Thymosin α1
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Ensembl |
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| RefSeq (protein) |
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| Location (UCSC) | Chr 2: 231.71 – 231.71 Mb | n/a | |||||||
| PubMed search | [2] | n/a | |||||||
| View/Edit Human | |||
Thymosin α1 is a
peptide fragment derived from prothymosin alpha, a protein that in humans is encoded by the PTMA gene.[3]
It was the first of the peptides from Thymosin Fraction 5 to be completely sequenced and synthesized. Unlike β thymosins, to which it is genetically and chemically unrelated, thymosin α1 is produced as a 28-amino acid fragment, from a longer, 113-amino acid precursor, prothymosin α.[4]
Function
Thymosin α1 is believed to be a major component of Thymosin Fraction 5 responsible for the activity of that preparation in restoring immune function in animals lacking thymus glands. It has been found to enhance cell-mediated immunity in humans as well as experimental animals.[5]
Therapeutic application
As of 2009[update] Thymosin α1 is approved in 35 under-developed or developing countries for the treatment of Hepatitis B and C, and it is also used to boost the immune response in the treatment of other diseases.[6][7]
Clinical studies
Clinical trials suggest it may be useful in cystic fibrosis,
chronic hepatitis B.[8]
It has been studied for possible use in treating cancer (e.g. with chemotherapy).[9]
See also
- Thymosins
References
Further reading
- Martini PG, Katzenellenbogen BS (2003). "Modulation of estrogen receptor activity by selective coregulators". J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 85 (2–5): 117–22. S2CID 32374864.
- Barcia MG, Castro JM, Jullien CD, et al. (1992). "Prothymosin alpha is phosphorylated by casein kinase-2". FEBS Lett. 312 (2–3): 152–6. S2CID 84760219.
- Baxevanis CN, Thanos D, Reclos GJ, et al. (1992). "Prothymosin alpha enhances human and murine MHC class II surface antigen expression and messenger RNA accumulation". J. Immunol. 148 (7): 1979–84. S2CID 36407216.
- Gallego R, Rosón E, García-Caballero T, et al. (1992). "Prothymosin alpha expression in lymph nodes and tonsils: an optical and ultrastructural study". Acta Anat (Basel). 143 (3): 219–22. PMID 1632187.
- Cordero OJ, Sarandeses CS, López JL, et al. (1992). "Prothymosin alpha enhances interleukin 2 receptor expression in normal human T-lymphocytes". Int. J. Immunopharmacol. 13 (8): 1059–65. PMID 1814846.
- Watts JD, Cary PD, Sautiere P, Crane-Robinson C (1990). "Thymosins: both nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins". Eur. J. Biochem. 192 (3): 643–51. PMID 2209614.
- Eschenfeldt WH, Manrow RE, Krug MS, Berger SL (1989). "Isolation and partial sequencing of the human prothymosin alpha gene family. Evidence against export of the gene products". J. Biol. Chem. 264 (13): 7546–55. PMID 2708378.
- Gómez-Márquez J, Segade F, Dosil M, et al. (1989). "The expression of prothymosin alpha gene in T lymphocytes and leukemic lymphoid cells is tied to lymphocyte proliferation". J. Biol. Chem. 264 (15): 8451–4. PMID 2785990.
- Goodall GJ, Dominguez F, Horecker BL (1987). "Molecular cloning of cDNA for human prothymosin alpha". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 83 (23): 8926–8. PMID 3466166.
- Eschenfeldt WH, Berger SL (1987). "The human prothymosin alpha gene is polymorphic and induced upon growth stimulation: evidence using a cloned cDNA". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 83 (24): 9403–7. PMID 3467312.
- Panneerselvam C, Haritos AA, Caldarella J, Horecker BL (1987). "Prothymosin alpha in human blood". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 84 (13): 4465–9. PMID 3474615.
- Pan LX, Haritos AA, Wideman J, et al. (1986). "Human prothymosin alpha: amino acid sequence and immunologic properties". Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 250 (1): 197–201. PMID 3532956.
- Kubota S, Adachi Y, Copeland TD, Oroszlan S (1995). "Binding of human prothymosin alpha to the leucine-motif/activation domains of HTLV-I Rex and HIV-1 Rev". Eur. J. Biochem. 233 (1): 48–54. PMID 7588773.
- Garcia-Caballero T, Dominguez F, Roson E, et al. (1994). "Distribution of prothymosin alpha in rat and human adrenal cortex". Anat. Rec. 239 (1): 88–94. S2CID 38666222.
- Szabo P, Panneerselvam C, Clinton M, et al. (1993). "Prothymosin alpha gene in humans: organization of its promoter region and localization to chromosome 2". Hum. Genet. 90 (6): 629–34. S2CID 6902846.
- Maruyama K, Sugano S (1994). "Oligo-capping: a simple method to replace the cap structure of eukaryotic mRNAs with oligoribonucleotides". Gene. 138 (1–2): 171–4. PMID 8125298.
- Tsitsiloni OE, Stiakakis J, Koutselinis A, et al. (1993). "Expression of alpha-thymosins in human tissues in normal and abnormal growth". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 90 (20): 9504–7. PMID 8415730.
- Sburlati AR, De La Rosa A, Batey DW, et al. (1993). "Phosphorylation of human and bovine prothymosin alpha in vivo". Biochemistry. 32 (17): 4587–96. PMID 8485135.
- Rubtsov IuP, Vartapetian AB (1996). "[New intronless members of human prothymosin alpha genes]". Mol. Biol. (Mosk.). 29 (6): 1320–5. PMID 8592501.