Thunnus

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
This article is about the genus. For the subgenus, see Thunnus (subgenus).
Main article: Tuna

True tunas
Temporal range: Tertiary–holocene [1][2]
Yellowfin tuna
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Scombriformes
Family: Scombridae
Tribe: Thunnini
Genus: Thunnus
South, 1845
Type species
Scomber thynnus
Linnaeus, 1758
Subgenus
  • T. (Thunnus) (bluefin group)
  • T. (
    Neothunnus
    )     (yellowfin group)
Synonyms
  • Albacora Jordan, 1888
  • Germo Jordan, 1888
  • Thynnus Aguilera, 2020
  • Kishinoella Jordan & Hubbs, 1925
  • Neothunnus Kishinouye, 1923
  • Orcynus Cuvier, 1816
  • Parathunnus
    Kishinouye
    , 1923
  • Semathunnus Fowler, 1933

Thunnus is a

subgenera
.

Their coloring, metallic blue on top and shimmering silver-white on the bottom, helps camouflage them from above and below.

Newfoundland and Iceland, and also in the tropical waters of the Gulf of Mexico and the Mediterranean Sea
, where some individuals go each year to spawn.

Due to overfishing, the range of this genus has declined significantly, having been effectively extirpated from the Black Sea, for example.[4]

Taxonomy

The word Thunnus is the

Middle Latin form of the Greek thýnnos (θύννος, "tuna, tunny") – which is in turn derived from thynō (θύνω, "to rush; to dart").[5][6] The first written use of the word was by Homer.[citation needed
]

Based on morphology and short-length

subgenera: Thunnus (Thunnus) (the bluefin group), and Thunnus (Neothunnus) (the yellowfin group). However this classification has been questioned by a recent phylogenetic analysis of nuclear DNA sequence data, which resolved different relationships among species and did not support the traditional definition of the bluefin and yellowfin groups.[8][9] Specifically, these analyses substantiated the division of Pacific and Atlantic Tuna in two separate species and suggested that Bigeye Tuna were actually a member of subgenus Neothunnus, not subgenus Thunnus.[8] Earlier nuclear ribosomal DNA phylogenetic reconstructions also showed similar results.[10]

Fossil specimen

This genus has eight species in two

subgenera
:

Relative sizes of various tunas, with the Atlantic bluefin tuna (top) at about 8 ft (2.4 m) in this sample
The True Tunas of the genus Thunnus, within the Family Scombridae
 Scombridae 
Gasterochismatinae
 

 Butterfly kingfishes (1 genus)

Scombrinae
 Scombrini 

 Mackerels (2 genera)

 
Scomberomorini
 

 

Spanish Mackerels (3 genera)

 
Sardini
 

 Bonitos (4 genera)

 
Thunnini

 

Allothunnus
, slender tunas

 Auxis, frigate tunas

 Euthynnus, little tunas

 

Katsuwonus, skipjack tunas

 Thunnus 
 subgenus Thunnus

 bluefin group

 subgenus
Neothunnus

 yellowfin group

 (true tunas) 
(Tunas)
Cladogram: Thunnus (bottom-right in image above) is one of five genera that make up the Thunnini tribe.  Known as the true tunas, it comprises 8 of the 15 extant tuna species.[1]
Alternative evolutionary tree for Thunnus

T. albacares

T. obesus

T. tonggol

T. atlanticus

T. maccoyii

T. thynnus

T. orientalis

T. alalunga

An alternative phylogenetic reconstruction for the genus Thunnus, based on nuclear DNA sequence data, which modifies the traditionally recognized bluefin and yellowfin clades by placing Thunnus obesus within the yellowfin clade instead of in the bluefin clade.[8]

Species

Until recently, seven Thunnus species were thought to exist, and Atlantic bluefin tuna and Pacific bluefin tuna were subspecies of a single species. In 1999, Collette established that based on both molecular and morphological considerations, they are, in fact, distinct species.[11][12]

Thunnus, the true tunas
Image Common name Scientific name Maximum
length 		Common
length 		Maximum
weight 		Maximum
age 		Trophic
level 		Source
IUCN status
Thunnus (Thunnus) – the bluefin group
Albacore tuna T. alalunga
(Bonnaterre, 1788) 		1.4 m
(4.6 ft) 		1.0 m
(3.3 ft) 		60.3 kg
(133 lb) 		9–13 yrs 4.31 [13][14] LC IUCN 3 1.svg Least Concern[14]
Southern bluefin tuna T. maccoyii
(
Castelnau
, 1872) 		2.45 m
(8.0 ft) 		1.6 m
(5.2 ft) 		260 kg
(570 lb) 		20–40 yrs 3.93 [15][16] EN IUCN 3 1.svg Endangered[16]
Bigeye tuna T. obesus
(Lowe, 1839) 		2.5 m
(8.2 ft) 		1.8 m
(5.9 ft) 		210 kg
(460 lb) 		5–16 yrs 4.49 [17][18] VU IUCN 3 1.svg Vulnerable[18]
Pacific bluefin tuna T. orientalis
(Temminck & Schlegel, 1844) 		3.0 m
(9.8 ft) 		2.0 m
(6.6 ft) 		450 kg
(990 lb) 		15–26 yrs 4.21 [19][20] NT IUCN 3 1.svg Near Threatened[20]
Atlantic bluefin tuna T. thynnus
(Linnaeus, 1758) 		4.6 m
(15 ft) 		2.0 m
(6.6 ft) 		684 kg
(1,508 lb) 		35–50 yrs 4.43 [21][22] LC IUCN 3 1.svg Least Concern[22]
Thunnus (
Neothunnus
) – the yellowfin group
Blackfin tuna T. atlanticus
(
Lesson
, 1831) 		1.1 m
(3.6 ft) 		0.7 m
(2.3 ft) 		22.4 kg
(49 lb) 		4.13 [23] LC IUCN 3 1.svg Least concern[24]
Longtail tuna
,
northern bluefin tuna,
tongol tuna 		T. tonggol
(Bleeker, 1851) 		1.45 m
(4.8 ft) 		0.7 m
(2.3 ft) 		35.9 kg
(79 lb) 		18 years 4.50 [25][26] DD IUCN 3 1.svg Data deficient[26]
Yellowfin tuna T. albacares
(Bonnaterre, 1788) 		2.4 m
(7.9 ft) 		1.5 m
(4.9 ft) 		200 kg
(440 lb) 		5–9 yrs 4.34 [27][28] LC IUCN 3 1.svg Least Concern[28]
Maximum reported sizes of Thunnus species.

Overfishing

The worldwide demand for

EEZ) is bluefin migrate long distances and hunt in the midocean that is not part of any country's EEZ, so have been vulnerable to overfishing by multiple countries' fishing fleets. International agreements and conventions are good-faith agreements and are difficult to monitor or enforce.[31] Though this fish has been farmed in captivity by the Japanese and by the Australians with the help of the Japanese,[32] yields are lower than other farmed fish due to the slow growth rate of bluefin tuna, therefore keeping prices high.[31] On December 30, 2012, a 222-kilogram (489 lb) bluefin tuna caught off northeastern Japan, was sold at the Tsukiji fish market in Tokyo for a record 155.4 million yen ($1.76 million) – a unit price of JP¥ 1.274 million/kg (US$3,600/lb).[33]

References

  1. ^
    PMID 15498947
    .
  2. ^ Sepkoski, Jack (2002). "A compendium of fossil marine animal genera". Bulletins of American Paleontology. 364: 560. Archived from the original on 2011-07-23. Retrieved 2008-01-08.
  3. S2CID 20554689. Archived
    from the original on 2020-06-17. Retrieved 2019-12-01.
  4. ^ Hogan, C. Michael, Overfishing. Encyclopedia of Earth. eds. Sidney Draggan and Cutler Cleveland. National council for Science and the Environment, Washington DC
  5. Perseus Digital Library
    , Tufts University.
  6. ^ θύνω in Liddell and Scott.
  7. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.1997.tb01948.x
    .
  8. ^
    PMID 27286653
    .
  9. PMID 30364966
    .
  10. doi:10.1111/j.0022-1112.2006.00945.x
    .
  11. ISBN 978-2-9507330-5-4. Archived
    from the original on 2023-11-30. Retrieved 2017-09-16.
  12. doi:10.3354/meps319225
    .
  13. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2012). "Thunnus alalunga" in FishBase. January 2012 version.
  14. ^ a b Collette, B.; et al. (2021). "Thunnus alalunga". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021. Retrieved 29 March 2022.
  15. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2012). "Thunnus maccoyii" in FishBase. January 2012 version.
  16. ^ a b Collette, B.; et al. (2021). "Thunnus maccoyii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021. Retrieved 29 March 2022.
  17. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2012). "Thunnus obesus" in FishBase. January 2012 version.
  18. ^ a b Collette, B.; et al. (2021). "Thunnus obesus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021. Retrieved 29 March 2022.
  19. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2012). "Thunnus orientalis" in FishBase. January 2012 version.
  20. ^ a b Collette, B.; et al. (2021). "Thunnus orientalis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021. Retrieved 29 March 2022.
  21. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2012). "Thunnus thynnus" in FishBase. January 2012 version.
  22. ^ a b Collette, B.; et al. (2021). "Thunnus thynnus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021. Retrieved 9 January 2015.
  23. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2012). "Thunnus atlanticus" in FishBase. January 2012 version.
  24. ^ Collette, B.; et al. (2010). "Thunnus atlanticus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2010. Retrieved 29 March 2022.
  25. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2012). "Thunnus tonggol" in FishBase. January 2012 version.
  26. ^ a b Collette, B.; et al. (2009). "Thunnus tonggol". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2009. Retrieved 29 March 2022.
  27. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2012). "Thunnus albacares" in FishBase. January 2012 version.
  28. ^ a b Collette, B.; et al. (2021). "Thunnus albacares". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021. Retrieved 29 March 2022.
  29. ISBN 978-0-495-56197-2
    .
  30. ^ "Tuna, Bluefin". Archived from the original on 2011-07-22.
  31. ^ a b "Managed to death". The Economist. 2008-10-30. Archived from the original on 2011-02-11. Retrieved 2011-01-08.
  32. Thunnus orientalis#Farming
  33. ^ "A bluefin tuna sells for record $1.76M in Tokyo". USA Today. 4 January 2013. Archived from the original on 28 July 2018. Retrieved 5 January 2013.

Further reading

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Thunnus.


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