Tibet Autonomous Region

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Tibet Autonomous Region
CN¥ 239,267 million (31th
)
US$ 33,954 million
 • Per capitaCN¥ 65,642 (22th)
US$ 9,315
31st) – medium
Websitewww.xizang.gov.cn Edit this at Wikidata (in Chinese)
Tibet
Hanyu Pinyin
Xīzàng
Literal meaning"Western
Hanyu Pinyin
Xīzàng Zìzhìqū
Transcriptions
Lhasa IPA
[pʰø̀ʔ]
Manchu name
Manchu scriptᠸᠠᡵᡤᡳ
ᡩᡯᠠᠩ
Romanizationwargi Dzang
Mongolian name
Mongolianᠲᠢᠪᠧᠲ
Tibyet
This article contains
Tibetan characters
.

The Tibet Autonomous Region, officially the Xizang Autonomous Region, often shortened to Tibet or Xizang,

autonomous region of China and part of Southwestern China
.

It was formally established in 1965 to replace the Tibet Area, the former administrative division of the PRC established after the annexation of Tibet in 1951. The establishment was about five years after the 1959 Tibetan uprising and the dismissal of the Kashag, and about 13 years after the original annexation.

The current borders of the Tibet Autonomous Region were generally established in the 18th century

province-level division of China by area, after Xinjiang
. Due to its harsh and rugged terrain, it is sparsely populated at just over 3.6 million people with a population density of 3 inhabitants per square kilometre (7.8/sq mi), and is the least-populous autonomous region or province in China.

History

Part of a series on the
History of Tibet
Potala Palace
See also
icon Asia portal • flag China portal
Main article: History of Tibet

Sakya lama Drogön Chögyal Phagpa
became religious teacher to Kublai in the 1250s, and was made the head of the Tibetan region administration c. 1264.

From 1354 to 1642, Central Tibet (Ü-Tsang) was ruled by a succession of dynasties from Nêdong, Shigatse and Lhasa. In 1642, the Ganden Phodrang court of the 5th Dalai Lama was established by Güshi Khan of the Khoshut Khanate, who was enthroned as King of Tibet. The Khoshuts ruled until 1717, when they were overthrown by the Dzungar Khanate. Despite politically charged historical debate concerning the nature of Sino-Tibetan relations,[9][10][11] some historians[who?] posit that Tibet under the Ganden Phodrang (1642–1951) was an independent state, albeit under various foreign suzerainties for much of this period, including by the Ming dynasty (1368–1644). The Dzungar forces were in turn expelled by the 1720 expedition to Tibet during the Dzungar–Qing Wars. This began a period of direct Qing rule over Tibet.[12]

From the fall of the Qing dynasty in 1912 until 1950, the State of Tibet was de facto independent, as were other regions claimed by the successor Republic of China. The Republican regime, preoccupied with warlordism (1916–1928), civil war (1927–1949) and Japanese invasion (1937–1945), did not exert authority in Tibet. Other regions of ethno-cultural Tibet in eastern Kham and Amdo had been under de jure administration of the Chinese dynastic government since the mid-18th century;[13] they form parts of the provinces of Qinghai, Gansu, Sichuan and Yunnan.

In 1950, following the

Central People's Government affirming China's sovereignty over Tibet and the annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China. The 14th Dalai Lama ratified the agreement in October 1951.[14][15][16] After the failure of a violent uprising in 1959, the 14th Dalai Lama fled to India and renounced the Seventeen Point Agreement. During the 1950s and 1960s, Western-dispatched insurgents were parachuted into Tibet, almost all of whom were captured and killed.[17]
: 238  The establishment of the Tibet Autonomous Region in 1965 made Tibet a provincial-level division of China.

Geography

Main article: Geography of Tibet

The Tibet Autonomous Region is located on the Tibetan Plateau, the highest region on Earth. In northern Tibet elevations reach an average of over 4,572 metres (15,000 ft). Mount Everest is located on Tibet's border with Nepal.

China's provincial-level areas of Xinjiang, Qinghai and Sichuan lie to the north, northeast and east, respectively, of the Tibet AR. There is also a short border with Yunnan Province to the southeast. The countries to the south and southwest are Myanmar, India, Bhutan, and Nepal. China claims Arunachal Pradesh administered by India as part of the Tibet Autonomous Region. It also claims some areas adjoining the Chumbi Valley that are recognised as Bhutan's territory, and some areas of eastern Ladakh claimed by India. India and China agreed to respect the Line of Actual Control in a bilateral agreement signed on 7 September 1993.[18][non-primary source needed]

Mount Everest

Physically, the Tibet AR may be divided into two parts: the lakes region in the west and north-west and the river region, which spreads out on three sides of the former on the east, south and west. Both regions receive limited amounts of rainfall as they lie in the rain shadow of the Himalayas; however, the region names are useful in contrasting their hydrological structures, and also in contrasting their different cultural uses: nomadic in the lake region and agricultural in the river region.[19] On the south the Tibet AR is bounded by the Himalayas, and on the north by a broad mountain system. The system at no point narrows to a single range; generally there are three or four across its breadth. As a whole the system forms the watershed between rivers flowing to the Indian Ocean — the Indus, Brahmaputra and Salween and its tributaries — and the streams flowing into the undrained salt lakes to the north.

The lake region extends from the

Chang Tang
(Byang sang) or 'Northern Plateau' by the people of Tibet. It is 1,100 km (680 mi) broad and covers an area about equal to that of France. Due to its great distance from the ocean it is extremely arid and possesses no river outlet. The mountain ranges are spread out, rounded, disconnected, and separated by relatively flat valleys.

The Tibet AR is dotted over with large and small lakes, generally salt or

discontinuous permafrost over the Chang Tang, the soil is boggy and covered with tussocks of grass, thus resembling the Siberian tundra. Salt and fresh-water lakes are intermingled. The lakes are generally without outlet, or have only a small effluent. The deposits consist of soda, potash, borax and common salt. The lake region is noted for a vast number of hot springs
, which are widely distributed between the Himalaya and 34° N, but are most numerous to the west of Tengri Nor (north-west of Lhasa). So intense is the cold in this part of Tibet that these springs are sometimes represented by columns of ice, the nearly boiling water having frozen in the act of ejection.

The river region is characterized by fertile mountain valleys and includes the

Xigazê, Gyantse
and the Brahmaputra are free from permafrost, covered with good soil and groves of trees, well irrigated, and richly cultivated.

The

Lake Puma Yumco
.

Government

See also: People's Government of Tibet Autonomous Region, List of modern political leaders of Tibet, and List of current Chinese provincial leaders

The Tibet Autonomous Region is a province-level entity of the People's Republic of China. Chinese law nominally guarantees some autonomy in the areas of education and language policy. Like other subdivisions of China, routine administration is carried out by a People's Government, headed by a chairman, who has been an ethnic Tibetan except for an interregnum during the Cultural Revolution. As with other Chinese provinces, the chairman carries out work under the direction of the regional secretary of the Chinese Communist Party. The standing committee of the regional Communist Party Committee serves as the top rung of political power in the region. The current chairman is Yan Jinhai and the current party secretary is Wang Junzheng.

Administrative divisions

For a more comprehensive list, see List of administrative divisions of the Tibet Autonomous Region and List of township-level divisions of the Tibet Autonomous Region.

The Autonomous Region is divided into seven

prefecture
.

These in turn are subdivided into a total of 66

Seni
).

Administrative divisions of Tibet Autonomous Region
Division code[23] Division Area in km2[24] Population 2020[25] Seat Divisions[26]
Districts
Counties
 CL cities
540000 Tibet Autonomous Region 1,228,400.00 3,648,100
Lhasa
city		 8 64 2
540100
Lhasa
city 		29,538.90 867,891
Chengguan District
 3 5
540200 Shigatse / Xigazê city 182,066.26 798,153
Samzhubzê District
 1 17
540300 Chamdo / Qamdo city 108,872.30 760,966
Karuo District
 1 10
540400 Nyingchi city 113,964.79 238,936 Bayi District 1 5 1
540500 Shannan / Lhoka city 79,287.84 354,035
Nêdong District
 1 10 1
540600 Nagqu city 391,816.63 504,838
Seni District
 1 10
542500 Ngari Prefecture 296,822.62 123,281 Gar County 7
Yamdrok Lake
Namtso Lake

Urban areas

Population by urban areas of prefecture & county cities
# Cities 2020 Urban area[27] 2010 Urban area[28] 2020 City proper
1
Lhasa
 551,802 199,159[a] 867,891
2 Xigazê 94,464 63,967[b] 798,153
3 Nyingchi 60,696 [c] 238,936
4 Shannan 54,188 [d] 354,035
5 Qamdo 50,127 [e] 760,966
6 Nagqu 31,436 [f] 504,838
(7) Mainling 5,915[g] see Nyingchi
(8) Cona 2,871[h] see Shannan
  1. Dagzê (Dagzê County)
    . These new districts not included in the urban area & district area count of the pre-expanded city.
  2. Samzhubzê
    after 2010 census.
  3. ^ NyingchiPrefecture is currently known as Nyingchi PLC after census; Nyingchi County is currently known as Bayi after 2010 census.
  4. Nêdong
    after census.
  5. Karuo
    after census.
  6. Seni
    after 2010 census.
  7. ^ Mainling County is currently known as Mainling CLC after 2020 census.
  8. ^ Cona County is currently known as Cona CLC after 2020 census.

Demographics

Historical population
YearPop.±%
1912[29] 1,160,000—    
1928[30] 372,000−67.9%
1936–37[31] 372,000+0.0%
1947[32] 1,000,000+168.8%
1954[33] 1,273,969+27.4%
1964[34] 1,251,225−1.8%
1982[35] 1,892,393+51.2%
1990[36] 2,196,010+16.0%
2000[37] 2,616,329+19.1%
2010[38] 3,002,166+14.7%
2020[39] 3,648,100+21.5%
Xikang Province / Chuanbian SAR was established in 1923 from parts of Tibet / Lifan Yuan; dissolved in 1955 and parts were incorporated into Tibet AR.

With an average of only two people per square kilometer, Tibet has the lowest population density among any of the Chinese province-level administrative regions, mostly due to its harsh and rugged terrain.[citation needed] In 2022, only 37.4 percent of Tibet's population was urban, with 63.4 being rural, amongst the lowest in China, though this is significantly up from 22.6 percent in 2011.[3]

In 2020 the Tibetan population was three million.

Lhoba, who follow a combination of Tibetan Buddhism and spirit worship, are found mainly in the southeastern parts of the region.[citation needed
]

Historically, the population of Tibet consisted of primarily ethnic

Nakhi, Qiang, Nu people, Pumi, Salar, and Yi people.[citation needed
]

According to the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition published between 1910 and 1911, the total population of the Tibetan capital of Lhasa, including the lamas in the city and vicinity, was about 30,000, and the permanent population also included Chinese families (about 2,000).[42]

Most

household registration in place of origin.[44][non-primary source needed
]

Tibetan scholars and exiles claim that, with the 2006 completion of the

Qingzang Railway connecting the Tibet Autonomous Region to Qinghai Province, there has been an "acceleration" of Han migration into the region.[45] The Tibetan government-in-exile based in northern India asserts that the PRC is promoting the migration of Han workers and soldiers to Tibet to marginalize and assimilate the locals.[46]

Religion

Main article: Religion in Tibet
Religion in Tibet (2012 estimates)[47]
Tibetan Buddhism
 
 78.5%
Bon
 
 12.5%
Chinese folk religion
 
 8.58%
Islam[48]
 
 0.4%
Christianity
 
 0.02%
Tashilhunpo Monastery in Shigatse

The main religion in Tibet has been Buddhism since its introduction in the 8th century AD. Before the arrival of Buddhism, the main religion among Tibetans was an indigenous shamanic and animistic religion, Bon, which now comprises a sizeable minority and influenced the formation of Tibetan Buddhism.

According to estimates from the International Religious Freedom Report of 2012, most Tibetans (who comprise 91% of the population of the Tibet Autonomous Region) are adherents of Tibetan Buddhism, while a minority of 400,000 people are followers the native Bon or folk religions which share the image of Confucius (Tibetan: Kongtse Trulgyi Gyalpo) with Chinese folk religion, though in a different light.[49][50] According to some reports, the government of China has been promoting the Bon religion, linking it with Confucianism.[51]

Most of the

Gesar. The temple is built according to both Chinese and Tibetan architecture. It was first erected in 1792 under the Qing dynasty and renovated around 2013 after decades of disrepair.[52][53]

Built or rebuilt between 2014 and 2015 is the Guandi Temple of Qomolangma (Mount Everest), on Ganggar Mount, in Tingri County.[54][55]

There are four mosques in the Tibet Autonomous Region with approximately 4,000 to 5,000

Catholic community of Yanjing in the east of the region.[47]

Human rights

Main article: Human rights in Tibet
Chinese army division moving from Golmud to Lhasa

From the 1951 Seventeen Point Agreement to 2003, life expectancy in Tibet increased from thirty-six years to sixty-seven years with infant mortality and absolute poverty declining steadily.[56]

Before the

press in mainland China, including the Tibet Autonomous Region,[59] it is difficult to accurately determine the scope of human rights abuses.[60]

When General Secretary Hu Yaobang visited Tibet in 1980 and 1982, he disagreed with what he viewed as heavy-handedness.[17]: 240  Hu reduced the number of Han party cadre, and relaxed social controls.[17]: 240 

Critics of the

sterilization.[64][65][66][67][68]

Towns and villages in Tibet

Further information: List of populated places in the Tibet Autonomous Region

Comfortable Housing Program

Beginning in 2006, 280,000 Tibetans who lived in traditional villages and as nomadic herdsmen have been forcefully relocated into villages and towns. In those areas, new housing was built and existing houses were remodelled to serve a total of 2 million people. Those living in substandard housing were required to dismantle their houses and remodel them to government standards. Much of the expense was borne by the residents themselves,[69] often through bank loans. The population transfer program, which was first implemented in Qinghai where 300,000 nomads were resettled, is called "Comfortable Housing", which is part of the "Build a New Socialist Countryside" program. Its effect on Tibetan culture has been criticized by exiles and human rights groups.[69] Finding employment is difficult for relocated persons who have only agrarian skills. Income shortfalls are offset by government support programs.[70] It was announced that in 2011 that 20,000 CCP cadres will be placed in the new towns.[69]

Economy

Main article: Economy of Tibet
Development of GDP[71]
Year GDP in
billions of yuan
1995 5.61
2000 11.78
2005 24.88
2010 50.75
2015 102.64
2021 208.18[72]
2022 213[73]
2023 239.3[74]

In general, China's minority regions have some of the highest per capita government spending public goods and services.[75]: 366  Providing public goods and services in these areas is part of a government effort to reduce regional inequalities, reduce the risk of separatism, and stimulate economic development.[75]: 366  Tibet has the highest amount of funding from the central government to the local government as of at least 2019.[75]: 370–371 As of at least 2019, Tibet has the highest total per capita government expenditure of any region in China, including the highest per capita government expenditure on health care, the highest per capita government expenditure on education, and the second highest per capita government expenditure on social security and employment.[75]: 367–369 

The Tibetans traditionally depended upon agriculture for survival. Since the 1980s, however, other jobs such as taxi-driving and hotel retail work have become available in the wake of Chinese economic reform. By 2023, its gross domestic product (GDP) stood at nearly 239.3 billion yuan (about 33.6 billion U.S. dollars), adding that the growth rates of the region's major economic indicators, including per capita disposable income, fixed asset investment, and total retail sales of consumer goods, all ranked first in China. The added value of the service sector accounted for 54.1 percent and contributed a 57.6 percent share to economic growth. Investment in fixed assets also grew rapidly last year, with investment in infrastructure up by 34.8 percent and investment in areas related to people's livelihoods up by 31.8 percent.[76][non-primary source needed] The region's GDP grew by an annual average of 9.5 percent from 2012 to 2023, about 3 percentage points higher than the China's national average.[77][non-primary source needed]

By 2022, the GDP of the region surpassed 213 billion yuan (US$31.7 billion in nominal), while GDP per capita reached CN¥58,438 (US$8,688 in nominal).[3] In 2022, Tibet's GDP per capita ranked 25th highest in China, as well as higher than any South Asian country except Maldives.[78] In 2008, Chinese news media reported that the per capita disposable incomes of urban and rural residents in Tibet averaged (CN¥12,482 (US$1,798) and CN¥3,176 (US$457) respectively.[79]

While traditional agriculture and animal husbandry continue to lead the area's economy, in 2005 the

better source needed
]

The collection of

caterpillar fungus (Cordyceps sinensis, known in Tibetan as Yartsa Gunbu) in late spring / early summer is in many areas the most important source of cash for rural households. It contributes an average of 40% to rural cash income and 8.5% to the Tibet Autonomous Region's GDP.[82]

The re-opening of the Nathu La pass (on southern Tibet's border with India) should facilitate Sino-Indian border trade and boost Tibet's economy.[83]

The China Western Development policy was adopted in 2000 by the central government to boost economic development in western China, including the Tibet Autonomous Region.[75]: 133  Because the central government permits Tibet to have a preferentially low corporate income tax rate, many corporations have registered in Tibet.[75]: 146 

Education

There are 4 universities and 3 special colleges in Tibet,

Tibet University for Nationalities, Tibet Tibetan Medical University, Tibet Agricultural and Animal Husbandry College, Lhasa Teachers College, Tibet Police College and Tibet Vocational and Technical College.[citation needed
]

As of at least 2019, Tibet is the region of China with the largest per capita government spending on education.[75]: 367–369 

Tourism

Foreign tourists were first permitted to visit the Tibet Autonomous Region in the 1980s. While the main attraction is the

Tashilhunpo Monastery.[85] Nonetheless, tourism in Tibet is still restricted for non-Chinese passport holders (including citizens of the Republic of China from Taiwan), and foreigners must apply for a Tibet Entry Permit to enter the region.[citation needed
]

Transportation

A 2019 white paper from The State Council Information Office of the People's Republic of China reported Tibet's road system has achieved a total of 118,800 km.[86]

Airports

The civil airports in Tibet are

Gunsa Airport
.

Gunsa Airport in Ngari Prefecture began operations on 1 July 2010, to become the fourth civil airport in China's Tibet Autonomous Region.[88]

The

Xigazê was opened for civilian use on 30 October 2010.[89]

Announced in 2010, Nagqu Dagring Airport was expected to become the world's highest altitude airport, at 4,436 meters above sea level.[90] However, in 2015 it was reported that construction of the airport has been delayed due to the necessity to develop higher technological standards.[91]

Railway

The

Qinghai–Tibet Railway from Golmud to Lhasa was completed on 12 October 2005. It opened to regular trial service on 1 July 2006. Five pairs of passenger trains run between Golmud and Lhasa, with connections onward to Beijing, Chengdu, Chongqing, Guangzhou, Shanghai, Xining and Lanzhou. The line includes the Tanggula Pass, which, at 5,072 m (16,640 ft) above sea level, is the world's highest railway.[citation needed
]

The

Xigazê was completed in 2014. It opened to regular service on 15 August 2014. The planned China–Nepal railway will connect Xigazê to Kathmandu, capital of Nepal, and is expected to be completed around 2027.[92]

The construction of the

Sichuan–Tibet Railway began in 2015. The line is expected to be completed around 2025.[93]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Chinese: 西藏; pinyin: Xīzàng; lit. 'Western Tsang'; Tibetan: བོད་, Wylie: bod, ZYPY: Poi, Tibetan pronunciation: [pʰø̀ʔ]
    "Xizang" has been the Chinese transliteration of Tsang since the Qing dynasty. In December 2023, PRC government documents began using "Xizang" instead of "Tibet" as the English name for the autonomous region in order to distinguish it from the broader cultural Tibet.[6][7]

References

Citations

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  3. ^ a b c "National Data". China NBS. March 2024. Retrieved 22 June 2024. see also "zh: 2023年西藏自治区国民经济和社会发展统计公报". xizang.gov.cn. 9 May 2024. Retrieved 12 June 2024. The average exchange rate of 2023 was CNY 7.0467 to 1 USD dollar "Statistical communiqué of the People's Republic of China on the 2023 national economic and social development" (Press release). China NBS. 29 February 2024. Retrieved 22 June 2024.
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  5. ^ Tibetan Review, "Top French museum apologises, agrees to restore name 'Tibet' in place of 'Xizang'", 26 September 2024, China last year decided to use the Chinese Pinyin term "Xizang" to refer to "Tibet" in all its official documents to make the point that the issue of Tibet no longer exists, that the territory it refers to applies only to the western half of Tibet proper, which it calls "Xizang Autonomous Region" or simply "Xizang".
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Sources

Further reading
Look up Tibet Autonomous Region in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tibet.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Tibet Autonomous Region.
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