Ticsani

Coordinates: 16°45′18″S 70°35′42″W / 16.755°S 70.595°W / -16.755; -70.595
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Ticsani
The Ticsani lava dome complex (center)
Highest point
Elevation5,408 m (17,743 ft)[1]
Coordinates16°45′18″S 70°35′42″W / 16.755°S 70.595°W / -16.755; -70.595[1]
Geography
Ticsani is located in Peru
Ticsani
Ticsani
Peru
Location
Moquegua Region
Parent rangeAndes
Geology
Mountain typeLava domes
Last eruption1800 ± 200 years[1]

Ticsani is a volcano in Peru northwest of

Rio Tambo valley. Today an arcuate ridge remains of this edifice. "Modern Ticsani" is a complex of three lava domes which were emplaced during the Holocene. Two large eruptions took place during the Holocene, producing the so-called "Grey Ticsani" and "Brown Ticsani" deposits; the last eruption occurred after the 1600 eruption of neighbouring Huaynaputina. The volcano is seismically active and features active hot springs and fumaroles
; since 2015 the volcano is monitored by the Peruvian government.

Geography and geomorphology

Ticsani is in the

Putina River passes northwest and the Carumas River southwest of the volcano.[3] The area is remote, which has hampered exploration efforts.[4] There are paved roads in the area, which can be accessed mainly through the Ilo-Desaguadero highway[5] that passes within 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) from the Ticsani domes.[6]

Volcanism in South America occurs along its western coast and in several volcanic belts, including the

calc-alkaline magmas such as andesite although more silicic rocks also occur.[8]

Ticsani features three

cryptodome is exposed within the arcuate ridge.[3] The complex reaches an elevation of 5,408 metres (17,743 ft).[12] The position of the lava domes and the structure of the compound volcano were influenced by local fault systems.[13]

Geology

Off the southwestern coast of South America, the

strike-slip faulting.[4]

Ticsani is grouped together with the neighbouring volcanoes

geochemical traits. Huaynaputina had a large eruption in 1600 and Ubinas is presently the most active volcano in southern Peru.[4] These volcanoes appear to share a magma chamber[15] at a depth of 20–30 kilometres (12–19 mi).[12]

The basement on which these volcanoes rose includes a

Rio Tambo. Volcanic activity continued during the Miocene, Pliocene and Pleistocene, forming ignimbrites and the Barroso Group.[4]

Composition

The complex has erupted

calc-alkaline suite.[16] Phenocrysts found in the later eruption products include amphibole, biotite, feldspar, plagioclase, pyroxene and quartz.[17]

Eruption history

Ticsani was active during the

Rio Tambo valley[9] which originally had a volume of about 15–30 cubic kilometres (3.6–7.2 cu mi),[18] and is thus the largest such collapse in southern Peru during the Pleistocene. This volcano stage constitutes the "old Ticsani". The later "modern Ticsani"[16] produced lava flows and later the lava domes; the lava flows may have issued from a now almost entirely buried crater.[11]

Later the three

lava flows which filled valleys,[16] formed a lava flow field northwest of the volcano[1] and pyroclastic flows on the eastern side of the volcano.[18] There are no historical eruptions at Ticsani.[23]

Presently,

seismic swarm took place between 2014-2017.[27] A characteristic trait of Ticsani are so-called "hybrid" earthquakes which are noticed at seismic stations of other volcanoes.[28] A temporary seismic station installed 2015 at Ticsani recorded volcano-tectonic earthquakes,[29] and other changes in its behaviour have been observed as well.[30]

Hazards

About 5,000 people live within 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) to Ticsani and would be threatened in the case of a future eruption, with particular hazards including ash fall, lahars, pyroclastic flows and the collapse of lava domes.[16] Large explosive events like the "Grey Ticsani" and "Brown Ticsani" eruptions ejected material mainly in north-northeastern and southeastern direction; in case of a repeat eruption the towns Calacoa, Cuchumbaya, Quebaya, San Cristóbal and Soquezane would be impacted by tephra fallout.[31] In addition to the local population, ashfall would hit major regional roads, reservoirs,[32] mines and airports.[31] Additional towns in the area include Cambrune and Carumas.[5] Pyroclastic flows are fast-moving flows of hot rock fragments and gases; at Ticsani they have reached distances of at least 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) from the volcano. A repeat of the sector collapse of the "old Ticsani" is improbable as the "modern Ticsani" is considered to be stable, but parts of the old volcano could still fail and generate lahars in the river valleys. Volcanic gases may accumulate in valleys and depressions, while lava flows are unlikely to reach large distances and are thus minor threats.[31]

The volcano is classified as being a "High Risk Volcano".

seismic activity and on sulfur dioxide emissions.[36]

Notes

  1. ^ Sometimes four domes are counted, the fourth one east of the three canonical domes.[10]
  2. ^ The eruption has been assigned a volcanic explosivity index of 4.[19]
  3. ^ This eruption has been assigned a volcanic explosivity index of 2-3.[21]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e "Ticsani". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution.
  2. ^ INGEMMET 2015, p. 4.
  3. ^ a b c d Byrdina et al. 2013, p. 154.
  4. ^ a b c d e Lavallée et al. 2009, p. 255.
  5. ^ a b Velarde et al. 2018, p. 3.
  6. S2CID 209392997
    .
  7. ^ a b Salazar & Thouret 2003, p. 3.
  8. ^ Igme & Edward 2020, p. 11.
  9. ^ a b c d e f Lavallée et al. 2009, p. 257.
  10. ^ a b Salazar & Thouret 2003, p. 4.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g "Geología del volcán Ticsani". Observatorio Vulcanológico de INGEMMET (in Spanish). INGEMMET. Retrieved 4 January 2021.
  12. ^ a b c Byrdina et al. 2013, p. 153.
  13. ^ Lavallée et al. 2009, p. 260.
  14. ^ Lavallée et al. 2009, p. 254.
  15. ^ Lavallée et al. 2009, p. 262.
  16. ^ a b c d Salazar & Thouret 2003, p. 2.
  17. ^ Salazar & Thouret 2003, p. 17.
  18. ^ a b Salazar & Thouret 2003, p. 8.
  19. ^ Salazar & Thouret 2003, p. 11.
  20. ^ a b c Igme & Edward 2020, p. 15.
  21. ^ a b Salazar & Thouret 2003, p. 12.
  22. ^ Igme & Edward 2020, p. 7.
  23. ^ "Actividad histórica del volcán Ticsani". Observatorio Vulcanológico de INGEMMET (in Spanish). INGEMMET. Retrieved 4 January 2021.
  24. S2CID 210131824
    .
  25. ^ Velarde et al. 2018, p. 7.
  26. ^ Velarde et al. 2018, p. 8.
  27. ISSN 0377-0273
    .
  28. ^ Igme & Edward 2020, p. 3.
  29. ^ INGEMMET 2015, p. 5.
  30. ^ Velarde et al. 2018, p. 45.
  31. ^ a b c "Mapa de peligro del volcán Ticsani". Observatorio Vulcanológico de INGEMMET (in Spanish). INGEMMET. Retrieved 4 January 2021.
  32. ^ Salazar & Thouret 2003, p. 22.
  33. ^ Velarde et al. 2018, p. 1.
  34. ^ INGEMMET 2015, p. 18.
  35. ^ INGEMMET 2015, p. 26.
  36. ^ "Reportes del volcán Ticsani" (in Spanish). Southern Volcano Observatory. Archived from the original on 8 February 2019. Retrieved 9 March 2018.

Sources

External links

INGEMMET weekly reports

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