Tianjin
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Tianjin
天津 Tientsin, T'ien-chin | ||
---|---|---|
Vehicle registration 津A, B, C, D, F, G, H, J, K, L, M | 津E (taxis) | |
Abbreviation | TJ / 津; jīn | |
Climate | Dwa/BSk | |
Symbols | ||
Flower | China rose | |
Tree | Fraxinus velutina |
Tianjin | ||
---|---|---|
Hanyu Pinyin | Tiānjīn | |
Hanyu Pinyin | Tiānjīn | |
Bopomofo | ㄊㄧㄢ ㄐㄧㄣ | |
Gwoyeu Romatzyh | Tianjin | |
Wade–Giles | Tʻien1-chin1 | |
Tongyong Pinyin | Tianjin | |
IPA |
| |
Wu | ||
Romanization | Thie平-tsin平 | |
Yue: Cantonese | ||
Yale Romanization | Tīnjèun or Tīnjēun | |
Jyutping | tin1 zeon1 | |
IPA | [tʰiːn˥ tsɵn˥˧] or [tʰiːn˥ tsɵn˥] | |
Southern Min | ||
Hokkien POJ | Thian-tin |
Tianjin
Tianjin is governed as one of the four
In terms of urban population, Tianjin is the seventh largest city in China. In terms of administrative area population, Tianjin ranks fifth in mainland China.[7] The walled city of Tianjin was built in 1404. As a treaty port since 1860, Tianjin has been a seaport and gateway to Beijing. During the Boxer Rebellion, the city was the seat of the Tianjin Provisional Government. Under the Qing dynasty and the Republic of China, Tianjin became one of the largest cities in the region.[8] At that time, European-style buildings and mansions were constructed in concessions, some of which are preserved today. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, Tianjin suffered a depression due to the policy of the central government and the 1976 Tangshan earthquake; however, it has been recovering since the 1990s.[9] Tianjin is classified as the largest type of port city, a Large-Port Megacity, due to its large urban population and port traffic volume.[10]
Tianjin is currently a dual-core city, with its main urban area (including the older part of the city) located along the
Tianjin is one of the
Name
The name Tianjin is the
the city's name means "The port of emperor".The origin of the name is disputed. One traditional theory says that it was an homage to the
Prior to the introduction of pinyin, the city's name was historically romanized as Tientsin in the Chinese postal romanization. The current English spelling of Tianjin was adopted in 1958, after pinyin was introduced by the PRC government. Several countries, international organizations and media outlets have adopted the pinyin name since in 1979. The Government of the Republic of China (ROC) has continued to use the postal and Wade–Giles spelling since the adoption of pinyin by the ROC government in 2009.
History
Early history
The land where Tianjin is now located was created in between 900 and 1300 CE by the sediments of rivers entering the sea at the
Qing dynasty
During the
Opening up as a treaty port
In 1856, Chinese soldiers boarded The Arrow, a Chinese-owned ship registered in Hong Kong that flew the British flag and which was suspected of piracy, smuggling, and involvement in the opium trade. The soldiers captured twelve men and imprisoned them. In response, the British and French sent gunboats under the command of
The presence of foreign influence in Tianjin was not always peaceful; one violent incident was that of the
In 1885, Li Hongzhang founded the Tianjin Military Academy (天津武備學堂) for Chinese army officers with German advisors as a part of his military reforms.[22] The academy's founding was supported by the Anhui Army commander Zhou Shengchuan.[22]: 267 The academy was to serve the Anhui Army and the Green Standard Army officers. The instructors were German officers.[22]: 267 In 1887, the academy started a program to train teenagers to become army officers; the program continued for five years.[22]: 268 Practical and technical subjects including sciences, foreign languages, Chinese literature, mathematics, and history were taught at the school and exams were administered to students. The lessons taught at the Tianjin Military Academy were copied for the Weihaiwei and Shanhaiguan military schools.[22]: 268 A maritime defense fund supplied the budget for the Tianjin Military Academy, which was located in the same area as the Tianjin Naval Academy.[22]: 268 In 1886, the Tianjin Military Academy adopted Romance of the Three Kingdoms as part of its curriculum.[23] Among its alumni were Wang Yingkai and Duan Qirui; its staff included Yinchang.
In June 1900, the Boxers were able to seize control of parts of Tianjin. On June 26, European defense forces heading towards Beijing were stopped by Boxers at nearby Langfang; they were defeated and forced to turn back to Tianjin. The foreign concessions were also under siege for several weeks.
In July 1900, the Eight-Nation Alliance recaptured Tianjin. This alliance soon established the Tianjin Provisional Government, which was composed of representatives from each of the occupying forces (Russia, Britain, Japan, Germany, France, America, Austro-Hungary, and Italy). The city was governed by this council until August 15, 1902, when the city was returned to Qing control. Qing General Yuan Shikai led efforts to transform Tianjin into a modern city, establishing the first modern Chinese police force. In 1907, Yuan supervised China's first modern democratic elections for a county council.
Western nations were permitted to garrison the area to ensure open access to Beijing. The British maintained a brigade of two battalions in Tianjin, and the Italians, French, Japanese, Germans, Russians, and Austro-Hungarians maintained their forces using strength regiments; the United States did not initially participate. During World War I, the German and Austro-Hungarian garrisons were captured as prisoners of war by Allied Forces; meanwhile, in 1918, the Bolshevik government withdrew the Russian garrison. In 1920, the remaining participating nations asked the United States to join them, and the US then sent the 15th Infantry Regiment, minus one battalion, to Tianjin from the Philippines.
Because of the development of industry, commerce and finance in the city, Tianjin was established as a
Garrison duty was highly regarded by the troops. General
Second Sino-Japanese War
On July 30, 1937, during the
On August 9, 1940, all of the British troops in Tianjin were ordered to withdraw. On November 14, 1941, the American
After World War II
In the
From 1949 to February 1958, Tianjin was a municipality directly under the control of the central government. In October 1952,
On July 28, 1976, during the 7.6 magnitude Tangshan Earthquake, Tianjin was affected by shock waves and experienced a loss of life. In the city, 24,345 people died and 21,497 were seriously injured. 60% of the city's buildings were destroyed and more than 30% of the enterprises and Peking Port Reservoir and Yuqiao Reservoir were seriously damaged. Nearly 700,000 people were left homeless. On October 10 of the same year, the Tianjin Underground Railway was opened to traffic. In 1981, Miyun Reservoir was built on the upper reaches of the Hai River; it is now used to supply water for Beijing; however; the reservoir stopped the river from supplying water to Tianjin, resulting in difficulty with water usage in the city. As a result, during 1976, the State Council of the People's Republic of China decided to initiate a project to solve the problem of water usage in Tianjin by attracting individuals to the city's academic centers.
In 1984, during the beginning of the Chinese government's economic reforms, Tianjin was listed as one of the 14 coastal open cities by the State Council and the
In August 2008, China's first
In October 2013, Tianjin hosted an international comprehensive event for the first time by hosting the East Asian Games. In 2014, the coordinated development of Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei was officially incorporated into the national strategy; Tianjin was positioned as the National Advanced Manufacturing R&D Base, Northern International Shipping Core Area, Financial Innovation Operation Demonstration Area, and Reform and Opening-up Preceding Area. In the same year, the first phase of the South-to-North Water Transfer Project was completed, so water availability in Tianjin increased. On February 26, 2015, the Tianjin National Independent Innovation Demonstration Zone was formally established. On April 21, the China (Tianjin) Free Trade Pilot Zone was also formally established. On April 27, Jincheng Bank, the first private bank in northern China, officially opened its doors.
2015 Tianjin explosion
On August 12, 2015, a
Geography
Tianjin is located on the west coast of the
The city has 153 km (95 mi) of coastline and 1,137.48 kilometers (706.80 mi) of land border.
In the Tianjin Municipality, the
Climate
Tianjin has a
Climate data for Tianjin ( Dongli District ) (1991–2020 normals)
| |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 14.3 (57.7) |
20.8 (69.4) |
30.5 (86.9) |
33.1 (91.6) |
40.5 (104.9) |
40.6 (105.1) |
40.5 (104.9) |
37.4 (99.3) |
34.9 (94.8) |
30.8 (87.4) |
23.1 (73.6) |
14.4 (57.9) |
40.6 (105.1) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 2.1 (35.8) |
5.8 (42.4) |
12.8 (55.0) |
20.8 (69.4) |
26.8 (80.2) |
30.2 (86.4) |
31.6 (88.9) |
30.7 (87.3) |
26.9 (80.4) |
19.8 (67.6) |
10.7 (51.3) |
3.7 (38.7) |
18.5 (65.3) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | −2.8 (27.0) |
0.4 (32.7) |
7.0 (44.6) |
14.8 (58.6) |
21.0 (69.8) |
25.0 (77.0) |
27.2 (81.0) |
26.3 (79.3) |
21.7 (71.1) |
14.3 (57.7) |
5.7 (42.3) |
−0.9 (30.4) |
13.3 (56.0) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −6.5 (20.3) |
−3.7 (25.3) |
2.4 (36.3) |
9.6 (49.3) |
15.8 (60.4) |
20.6 (69.1) |
23.6 (74.5) |
22.7 (72.9) |
17.4 (63.3) |
9.9 (49.8) |
1.8 (35.2) |
−4.3 (24.3) |
9.1 (48.4) |
Record low °C (°F) | −18.1 (−0.6) |
−22.9 (−9.2) |
−17.7 (0.1) |
−2.8 (27.0) |
4.5 (40.1) |
10.1 (50.2) |
16.2 (61.2) |
13.7 (56.7) |
6.2 (43.2) |
−2.2 (28.0) |
−11.7 (10.9) |
−17.9 (−0.2) |
−22.9 (−9.2) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 2.6 (0.10) |
6.0 (0.24) |
6.1 (0.24) |
22.8 (0.90) |
37.7 (1.48) |
78.0 (3.07) |
141.2 (5.56) |
122.3 (4.81) |
54.8 (2.16) |
32.8 (1.29) |
13.5 (0.53) |
3.1 (0.12) |
520.9 (20.5) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 1.3 | 2.3 | 2.5 | 4.5 | 6.2 | 9.0 | 11.1 | 9.8 | 6.4 | 4.8 | 3.0 | 2.0 | 62.9 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
54 | 54 | 49 | 48 | 53 | 64 | 73 | 75 | 67 | 62 | 60 | 56 | 60 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 167.6 | 175.9 | 227.7 | 243.8 | 267.8 | 233.9 | 202.2 | 203.3 | 212.3 | 199.8 | 165.2 | 160.9 | 2,460.4 |
Percent possible sunshine | 55 | 58 | 61 | 61 | 60 | 53 | 45 | 49 | 58 | 59 | 55 | 55 | 56 |
Source: China Meteorological Administration[31][32][33] |
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org. |
See or edit raw graph data.
Measures to improve air quality
In May 2014, the city's administration enacted new laws in an attempt to lower the city's pollution levels. These measures included several methods to restrict pollution on days when is severe, such as by halving the number of vehicles allowed on roads, halting construction and manufacturing activity, closing schools, and halting large-scale outdoor activities.[34]
In the past, flights have also been grounded and highways have been closed.[35]
Foreign-born professional sportsmen have made statements regarding Tianjin's air quality, citing it as an impediment to athletic activity and being thick enough to "taste."[36]
Administrative divisions
Tianjin is divided into 16
Administrative divisions of Tianjin | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Heping Hexi Hebei Nankai Hedong Hongqiao Jizhou Baodi Ninghe Binhai Dongli Jinnan Xiqing Beichen Wuqing Jinghai | ||||||||||||||
Division code[37] | Division | Area in km2[38][full citation needed] | Total population 2010[39] | Urban area population 2010[40] |
Seat | Postal code | Subdivisions[41][full citation needed] | |||||||
Subdistricts
|
Towns
|
Townships
|
Ethnic townships
|
Residential communities | Villages
| |||||||||
120000 | Tianjin | 11,760.00 | 12,938,693 | 10,277,893 | Hexi |
300000 | 112 | 118 | 10 | 1 | 1723 | 3762 | ||
120101 | Heping
|
9.97 | 273,477 | Xiaobailou Subdistrict | 300041 | 6 | 63 | |||||||
120102 | Hedong
|
15.06 | 860,852 | Dawangzhuang Subdistrict | 300171 | 13 | 158 | |||||||
120103 | Hexi
|
41.24 | 870,632 | Dayingmen Subdistrict | 300202 | 13 | 171 | |||||||
120104 | Nankai
|
40.64 | 1,018,196 | Changhong Subdistrict | 300110 | 12 | 180 | |||||||
120105 | Hebei
|
29.14 | 788,451 | Wanghailou Subdistrict | 300143 | 10 | 109 | |||||||
120106 | Hongqiao
|
21.30 | 531,526 | Xiyuzhuang Subdistrict | 300131 | 10 | 196 | |||||||
120110 | Dongli
|
460.00 | 598,966 | 591,040 | Zhangguizhuang Subdistrict | 300300 | 9 | 90 | 102 | |||||
120111 | Xiqing
|
545.00 | 713,060 | 524,894 | Yangliuqing town | 300380 | 2 | 7 | 106 | 151 | ||||
120112 | Jinnan
|
401.00 | 593,063 | 590,072 | Xianshuigu town | 300350 | 8 | 68 | 165 | |||||
120113 | Beichen
|
478.00 | 669,121 | 575,103 | Guoyuanxincun Subdistrict | 300400 | 5 | 9 | 115 | 126 | ||||
120114 | Wuqing
|
1,570.00 | 951,078 | 352,659 | Yunhexi Subdistrict | 301700 | 6 | 24 | 64 | 695 | ||||
120115 | Baodi
|
1,523.00 | 799,157 | 271,992 | Baoping Subdistrict | 301800 | 6 | 16 | 37 | 765 | ||||
120116 | Binhai
|
2,270.00 | 2,423,204 | 2,313,361 | Xingang Subdistrict | 300451 | 19 | 7 | 254 | 144 | ||||
120117 | Ninghe
|
1,414.00 | 416,143 | 152,388 | Lutai town | 301500 | 11 | 3 | 34 | 282 | ||||
120118 | Jinghai
|
1,476.00 | 646,978 | 293,014 | Jinghai town | 301600 | 16 | 2 | 46 | 383 | ||||
120119 | Jizhou
|
1,590.00 | 784,789 | 270,236 | Wenchang Subdistrict | 301900 | 1 | 20 | 5 | 1 | 32 | 949 |
Divisions in Chinese and varieties of romanizations | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
English | Chinese | Pinyin | ||
Tianjin Municipality | 天津市 | Tiānjīn Shì | ||
Heping District
|
和平区 | Hépíng Qū | ||
Hedong District
|
河东区 | Hédōng Qū | ||
Hexi District
|
河西区 | Héxī Qū | ||
Nankai District
|
南开区 | Nánkāi Qū | ||
Hebei District
|
河北区 | Héběi Qū | ||
Hongqiao District
|
红桥区 | Hōngqiáo Qū | ||
Dongli District
|
东丽区 | Dōnglì Qū | ||
Xiqing District
|
西青区 | Xīqīng Qū | ||
Jinnan District
|
津南区 | Jīnnán Qū | ||
Beichen District
|
北辰区 | Běichén Qū | ||
Wuqing District
|
武清区 | Wǔqīng Qū | ||
Baodi District
|
宝坻区 | Bǎodǐ Qū | ||
Binhai New Area
|
滨海新区 | Bīnhǎi Xīnqū | ||
Ninghe District
|
宁河区 | Nínghé Qū | ||
Jinghai District
|
静海区 | Jìnghǎi Qū | ||
Jizhou District
|
蓟州区 | Jìzhōu Qū |
The
As of December 31, 2004, these districts and counties have been further subdivided into 240
Politics
As in all other governing institutions in mainland China, the politics of Tianjin is structured in a dual party-government system.
The
Economy
Tianjin's gross domestic product (GDP) reached 1.572 trillion yuan in 2014, an increase of 10.0 percent over its GDP in 2013. The city of Tianjin had China's highest per-capita GDP of $17,126, followed by Beijing with $16,278 and Shanghai with $15,847.[42]
Skyscrapers in Tianjin | Meters | Feet |
---|---|---|
Goldin Finance 117 | 597 | 1,958.66 |
Tianjin CTF Finance Centre | 530 | 1,738.85 |
Tianjin Modern City Office Tower | 338 | 1,108.92 |
Tianjin World Financial Center | 337 | 1,105.32 |
TEDA IFC 1 | 313 | 1,026.9 |
Jin Wan Plaza 9 | 300 | 984.25 |
Yujiapu Yinglan International Finance Center | 299.45 | 982.45 |
Powerlong Center Tower 1 | 289 | 948.16 |
Bohai Bank Tower | 270 | 885.83 |
Financial Street Heping Center | 263 | 862.86 |
Century Metropolitan Mall | 258 | 846.46 |
Tianjin China Life Financial Center | 251 | 823.49 |
Industries include
Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area
As one of the first state-level economic and technological development zones, the Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area (TEDA) was founded on December 6, 1984, with the approval of the State Council. It is given state preferential policies with the task of attracting domestic and foreign investment to develop new technology-oriented modern industries. As an affiliated organization of the Tianjin Municipal Government, the Administrative Commission of Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area exercises unified administration of TEDA on behalf of the Tianjin Municipal Government and has provincial-level administrative and economic management rights.[citation needed]
Tianjin Export Processing Zone
The Tianjin Export Processing Zone is one of the first 15 export processing zones approved by the State Council, having been approved on April 27, 2000. This area is a special enclosed zone. where Customs officials conduct constant administration for commodities transported into and out of the zone. The central government granted the special economic zone preferential policies to attract enterprises in the business of processing and trade to invest in the zone. The Tianjin Export Processing Zone is located to the northeast of TEDA and has a planned area of 2.54 km2 (0.98 sq mi). The area developed in the first phase is 1 square meter (11 sq ft) wide. A permanent wall is built to separate the export processing and non-export processing zones.[43]
Tianjin Airport Economic Area
The Tianjin Airport International Logistics Zone is jointly invested by the Tianjin Port Free Trade Zone and Tianjin Binhai International Airport. It is located inside the airfreight area of Tianjin Binhai International Airport. It has domestic and foreign airfreight logistics enterprises engaged in sorting, warehousing, distribution, processing, and exhibition. It is in the process of constructing the largest airfreight base in northern China.[44]
Tianjin Port Free Trade Zone
The Tianjin Port Free Trade Zone is the only free trade zone in northern China. The zone was approved for establishment in 1991 by State Council. It is 30 km (19 mi) from Tianjin city proper, less than 1 km (0.62 mi) away from the wharf,[clarification needed] and 38 km (24 mi) away from Tianjin Binhai International Airport.[45]
Tianjin Tanggu National Marine High-Tech Development Area
The Tianjin Tanggu Marine High-Tech Development Area was established in 1992 and was upgraded to the national-level high-tech development area by the State Council in 1995. It is the only national-level high-tech development area specializing in developing the marine technology industry. By the end of 2008, the zone had 2,068 corporations and 5 industries there, including those for new materials, oil manufacturing, modern machinery manufacturing, and electronic information.[46]
Tianjin Nangang Industrial Zone
The Tianjin Nangang Industrial Zone is a heavy and chemical industry base and harbor, a part of the"dual-city, dual-harbor" space development strategy of Tianjin, and a zone with a circular economy. The total planned area of Nangang Industrial Zone is 200 km2 (77 sq mi), of which the terrestrial area is 162 km2 (63 sq mi).
Agriculture
Farmland takes up about 40% of Tianjin Municipality's total area. Wheat, rice, and maize are the most economically important crops.
Resources
Tianjin Municipality has deposits of about 1 billion
Utilities and Services
Tianjin Electric Power Utility constructs, delivers and maintains electrical power services.
Binhai New Area
The Tianjin
Demographics
Year | Pop. | ±% |
---|---|---|
1953 | 2,693,831 | — |
1982 | 7,764,141 | +188.2% |
1990 | 8,785,402 | +13.2% |
2000 | 9,848,731 | +12.1% |
2010 | 12,938,224 | +31.4% |
2013 | 14,720,000 | +13.8% |
Population size may be affected by changes on administrative divisions. |
At the end of 2009, the population of Tianjin Municipality was 12.28 million, of which 9.8 million owned and lived in Tianjin
The encompassing metropolitan area was estimated by the OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) to have, as of 2010[update], a population of 15.4 million.[49][50]
The majority of Tianjin residents are Han Chinese. People from 51 out of the 55 minor Chinese ethnic groups live in Tianjin. Minorities with higher populations in the city include Hui, Korean, Manchu, and Mongol people.
Ethnic groups in Tianjin, 2000 census | ||
---|---|---|
Ethnicity | Population | Percentage |
Han | 9,581,775 | 97.29% |
Hui | 172,357 | 1.75% |
Manchu | 56,548 | 0.57% |
Mongols | 11,331 | 0.12% |
Korean |
11,041 | 0.11% |
Zhuang | 4,055 | 0.041% |
Tujia | 3,677 | 0.037% |
The graph above excludes members of the People's Liberation Army in active service.[51]
Media
Local newspapers include the Tianjin Daily and Jin Wan Bao (transl. Tonight Newspaper), which are the flagship papers of Tianjin Daily Newspaper Group and Jinwan Mass Media Group, respectively. There are also three English-language magazines: Jin,[55][non-primary source needed] Tianjin Plus[56][non-primary source needed] and Business Tianjin,[57][non-primary source needed] which are mainly directed at expats resident in the city.
Previous newspapers
The first German newspaper in northern China, Tageblatt für Nordchina (also spelled as Tageblatt für Nord China), was published in Tianjin, which was known as Tientsin at the time.[58]
In 1912, Tianjin had 17 Chinese-language newspapers and five daily newspapers in other languages. None of the newspapers in the Tianjin district were trade papers. Of the foreign language newspapers, three were in English; the other two were in French and German, respectively. Newspapers from Tianjin published in the city included China Critic, Peking and Tientsin Times, The China Times,[59]Tageblatt für Nordchina, L'Écho de Tientsin, China Tribune, Ta Kung Pao (L'Impartial), Min Hsing Pao, and Jih Jih Shin Wen Pao (Tsientsin Daily News).[60] Newspapers from Beijing published in Tianjin included Pei Ching Jih Pao, Peking Daily News, and Le Journal de Peking.[59]
In 1930, the newspaper Deutsch-Mandschurische Nachrichten[12] moved from Harbin to Tianjin and changed its name to the Deutsch-Chinesische Nachrichten.[61]
Censorship capital
China's leading Internet information providers (which are usually located in Beijing), including social networks
Tourism
The city's streetscapes incorporate nineteenth and early twentieth-century
In the nineteenth century, the port city caught the attention of the seafaring Western powers, who used the boarding of a British ship by Chinese troops as an excuse to declare war. Using armed gunboats, they were victorious; the
The old city was razed entirely during 2000 and 2001 to make way for new developments. Only several old buildings, such as the Tianjin Temple of Confucius, remain.
The network of ex-concession streets south and west of the central train station and south of the Hai River now constitute the areas of most interest to visitors. The châteaux of the French concession now make up the downtown district just south of the river and mansions that the British built are east of the area. Farther east and south of the river, the architecture has a slight German construction.
Landmarks and attractions
- Astor Hotel
- Binjiang Avenue shopping street
- Drum Tower
- Five Main Avenues
- Former Concessions in Tianjin
- Tianjin Italian Style Town
- Goldin Finance 117
- Hai River Park
- Luzutang Boxer Rebellion Museum
- Memorial Hall dedicated to Zhou Enlai and Deng Yingchao
- Nanshi Cuisine Street
- People's Park
- St. Joseph's Cathedral of Tianjin
- Temple of Confucius Wen Miao
- Temple of Great Compassion
- Century Clock
- Tianjin Ancient Culture Street
- Yuhuangge Taoist Temple
- Tianjin Eye
- Tianjin Museum
- Tianjin Library
- Tianjin Binhai Library
- Tianjin Art Gallery
- Tianjin Natural History Museum
- Tianjin Olympic Center Stadium(also known as "The Water Drop")
- Tianjin Radio and Television Tower
- Tianjin Water Park
- Tianjin World Financial Center
- Tianjin Zoo
- Yangliuqing (including Shi Family Grand Courtyard)
- Porcelain House
- Nankai University
- Nankai Middle School
- Tianjin University
Sights outside the old city urban core area, but within the municipality (including Binhai/TEDA), consist of the following:
- Huangya Pass, a section of the Great Wall of China
- Mount Panshan
- Sino-Singapore Tianjin Eco-city
- Soviet Aircraft Carrier Kiev
- Taku Forts
- TEDA Football Stadium, home stadium of Chinese Super League team Tianjin Jinmen Tiger
Culture
People from Tianjin speak the
Tianjin is considered to be a "home base" of
Tianjin is known for its stand-up comedy and comedians, including Guo Degang and Ma Sanli. Ma Sanli (1914–2003), an ethnic Hui person and longtime resident of Tianjin, was known for his xiangsheng, a form of Chinese entertainment akin to stand-up comedy. Ma Sanli delivered some of his xiangsheng in the Tianjin dialect. Tianjin, along with Beijing, is a center for the art of xiangsheng. Tianjin's general style of stand-up also includes the use of rhythmic bamboo clappers (kuaiban).[63]
On September 28, 2015, the
Cuisine
The four foods that are considered to be delicacies of Tianjin include
Transport
The transportation system in Tianjin is considered to be relatively effective, inclusive and sustainable. The city received the Sustainable Transport Award for 2024 due to its efforts to improve and expand non motorized and public transport, as well as to make it accessible. The policy of the city had an impact on policies at the regional and country level and received support from the World Bank (transportation in Tianjin is its biggest investment in this domain). According to a statement of the Institute for Transportation & Development about policy that resulted in the award, "Thus, the city’s recent investments into sustainable mobility policy and infrastructure have the potential to serve as a model for the rest of China, as the nation works towards achieving carbon neutrality before 2060."[65][66]
Airport
Tianjin Binhai International Airport now has a terminal building, which covers an area of 25,000 m2 (269,000 sq ft), a merchandise warehouse, which covers an area of 29,500 m2 (318,000 sq ft), and runways with a total length of 3.6 km (2.2 mi). It also has a grade 4E airstrip, which all types of large aircraft can take off from and land safely on. Tianjin Binhai International Airport[67] has 59 flight routes, connecting 48 cities, including 30 domestic cities and 17 foreign cities. Airline companies such as Japan Airlines, All Nippon Airways, Korean Air, Asiana Airlines, Singapore Airlines Cargo and Martinair Holland all have routes to Tianjin Binhai International Airport.
Port of Tianjin
The Port of Tianjin is China's largest artificial deep water harbor; its throughput capacity is the fifth largest in the world. Located in the Binhai Economic Zone, a national new economic zone of China, Tianjin Harbor is a port for international cruises visiting the wider area, including Beijing.
Trams
Tianjin's harbor area of Binhai/TEDA has a modern, high-speed rubber-tired tram system; it is the first of its kind in China and Asia. Constructed in 2006, the system marked a return of the tram to Tianjin, which once had a standard steel-wheeled tramway network. The original Tianjin tram network was constructed by a Belgian company[68] in 1904 and opened in 1906. It was the first citywide tramway system in China. It closed in 1972.
Metro
The Tianjin Metro was formerly operated by two companies, Tianjin Metro General Corporation and Tianjin Binhai Mass Transit Development Company. However, in 2017, the two companies merged to form the Tianjin Rail Transit Group Corporation. It is currently under expansion to create five to nine lines. A total of six lines are currently operating in the city and the Binhai area. As of April 2019, the entire network of Tianjin Metro has 155 stations and 6 lines.
Construction work on the Tianjin Metro started on July 4, 1970. It was the second metro to be built in China and commenced service in 1984. The total length of track was 7.4 kilometers (5 mi). The metro service was suspended on October 9, 2001, for reconstruction. The original line is now part of
The two rapid transit operators in Tianjin are responsible for the service as follows:
- Tianjin Metro General Corporation operates Lines 1, 2, 3 and 6.
- Tianjin Binhai Mass Transit Development Company. operates Lines 5 and 9
Rail
There are several railway stations in the city,
The following
- Jingshan Railway (travels from Beijing to Shanhai Pass)
- Pukou District, Nanjing)
- Jinji Railway (travels from the urban area of Tianjin to Ji County, Tianjin)
- Jinba Railway (travels from Tianjin to Bazhou, Hebei)
The inter-city trains between Beijing and Tianjin will adopt a new numbering system using the letter C (C stands for InterCity) followed by four numbers. The train numbers range between C2001 and C2298. The number ranges are divided into three different groups, which provide information about where a train will go:
- C2001–C2198: Directly from Beijing South Station to Tianjin
- C2201–C2268: From Beijing South Station to Tianjin, with stops at Wuqing Station (武清站)
- C2271–C2298: From Beijing South Station to Yujiapu Railway Station in Tianjin[70]
The new C trains take 30 minutes to travel between Beijing and Tianjin; the trains make the journey with half the time used by the previous D trains. The ticket price, as of Aug 15, 2008, is 69 RMB for first-class seating and 58 RMB for second-class seating.
Bus
There were over 900 bus lines in the city as of 2005[update].[71]
Roads and expressways
Some roads and bridges, such as Minquan Gate and Beiyang Road, have retained names given to them while the Republic of China (1912–1949) was in power. As in other cities in China, some roads in Tianjin are named after Chinese provinces and cities. Unlike Beijing, Tianjin has few roads that run parallel to the four cardinal directions.
Tianjin has three ring roads. The Inner and Middle Ring Roads are not closed, traffic-controlled roadways and some often have traffic light intersections. The Outer Ring Road is similar to a highway-level ring road. The road experiences traffic.
Tianjin's roads often finish in dao (Chinese: 道; lit. 'avenue') and xian (simplified Chinese: 线; traditional Chinese: 線; lit. 'line'). These suffixes are most often used for highways and
The following seven expressways of China run in or through Tianjin:
- TEDA)
- Jinghu Expressway (travels from Jinjing Gonglu Bridge to Shanghai; similarly to Jingjintang Expressway, this expressway travels from Beijing to Shanghai)
- Baodi District on its way from Beijing to Shenyang)
- Tanggu District, Tianjin, to Tangshan, Hebei—known as the Jintang Expressway in Tianjin)
- Beichen District, Tianjin, to Baoding, Hebei—known as the Jinbao Expressway in Tianjin)
- Jinbin Expressway (travels from Zhangguizhuang Bridge to Hujiayuan Bridge; both bridges are in Tianjin)
- Jinji Expressway (travels from central Tianjin to Jixian County)
The following six
- Ji County, Tianjin on its way from Beijing to Harbin
- Tanggu District)
- China National Highway 104 (travels from Beijing, through Tianjin Municipality, to Fuzhou)
- China National Highway 105 (travels from Beijing, through Tianjin Municipality, to Macau)
- China National Highway 112 (a circular highway around Beijing; passes through Tianjin Municipality)
- Shanhaiguan, Hebei, through Tianjin Municipality, to Guangzhou)
Religion
Some residents of Tianjin participate in indigenous religious practices, such as the worship of Mazu, a sea goddess. Tianjin also contains the Temple of Great Compassion (a Buddhist temple), St. Joseph's Cathedral (a Catholic cathedral also known as Laoxikai Church), and Our Lady of Victory Church (a Catholic church also known as Wanghailou Church). A Roman Catholic Diocese of Tianjin exists.[72] According to the Chinese General Social Survey of 2009, Christians constitute 1.51% of the city's population.[73] Tianjin has been described as a historically "strong center" of Islam in China.[74] Northwestern Tianjin has traditionally been the location of the Muslim quarter of the city, where Muslims have lived for centuries; the area is near the city's Great Mosque, Qingzhen si, which was founded in 1703.[75][76] The city also contains the Dahuoxiang Mosque.[77]
Sports
Sports teams based in Tianjin include the following:
- Tianjin Jinmen Tiger FC (in the Chinese Super League of professional football)
- Tianjin Lions (in the China Baseball League)
- Tianjin Pioneers (in the Chinese Basketball Association)
- Chinese Volleyball League)
The 1995 World Table Tennis Championships, the 2013 East Asian Games, and the 2017 National Games of China were hosted by the city. Tianjin was scheduled to be one of the host cities for the expanded FIFA Club World Cup in 2021 before its cancellation due to the COVID-19 pandemic. It was also scheduled to be one of the host cities for the 2023 AFC Asian Cup before China's withdrawal as the host.
Since 2014, a WTA international tennis tournament has taken place in Tianjin every year at the Tuanbo International Tennis Center.
Martial arts
For some centuries, Tianjin and Beijing had been considered centers for traditional Chinese martial arts. Formerly and currently practiced martial arts including
Education
Colleges and universities
The following universities are under the jurisdiction of the national Ministry of Education:
- Tianjin University (founded in 1895; the first modern university in China)
- Nankai University (founded in 1919)
The following are under the jurisdiction of the municipal government:
- Tianjin Academy of Fine Arts
- Tianjin Agricultural College
- Tianjin Chengjian University
- Tianjin Conservatory of Music
- Tianjin Foreign Studies University
- Tianjin Institute of Physical Education
- Tianjin Medical University
- Tianjin Normal University
- Tianjin Polytechnic University
- Tianjin University of Commerce
- Tianjin University of Finance & Economics
- Tianjin University of Science & Technology
- Tianjin University of Technology
- Tianjin University of Technology and Education
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
The following are under the jurisdiction of the national
The following are under the Hebei Provincial People's Government:
- Hebei University of Technology (founded 1903, the earliest institute of technology in China)
The following are foreign institutions:
- The Florida International University Tianjin Center (opened in 2006 as a cooperative venture between the municipal government and the Miami-based university)
- The Great Wall MBA Program of the Tianjin University of Finance & Economics)[81]
- Raffles Design Institute Tianjin is a joint-project between the Boustead College and the Raffles Design Institutein Singapore.
- The Tianjin Juilliard School is a branch of the Juilliard School located in Binhai, Tianjin, China.
The following is a private institution:
- Boustead College
Institutions without full-time bachelor programs are not listed above.
High schools
- Tianjin Nankai High School (天津市南开中学)
- Tianjin No. 1 High School (天津市第一中学)[82][non-primary source needed]
- Tianjin Yaohua Middle School (天津市耀华中学) was founded in 1927. It was previously known as Tianjin Gongxue by Lefeng Zhuang; it was renamed as Tianjin Yaohua Middle School in 1934.
- Tianjin Xinhua High School (天津市新华中学)[83][non-primary source needed]
- Tianjin Experimental High School (天津市实验中学)[84][non-primary source needed]
- Tianjin No. 21 High School (天津第二十一中學) (formerly Fahan College—法漢學堂; 'College'), was founded in 1895. The French ambassador to China and consul general in Tianjin called it the French academy. It was renamed "工部局學校" in 1902, before moving to its current address in 1916, when it was renamed Fahan College (法漢學堂); in French, it is still known as "Ecole Municipale Francaise". The school is located in an area with political and cultural education in Heping district and is adjacent to the largest Catholic church in northern China; thus, the main building of the school has retained its church-like appearance. The school covers an area of 10.1 mu(6.7 km2); the building's floor has an area of 10,300 square meters.
- Tianjin Tianjin High School (天津市天津中学)
- Tianjin Fuxing High School (天津市复兴中学)
- Tianjin Ruijing High School (天津市瑞景中学)
- The Foreign Languages School Affiliated with the Tianjin Foreign Studies University (TFLS; 天津外国语学院附属外国语学校)[85][non-primary source needed]
- Tianjin No. 20 High School(天津市第二十中学)
- Tianjin No. 4 High School (天津市第四中学)[86][non-primary source needed]
- Tianjin Yangcun No. 1 High School (天津市杨村第一中学)
- Tianjin Ji No. 1 High School (天津市蓟县第一中学)
- Tianjin Dagang No. 1 High School (天津市大港第一中学)
- Tianjin Second Nankai High School (天津市第二南开中学)[87]
- Tianjin Tanggu No. 1 High School (天津市塘沽第一中学)
- Tianjin No. 42 High School (天津市第四十二中学)
- Tianjin Baodi No. 1 High School (天津市宝坻第一中学)
- Tianjin Dagang Oilfield Experimental High School (天津市大港油田实验中学)
- Tianjin No. 47 High School (天津市第四十七中学)[88][non-primary source needed]
- Tianjin No. 7 High School (天津市第七中学)[89][non-primary source needed]
- Tianjin Jinghai No. 1 High School (天津市静海第一中学)
- Tianjin Haihe High School (天津市海河中学)
- Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area No. 1 High School (天津经济技术开发区第一中学)
- Tianjin No. 55 High School (天津市第五十五中学)
- Tianjin High School Affiliated with Beijing Normal University (北京师范大学天津附属中学)
- Tianjin No. 21 High School (天津市第二十一中学)
- Tianjin Xianshuigu No. 1 High School (天津市咸水沽第一中学)
- The High School Affiliated with Nankai University (南开大学附属中学)
- Tianjin No. 41 High School (天津市第四十一中学)
- Tianjin Lutai No. 1 High School (天津市芦台第一中学)
- Tianjin No. 2 High School (天津市第二中学)
- Tianjin No. 3 High School (天津市第三中学)
- Tianjin Huiwen High School (天津市汇文中学)
- Tianjin Chonghua High School (天津市崇化中学)
- Tianjin No. 100 High School (天津市第一〇〇中学)
- Tianjin Hangu No. 1 High School (天津市汉沽第一中学)
- Tianjin Ziyun High School (天津市紫云中学)
- Tianjin No. 102 High School (天津市第一〇二中学)
- Tianjin No. 45 High School (天津市第四十五中学)
- Tianjin No. 25 High School (天津市第二十五中学)
- The High School Affiliated with Tianjin University (天津大学附属中学)
- Tianjin No. 5 High School (天津市第五中学)[90][non-primary source needed]
- Tianjin Yangliuqing No. 1 High School (天津市杨柳青第一中学)
- Tianjin No. 14 High School (天津市第十四中学)
- Tianjin National High School (天津市民族中学)
- Tianjin No. 54 High School (天津市第五十四中学)
- Tianjin No. 43 High School (天津市第四十三中学)
- Tianjin Ironworks No. 2 High School (天津铁厂第二中学)
- Tianjin No. 9 High School (天津市第九中学)
- Tianjin No. 57 High School (天津市第五十七中学)
- Tianjin No. 51 High School (天津市第五十一中学)
- Tianjin Fulun High School (天津市扶轮中学)
- Tianjin Bohai Petroleum No. 1 High School (天津市渤海石油第一中学)
Middle schools
Notable people from Tianjin
- Hou Baolin (1917–1993; xiangsheng performer)
- National People's Congress Environment Protection and Resources Conservation Committee)
- Zhang Boli (1948–; traditional Chinese medicine practitioner)
- Qin Gang (1966–; former Chinese Ambassador to the United States and current Chinese foreign minister)
- Yu Genwei (1974–; professional football midfielder; manager)
- Wang Hao (1992–; diver who is a world champion)
- Beijing University of International Business and Economics)
- Li Ruihuan (1934–; Chairman of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference from 1993 to 2003)
- Wen Jiabao (1942–; premier of China from 2003 to 2013)
- Hao Jingfang (1987–; science-fiction writer)
- Harry Kingman (1892–1982; the only major league baseball player born in China)
- Robert Ya Fu Lee(1913–1986; actor)
- Eric Liddell (1902–1945; Olympic gold medalist)
- Gao Lingwei (1870–1940; former premier of the Republic of China 1923–1924)
- Gao Lingwen (1862–1945; founder of Tianjin's first public school)
- Adeline Yen Mah (1937–; Chinese-born American author of Falling Leaves and Chinese Cinderella: The Secret Story of an Unwanted Daughter)
- Zhang Meng (1988–; actress)
- Yu Min (1926–2019; nuclear physicist who is referred to as "the father of Chinese Hydrogen Bomb")
- Zhang Pengxiang (1980–; chess grandmaster)
- Liu Ping (1984–; Paralympic gold medalist sprinter)
- Chang Po-ling (1876–1951; founder of Nankai University)
- Wang Qiang (1992–; Chinese professional female tennis player)
- Zhou Ruchang (1918–2012; Chinese Redologist and calligrapher)
- Shao Fang Sheng (1917–2009; Chinese artist)
- Peng Shuai (1986–; Chinese professional female tennis player)
- Zhang Shuai(1989–; Chinese professional female tennis player)
- Lubert Stryer (1938–; American professor of biochemistry)
- Lam Suet (1964–; actor from Hong Kong)
- Fung Wang-yuen (Wu Ma) (1942–2014; actor, director, producer, and writer for movies)
- Tan Xue (1984–; Olympic and world champion fencer)
- Zhao Yanming (1981–; professional football goalkeeper)
- Sun Yaoting (1902–1992; last surviving imperial eunuch from China)
- Shang Yi (1979–; professional football midfielder and sports commentator)
- Yang Yi (1919–2023; translated Wuthering Heights into Chinese)
- Chen Yibing (1984–; world champion and Olympic gold medal-winning gymnast)
- Xu Yifan (1988–; professional tennis player)
- Yu Ying-shih (1930–2021; historian and Sinologist)
- Duan Yingying (1989–; Chinese professional female tennis player)
- Cui Yongyuan (1963–; television personality)
- Ed Tse-chun Young (1931–2023; award-winning Chinese-American children's book writer and illustrator)
- Huo Yuanjia (1868–1910; Chinese martial artist and co-founder of the Chin Woo Athletic Association)
- Zhang Yuxuan (1994–; professional female tennis player)
- An Zhongxin (1971–; Olympic silver medalist for softball)
Twin towns and sister cities
- Kobe, Japan
- Chiba, Japan[91]
- Incheon, South Korea
- Mobile, Alabama, United States[92]
- Fitchburg, Massachusetts, United States
- Philadelphia, United States
- Melbourne, Australia
- Bangkok, Thailand
- Phnom Penh, Cambodia
- Pyongyang, North Korea[93]
- Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
- Groningen, the Netherlands (since 1985)
- Rishon LeZion, Israel
- İzmir, Turkey
- Haiphong, Vietnam (since 1997)
- Singapore
- Mar del Plata, Argentina (since 2001)
- Larnaca, Republic of Cyprus (since 2007)[94]
- Jönköping, Sweden (since 1993)[95]
- Thessaloniki, Greece(since 2002)
- Cali, Colombia (since 2022)[96]
See also
- Tianjin is also the name of an Chinese constellation of Girl mansion.
Notes
- alternately romanized as Tientsin (/ˈtjɛnˈtsɪn/)[5]
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- ^ "Tianjin Second Nankai High School". Tj.xinhuanet.com. Archived from the original on August 22, 2009. Retrieved December 11, 2012.
- ^ "Tianjin No. 47 High School". Tj47zx.org. Archived from the original on September 27, 2013. Retrieved September 14, 2013.
- ^ "Tianjin No. 7 High School". Tjqz.org. Archived from the original on September 6, 2011. Retrieved December 11, 2012.
- ^ "Tianjin No. 5 High School". Tj5ms.cn. Archived from the original on December 31, 2010. Retrieved December 11, 2012.
- ^ "International Exchange". List of Affiliation Partners within Prefectures. Council of Local Authorities for International Relations (CLAIR). Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved November 21, 2015.
- ^ "Sister Partnerships by US State – Asia Matters for America".
- ISBN 978-0-85728-234-7.
- ^ "Twinnings". www.larnaka.org.cy. Archived from the original on April 8, 2017. Retrieved April 7, 2017.
- ^ "jonkoping.se". Archived from the original on August 22, 2016.
- ^ Cali, Casa Editorial El País (March 22, 2022). "Cali firmó un "pacto de hermandad" con Tianjin, ciudad de la República de China". elpais.com.co (in Spanish). Retrieved March 24, 2022.
Sources
- Miscellaneous series, Issues 7–11. Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, 1912.
- Walravens, Hartmut. "German Influence on the Press in China". – In: Newspapers in International Librarianship: Papers Presented by the Newspaper Section at IFLA General Conferences. ISBN 9783110962796.
- Also available at (Archive) the website of the Queens Library– This version does not include the footnotes visible in the Walter de Gruyter version
- Also available in Walravens, Hartmut and Edmund King. Newspapers in international librarianship: papers presented by the newspapers section at IFLA General Conferences. ISBN 3598218370, 9783598218378.
- Also available at (Archive) the website of the
Further reading
- (fr) Mathieu Gotteland, Les forces de l'ordre japonaises à Tientsin, 1914–1940 : Un point de vue français, Éditions universitaires européennes, 2015.
- O. D. Rasmussen (1925). Tientsin: An Illustrated Outline History. University of Michigan: Tientsin Press. OCLC 2594229.
- Donati, Sabina (June 2016). "Italy's Informal Imperialism in Tianjin During the Liberal Epoch, 1902–1922". The Historical Journal. 59 (2): 447–468. S2CID 163536150.
- Maurizio Marinelli, Giovanni Andornino, Italy's Encounter with Modern China: Imperial dreams, strategic ambitions, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014.
- Maurizio Marinelli, "The Triumph of the Uncanny: Italians and Italian Architecture in Tianjin", In Cultural Studies Review, Vol. 19, 2, 2013, 70–98.
- Maurizio Marinelli, "The Genesis of the Italian Concession in Tianjin: A Combination of Wishful Thinking and Realpolitik". Journal of Modern Italian Studies, 15 (4), 2010: 536–556.
External links
- Tianjin Government website
- China (Tianjin) Pilot Free Trade Zone Archived November 2, 2019, at the Wayback Machine
- Economic profile for Tianjin at HKTDC
- Official Tianjin Media Gateway Archived October 20, 2018, at the Wayback Machine
- Historic US Army map of Tianjin, 1945
- Official promotional video of Tianjin City
- Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.