresbericht – Rapport annuel – Annual report 2017 (PDF). SLSA. pp. 93–108. ISBN 978-3-9524771-1-3.
- Stickler, Timo (2014). Korinth und seine Kolonien: Die Stadt am Isthmus im Mächtegefüge des klassischen Griechenland. KLIO / Beihefte. Neue Folge (in German). Vol. 15. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. ISBN 9783050089133.
- Stocker, Sharon R. (2009). Illyrian Apollonia: Toward a New Ktisis and Developmental History of the Colony.
- Volpe, Giuliano; Disantarosa, Giacomo; Leone, Danilo; Turchiano, Maria (2014). "Porti, approdi e itinerari dell'Albania meridionale dall'Antichità al Medioevo. Il 'Progetto Liburna'". Ricerche Archeologiche in Albania. Aracne: 287–326. ISBN 978-88-548-7245-5.)
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: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of January 2024 (link - Wilkes, J. J.; Fischer-Hansen, Tobias (2004). "The Adriatic". In Mogens Herman Hansen; Thomas Heine Nielsen (eds.). An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis. ISBN 0-19-814099-1.
- Zindel, Christian; Lippert, Andreas; Lahi, Bashkim; Kiel, Machiel (2018). Albanien: Ein Archäologie- und Kunstführer von der Steinzeit bis ins 19. Jahrhundert (in German). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. ISBN 9783205200109.