Tide pool
A tide pool or rock pool is a shallow pool of
Tide pool
Zones
The rocky shoreline exhibits distinct zones with unique characteristics. These zones are created by the tidal movements of water along the rocky shores from high to low-tide. They are:
- The supralittoral zone or splash zone: area above the high-tide mark, which is virtually a terrestrial environment. Occasionally gets splashed, but never gets covered by the ocean.[3]
- The intertidal fringe: area around the high-tide mark.
- The intertidal or littoral zone: area between the high and low-tide marks. Can be further divided into high, mid, and low intertidal zones, which are explained below in more depth.[3]
- The sublittoral or subtidal zone: area below the low-tide mark.
The presence and abundance of flora and fauna vary between zones along the rocky shore. This is due to niche adaptations in response to the varying tides and solar exposure.
Tide pools exist in the intertidal zone (the area within the
High Tide Zone
The high tide zone is
Mid Tide Zone
This zone is constantly covered and uncovered by water, so its inhabitants have adapted to surviving in these conditions. More plants and animals live here, compared to the high tide zone, because they are not exposed to drying conditions for so long.[3] During low tide, anemones close up and mussels close their shells to keep in moisture. They reopen when the tide returns and brings them food.[2]
Low Tide Zone
This area is mostly submerged and is exposed only during unusually low tide.
Marine life
Part of a series related to |
Benthic life |
---|
Tide pools provide a home for many organisms such as
Fauna
The
Some species of sea stars can regenerate lost arms. Most species must retain an intact central part of the body to be able to regenerate, but a few can regrow from a single ray. The regeneration of these stars is possible because the vital organs are in the arms.[8]
Sea urchins ("Echinoidia") move around tide pools with tube like feet. Different species of urchin have different colors, and many are seen in tide pools. With spines, some filled with poison like with "Toxopnesutes pileolus", that protect them from predators they feed almost undisturbed in tide pools. Algae and other microorganism are the food sources that attract them to the tide pools.[9]
The presence of the California mussel increases the supply of inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus in coastal marine tide pools which allows the ecosystem the nutrients to be more productive.[10] The shell of a California mussel is primarily composed of Aragonite and Calcite which are both polymorphs of Calcium carbonate.[11] Climate change and ocean acidification has led to a decrease in these amounts important compounds in California Mussel shells over many years.[11]
Lichens and barnacles live in the splash zone.[2] Different barnacle species live at very tightly constrained elevations, with tidal conditions precisely determining the exact height of an assemblage relative to sea level. The intertidal zone is periodically exposed to sun and wind, conditions that can cause barnacles to become desiccated. These animals, therefore, need to be well adapted to water loss. Their calcite shells are impermeable, and they possess two plates which they slide across their mouth opening when not feeding. These plates also protect against predation.[12]
Many species of Hermit crab are commonly found in tide pool environments. The long-wristed hermit crab (Pagurus longicarpus) has been found to become stranded in tide pools and are forced to inhabit gastropod shells in response to the rapidly changing temperature of the pools.[13] Hermit crabs of different or the same species compete for the snail shells that are available.[14]
Many fish species can live in tidepools. Tidepool fishes are those inhabiting the intertidal zone during part or the entirety of their life cycle, including residents displaying morphological, physiological and behavioral adaptations to withstand the fluctuating environment and non-residents that use the intertidal as juvenile habitat, feeding or refuge ground, or as transient space between nearshore areas.[15][16] Tidepools fishes can be classified as residents and non-residents (sometimes called transients or visitors).[17][18] Residents are those that spend the whole lifetime in the tidepools.[15][19] Non-resident species are commonly divided into two groups: secondary residents (also known as partial residents or opportunists) and transients (which can be further classified as tidal and seasonal transients). Secondary residents are species that spend only a portion of their life history in tidepools, typically during their juvenile stage, before moving on to adult subtidal habitats.[15][16] Transients, on the other hand, may temporarily inhabit tidepools for various reasons such as foraging, seeking refuge, or transit. Unlike residents, transients lack specialized adaptations for intertidal life and typically occupy large tidepools for a relatively short period, ranging from a single tidal cycle to a few months.[16] The Tidepool sculpin is a species of fish that is named for its tide pool habitat. The Tidepool Sculpin has been found to show preferences for certain tide pools and will return to their tide pool of choice after being removed from it.[20] This is a behavior known as Homing (biology). These fish crawl on the floor of tide pools using a back and forth movement of their tail fin and a rotating motion of their pectoral fins.[21]
Multiple species of Amphipods (Amphipoda) can be found in coastal tide pools. These small crustaceans provide an important food source for predator species as well as limiting the growth of algae attached to vegetation.[22]
Flora
Sea palms (
Recent studies have shown that Postelsia grows in greater numbers when such competition exists; a control group with no competition produced fewer offspring than an experimental group with mussels; from this it is thought that the mussels provide protection for the developing
Coralline algae "Corallinales" are predominant features of mid and low intertidal
-
A starburst anemone (hydrozoan
-
Postelsia palmaeformisat low tide in a tide pool
-
Sea star, Pisaster ochraceus consuming a mussel in tide pools
-
Sea anemones,Anthopleura solaengaged in a battle for territory
Coastal predators
Tide pools are often surrounded by coastal predators who feed on tide pool flora and fauna. These predators play an important role in the tide pool Food web and create competition for resources.
See also
References
- ^ a b US Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. "What is a tide pool?". oceanservice.noaa.gov. Retrieved February 26, 2023.
- ^ a b c d e f g h "NPCA Tide pools". NPCA. September 5, 2008. Archived from the original on September 24, 2008.
- ^ a b c d "Intertidal - Oceans, Coasts & Seashores (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved February 26, 2023.
- ^ "Botanical Beach Tide Pools". British Columbia Parks. September 5, 2008. Archived from the original on July 24, 2008.
- PMID 29975745.
- ^ Andy Horton (September 5, 2008). "Sea Anemones". homepages.ed.ac.uk. Archived from the original on October 17, 2008.
- ^ "Snakelocks Anemone". British Marine Life Study Society. September 5, 2008. Retrieved September 6, 2008.
- ^ "Biology: Regeneration". Dana Krempels, Ph.D. September 5, 2008. Archived from the original on August 6, 2009.
- ^ "Sea Urchins". California Tide Pools. October 1, 2014.
- PMID 17645011.
- ^ PMID 33431664.
- ^
JSTOR 2096846.
- S2CID 58602447.
- ISSN 0278-0372.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-12-356040-7, retrieved December 18, 2023
- ^ ISSN 1573-5184.
- doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-356040-7.x5000-8 – via Academic Press.)
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help - ISSN 0022-0981.
- ISSN 1573-5184.
- ISSN 0015-296X.
- S2CID 54486846.
- S2CID 234822803.
- ^ Blanchette, Carol A. (April 1996). "Seasonal patterns of disturbance influence recruitment of the sea palm, Postelsia palmaeformis". .
- ^
Paine, R.T. (December 1998). "Habitat Suitability and Local Population Persistence of the Sea Palm Postelsia Palmaeformis". JSTOR 1941157.
- ISSN 0022-0981.