Tibet Autonomous Region

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
For other uses, see Tibet (disambiguation).

Tibet Autonomous Region
31st) – medium
Websitewww.xizang.gov.cn Edit this at Wikidata (in Chinese)
Tibet
Hanyu Pinyin
Xīzàng
Literal meaning"Western
Hanyu Pinyin
Xīzàng Zìzhìqū
Manchu name
Manchu scriptᠸᠠᡵᡤᡳ
ᡩᡯᠠᠩ
Romanizationwargi Dzang
Mongolian name
Mongolianᠲᠢᠪᠧᠲ
Tibyet
This article contains
Tibetan characters
.

The Tibet Autonomous Region, officially the Xizang Autonomous Region, often shortened to Tibet or Xizang,

autonomous region of China and is part of Southwestern China
.

It was formally established in 1965 to replace the Tibet Area, the former administrative division of the PRC established after the annexation of Tibet. The establishment was about five years after the 1959 Tibetan uprising and the dismissal of the Kashag, and about 13 years after the original annexation.

The current borders of the Tibet Autonomous Region were generally established in the 18th century

province-level division of China by area, after Xinjiang
. Due to its harsh and rugged terrain, it is sparsely populated at just over 3.6 million people with a population density of 3 inhabitants per square kilometre (7.8/sq mi).

History

Part of a series on the
History of Tibet
Potala Palace
See also
icon Asia portal • flag China portal
Main article: History of Tibet

Sakya lama Drogön Chögyal Phagpa
became religious teacher to Kublai in the 1250s, and was made the head of the Tibetan region administration c. 1264.

From 1354 to 1642, Central Tibet (Ü-Tsang) was ruled by a succession of dynasties from Nêdong, Shigatse and Lhasa. In 1642, the Ganden Phodrang court of the 5th Dalai Lama was established by Güshi Khan of the Khoshut Khanate, who was enthroned as King of Tibet. The Khoshuts ruled until 1717, when they were overthrown by the Dzungar Khanate. Despite politically charged historical debate concerning the nature of Sino-Tibetan relations,[7][8][9] most historians[who?] agree that Tibet under the Ganden Phodrang (1642–1951) was an independent state, albeit under various foreign suzerainties for much of this period, including by the Ming dynasty (1368–1644). The Dzungar forces were in turn expelled by the 1720 expedition to Tibet during the Dzungar–Qing Wars. This began a period of direct Qing rule over Tibet.[10]

From the fall of the Qing dynasty in 1912 until 1950, the State of Tibet was de facto independent, as were other regions claimed by the successor Republic of China. The Republican regime, preoccupied with warlordism (1916–1928), civil war (1927–1949) and Japanese invasion (1937–1945), did not exert authority in Tibet. Other smaller kingdoms of ethno-cultural Tibet in eastern Kham and Amdo had been under de jure administration of the Chinese dynastic government since the mid-18th century;[11]as of 2022 they form parts of the provinces of Qinghai, Gansu, Sichuan and Yunnan.

In 1950, following the

Central People's Government affirming China's sovereignty over Tibet and the annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China. The 14th Dalai Lama ratified the agreement in October 1951.[12][13][14] After the failure of a violent uprising in 1959, the 14th Dalai Lama fled to India and renounced the Seventeen Point Agreement. During the 1950s and 1960s, Western-dispatched insurgents were parachuted into Tibet, almost all of whom were captured and killed.[15]: 238  The establishment
of the Tibet Autonomous Region in 1965 made Tibet a provincial-level division of China.

Geography

Main article: Geography of Tibet

The Tibet Autonomous Region is located on the Tibetan Plateau, the highest region on Earth. In northern Tibet elevations reach an average of over 4,572 metres (15,000 ft). Mount Everest is located on Tibet's border with Nepal.

China's provincial-level areas of Xinjiang, Qinghai and Sichuan lie to the north, northeast and east, respectively, of the Tibet AR. There is also a short border with Yunnan Province to the southeast. The countries to the south and southwest are Myanmar, India, Bhutan, and Nepal. China claims Arunachal Pradesh administered by India as part of the Tibet Autonomous Region. It also claims some areas adjoining the Chumbi Valley that are recognised as Bhutan's territory, and some areas of eastern Ladakh claimed by India. India and China agreed to respect the Line of Actual Control in a bilateral agreement signed on 7 September 1993.[16][non-primary source needed]

Mount Everest

Physically, the Tibet AR may be divided into two parts: the lakes region in the west and north-west and the river region, which spreads out on three sides of the former on the east, south and west. Both regions receive limited amounts of rainfall as they lie in the rain shadow of the Himalayas; however, the region names are useful in contrasting their hydrological structures, and also in contrasting their different cultural uses: nomadic in the lake region and agricultural in the river region.[17] On the south the Tibet AR is bounded by the Himalayas, and on the north by a broad mountain system. The system at no point narrows to a single range; generally there are three or four across its breadth. As a whole the system forms the watershed between rivers flowing to the Indian Ocean — the Indus, Brahmaputra and Salween and its tributaries — and the streams flowing into the undrained salt lakes to the north.

The lake region extends from the

Chang Tang
(Byang sang) or 'Northern Plateau' by the people of Tibet. It is 1,100 km (680 mi) broad and covers an area about equal to that of France. Due to its great distance from the ocean it is extremely arid and possesses no river outlet. The mountain ranges are spread out, rounded, disconnected, and separated by relatively flat valleys.

The Tibet AR is dotted over with large and small lakes, generally salt or

discontinuous permafrost over the Chang Tang, the soil is boggy and covered with tussocks of grass, thus resembling the Siberian tundra. Salt and fresh-water lakes are intermingled. The lakes are generally without outlet, or have only a small effluent. The deposits consist of soda, potash, borax and common salt. The lake region is noted for a vast number of hot springs
, which are widely distributed between the Himalaya and 34° N, but are most numerous to the west of Tengri Nor (north-west of Lhasa). So intense is the cold in this part of Tibet that these springs are sometimes represented by columns of ice, the nearly boiling water having frozen in the act of ejection.

The river region is characterized by fertile mountain valleys and includes the

Xigazê, Gyantse
and the Brahmaputra are free from permafrost, covered with good soil and groves of trees, well irrigated, and richly cultivated.

The

Lake Paiku and Lake Puma Yumco
.

Government

See also: People's Government of Tibet Autonomous Region, List of modern political leaders of Tibet, and List of current Chinese provincial leaders

The Tibet Autonomous Region is a province-level entity of the People's Republic of China. Chinese law nominally guarantees some autonomy in the areas of education and language policy. Like other subdivisions of China, routine administration is carried out by a People's Government, headed by a chairman, who has been an ethnic Tibetan except for an interregnum during the Cultural Revolution. As with other Chinese provinces, the chairman carries out work under the direction of the regional secretary of the Chinese Communist Party. The standing committee of the regional Communist Party Committee serves as the top rung of political power in the region. The current chairman is Yan Jinhai and the current party secretary is Wang Junzheng.

Administrative divisions

For a more comprehensive list, see List of administrative divisions of the Tibet Autonomous Region and List of township-level divisions of the Tibet Autonomous Region.

The Autonomous Region is divided into seven

prefecture
.

These in turn are subdivided into a total of 66

Seni
).

Administrative divisions of Tibet Autonomous Region
Division code[21] Division Area in km2[22] Population 2020[23] Seat Divisions[24]
Districts
Counties
 CL cities
540000 Tibet Autonomous Region 1,228,400.00 3,648,100
Lhasa
city		 8 64 2
540100
Lhasa
city 		29,538.90 867,891
Chengguan District
 3 5
540200 Shigatse / Xigazê city 182,066.26 798,153
Samzhubzê District
 1 17
540300 Chamdo / Qamdo city 108,872.30 760,966
Karuo District
 1 10
540400 Nyingchi city 113,964.79 238,936 Bayi District 1 5 1
540500 Shannan / Lhoka city 79,287.84 354,035
Nêdong District
 1 10 1
540600 Nagqu city 391,816.63 504,838
Seni District
 1 10
542500 Ngari Prefecture 296,822.62 123,281 Gar County 7
Yamdrok Lake
Namtso Lake

Urban areas

Population by urban areas of prefecture & county cities
# Cities 2020 Urban area[25] 2010 Urban area[26] 2020 City proper
1
Lhasa
 551,802 199,159[a] 867,891
2 Xigazê 94,464 63,967[b] 798,153
3 Nyingchi 60,696 [c] 238,936
4 Shannan 54,188 [d] 354,035
5 Qamdo 50,127 [e] 760,966
6 Nagqu 31,436 [f] 504,838
(7) Mainling 5,915[g] see Nyingchi
(8) Cona 2,871[h] see Shannan
  1. Dagzê (Dagzê County)
    . These new districts not included in the urban area & district area count of the pre-expanded city.
  2. Samzhubzê
    after 2010 census.
  3. ^ NyingchiPrefecture is currently known as Nyingchi PLC after census; Nyingchi County is currently known as Bayi after 2010 census.
  4. Nêdong
    after census.
  5. Karuo
    after census.
  6. Seni
    after 2010 census.
  7. ^ Mainling County is currently known as Mainling CLC after 2020 census.
  8. ^ Cona County is currently known as Cona CLC after 2020 census.

Demographics

Historical population
YearPop.±%
1912[27] 1,160,000—    
1928[28] 372,000−67.9%
1936–37[29] 372,000+0.0%
1947[30] 1,000,000+168.8%
1954[31] 1,273,969+27.4%
1964[32] 1,251,225−1.8%
1982[33] 1,892,393+51.2%
1990[34] 2,196,010+16.0%
2000[35] 2,616,329+19.1%
2010[36] 3,002,166+14.7%
2020[37] 3,648,100+21.5%
Xikang Province / Chuanbian SAR was established in 1923 from parts of Tibet / Lifan Yuan; dissolved in 1955 and parts were incorporated into Tibet AR.

With an average of only two people per square kilometer, Tibet has the lowest population density among any of the Chinese province-level administrative regions, mostly due to its harsh and rugged terrain.[38] In 2021, only 36.6 percent of Tibet's population was urban, with 63.4 being rural, amongst the lowest in China, though this is significantly up from 22.6 percent in 2011.[3]

In 2020 the Tibetan population was three million.[39] The ethnic

Lhoba, who follow a combination of Tibetan Buddhism
and spirit worship, are found mainly in the southeastern parts of the region.

Historically, the population of Tibet consisted of primarily ethnic

Nakhi, Qiang, Nu people, Pumi, Salar, and Yi people
.

According to the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition published between 1910 and 1911, the total population of the Tibetan capital of Lhasa, including the lamas in the city and vicinity, was about 30,000, and the permanent population also included Chinese families (about 2,000).[41]

Most

British invasion until the establishment of the PRC.[42]
Only 8% of
household registration in place of origin.[43]

Tibetan scholars and exiles claim that, with the 2006 completion of the

Qingzang Railway connecting the Tibet Autonomous Region to Qinghai Province, there has been an "acceleration" of Han migration into the region.[44] The Tibetan government-in-exile based in northern India asserts that the PRC is promoting the migration of Han workers and soldiers to Tibet to marginalize and assimilate the locals.[45]

Religion

Main article: Religion in Tibet
Religion in Tibet (2012 estimates)[46]
Tibetan Buddhism
 
 78.5%
Bon
 
 12.5%
Chinese folk religion
 
 8.58%
Islam[47]
 
 0.4%
Christianity
 
 0.02%
Tashilhunpo Monastery in Shigatse

The main religion in Tibet has been Buddhism since its outspread in the 8th century AD. Before the arrival of Buddhism, the main religion among Tibetans was an indigenous shamanic and animistic religion, Bon, which now comprises a sizeable minority and influenced the formation of Tibetan Buddhism.

According to estimates from the International Religious Freedom Report of 2012, most Tibetans (who comprise 91% of the population of the Tibet Autonomous Region) are adherents of Tibetan Buddhism, while a minority of 400,000 people are followers the native Bon or folk religions which share the image of Confucius (Tibetan: Kongtse Trulgyi Gyalpo) with Chinese folk religion, though in a different light.[48][49] According to some reports, the government of China has been promoting the Bon religion, linking it with Confucianism.[50]

Most of the

Gesar. The temple is built according to both Chinese and Tibetan architecture. It was first erected in 1792 under the Qing dynasty and renovated around 2013 after decades of disrepair.[51][52]

Built or rebuilt between 2014 and 2015 is the Guandi Temple of Qomolangma (Mount Everest), on Ganggar Mount, in Tingri County.[53][54]

There are four mosques in the Tibet Autonomous Region with approximately 4,000 to 5,000

Catholic community of Yanjing in the east of the region.[46]

Human rights

Main article: Human rights in Tibet
Chinese army division moving from Golmud to Lhasa

Before the

press in mainland China, including the Tibet Autonomous Region,[57] it is difficult to accurately determine the scope of human rights abuses.[58]

When General Secretary Hu Yaobang visited Tibet in 1980 and 1982, he disagreed with what he viewed as heavy-handedness.[15]: 240  Hu reduced the number of Han party cadre, and relaxed social controls.[15]: 240 

Critics of the

sterilization.[62][63][64][65][66]

Towns and villages in Tibet

Further information: List of populated places in the Tibet Autonomous Region

Comfortable Housing Program

Beginning in 2006, 280,000 Tibetans who lived in traditional villages and as nomadic herdsmen have been forcefully relocated into villages and towns. In those areas, new housing was built and existing houses were remodelled to serve a total of 2 million people. Those living in substandard housing were required to dismantle their houses and remodel them to government standards. Much of the expense was borne by the residents themselves,[67] often through bank loans. The population transfer program, which was first implemented in Qinghai where 300,000 nomads were resettled, is called "Comfortable Housing", which is part of the "Build a New Socialist Countryside" program. Its effect on Tibetan culture has been criticized by exiles and human rights groups.[67] Finding employment is difficult for relocated persons who have only agrarian skills. Income shortfalls are offset by government support programs.[68] It was announced that in 2011 that 20,000 Communist Party cadres will be placed in the new towns.[67]

Economy

Main article: Economy of Tibet
Development of GDP
Year GDP in
billions of yuan
1995 5.61
2000 11.78
2005 24.88
2010 50.75
2015 102.64
2021 208.18[69]
Source:[70]

From the 1951 Seventeen Point Agreement to 2003, life expectancy in Tibet increased from thirty-six years to sixty-seven years with infant mortality and absolute poverty declining steadily.[71]

The Tibetans traditionally depended upon agriculture for survival. Since the 1980s, however, other jobs such as taxi-driving and hotel retail work have become available in the wake of Chinese economic reform. In 2011, Tibet's GDP topped 60.5 billion yuan (US$9.60 billion), nearly more than seven times as big as the 11.78 billion yuan (US$1.47 billion) in 2000. Economic growth since the beginning of the 21st century has averaged over 10 percent a year.[38]

By 2022, the GDP of the region surpassed 213 billion yuan (US$31.7 billion in nominal), while GDP per capita reached CN¥58,438 (US$8,688 in nominal).

disposable incomes of urban and rural residents in Tibet averaged (CN¥12,482 (US$1,798) and CN¥3,176 (US$457) respectively.[73]

While traditional agriculture and animal husbandry continue to lead the area's economy, in 2005 the

tertiary sector contributed more than half of its GDP growth, the first time it surpassed the area's primary industry.[74][75] Rich reserves of natural resources and raw materials have yet to lead to the creation of a strong secondary sector, due in large part to the province's inhospitable terrain, low population density, an underdeveloped infrastructure and the high cost of extraction.[38]

The collection of

caterpillar fungus (Cordyceps sinensis, known in Tibetan as Yartsa Gunbu) in late spring / early summer is in many areas the most important source of cash for rural households. It contributes an average of 40% to rural cash income and 8.5% to the Tibet Autonomous Region's GDP.[76]

The re-opening of the Nathu La pass (on southern Tibet's border with India) should facilitate Sino-Indian border trade and boost Tibet's economy.[77]

The China Western Development policy was adopted in 2000 by the central government to boost economic development in western China, including the Tibet Autonomous Region.

  • Lhasa
    Economic and Technological Development Zone

Education

There are 4 universities and 3 special colleges in Tibet,

Tibet University for Nationalities, Tibet Tibetan Medical University, Tibet Agricultural and Animal Husbandry College, Lhasa Teachers College, Tibet Police College and Tibet Vocational and Technical College
.

Tourism

Foreign tourists were first permitted to visit the Tibet Autonomous Region in the 1980s. While the main attraction is the

Tashilhunpo Monastery.[79]
Nonetheless, tourism in Tibet is still restricted for non-Chinese passport holders (including citizens of the Republic of China from Taiwan), and foreigners must apply for a Tibet Entry Permit to enter the region.

Transportation

A 2019 white paper from The State Council Information Office of the People's Republic of China reported Tibet's road system has achieved a total of 118,800 km.[80]

Airports

The civil airports in Tibet are

Gunsa Airport
.

Gunsa Airport in Ngari Prefecture began operations on 1 July 2010, to become the fourth civil airport in China's Tibet Autonomous Region.[82]

The

Xigazê was opened for civilian use on 30 October 2010.[83]

Announced in 2010, Nagqu Dagring Airport was expected to become the world's highest altitude airport, at 4,436 meters above sea level.[84] However, in 2015 it was reported that construction of the airport has been delayed due to the necessity to develop higher technological standards.[85]

Railway

The

Qinghai–Tibet Railway from Golmud to Lhasa was completed on 12 October 2005. It opened to regular trial service on 1 July 2006. Five pairs of passenger trains run between Golmud and Lhasa, with connections onward to Beijing, Chengdu, Chongqing, Guangzhou, Shanghai, Xining and Lanzhou. The line includes the Tanggula Pass
, which, at 5,072 m (16,640 ft) above sea level, is the world's highest railway.

The

Xigazê was completed in 2014. It opened to regular service on 15 August 2014. The planned China–Nepal railway will connect Xigazê to Kathmandu, capital of Nepal, and is expected to be completed around 2027.[86]

The construction of the

Sichuan–Tibet Railway began in 2015. The line is expected to be completed around 2025.[87]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Chinese: 西藏; pinyin: Xīzàng; lit. 'Western Tsang'; Tibetan: བོད་, Wylie: bod, ZYPY: Poi, Tibetan pronunciation: [pʰø̀ʔ]
    In 2024, Chinese government documents in English began referring to the region as "Xizang", the pinyin romanization of the Mandarin name, instead of Tibet.[5]

References

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Sources

Further reading

External links

Look up Tibet Autonomous Region in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tibet.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Tibet Autonomous Region.
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