Tigray Region

Coordinates: 13°34′30″N 39°05′15″E / 13.57500°N 39.08750°E / 13.57500; 39.08750
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
This article is about the modern region. For the historical province, see Tigray Province. For other uses, see Tigray (disambiguation).

Tigray Region
ክልል ትግራይ
Regional state
Tigray National Regional State
UTC+3 (EAT)
ISO 3166 codeET-TI
HDI (2021)0.522 [3]
low · 5th of 11
Websitewww.ethiopia.gov.et/regional-states/tigray-regional-state/
This article contains
Ethiopic text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols
instead of Ethiopic characters.

The Tigray,

Tigrayan (Tegaru), Irob people and Kunama people. Its capital and largest city is Mekelle
. Tigray is the fifth-largest by area, the fourth-most populous, and the fifth-most densely populated of the 11 regional states.

Tigray is bordered by

Shire, Adwa, Humera, Dansha, Mai Kadra, Enticho, Wukro, Sheraro, Abiy Addi, Atsbi, Hawzen, Adi Gudom, Korem, Maychew, Alamata, Mekoni, Rama, May Tsebri, Addi Remets, Hagere Selam, and Zalambessa
.

Tigray's official language is

central Tigray. The much less densely populated lowlands comprise 48% of Tigray's area. Although the percentage of Muslims in Tigray is less than 5%, it has supposedly been historically Islam’s doorway to the region and to Africa at large.[6] 96% of Tigrayans are Orthodox Christian. After Armenians, ethnic Tigrayans have the highest percentage of Orthodox Christians
in the world.

The government of Tigray consists of the

judicial branch, which is led by the state supreme court. In early November 2020, a conflict between the Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF) and the Ethiopian federal government (with support from Eritrea)[7] rapidly escalating into the Tigray War, destabilizing the region,[8] and exposing a well-organized campaign to wipe out the region of ethnic Tigrayans.[9] As many as 600,000 people were killed as a result of the war.[10][11][12] As of 2023, the region is run by the Interim Regional Administration of Tigray
.

History

3rd millennium to 1st century BC

Tigray is often regarded as the cradle of Ethiopian civilization.[13] Its landscape has many historic monuments. Three major monotheistic religions, Judaism, Christianity and Islam arrived in Ethiopia through the Red Sea and then Tigray.

Given the presence of a large temple complex and fertile surroundings, the capital of the 3,000-year-old kingdom of

Sabaean.[17] There is evidence of a Semitic-speaking presence in Tigray, Eritrea and northern Ethiopia at least as early as 2000 BC.[16][18] It is now believed that Sabaean influence was minor, limited to a few localities and disappearing after a few decades or a century, It may have represented a trading or military colony, in some sort of symbiosis or military alliance with the civilization of Dʿmt or some other proto-Aksumite state.[15][19]

After the fall of Dʿmt in the 5th century BC, the plateau came to be dominated by smaller, unknown successor kingdoms. This lasted until the rise of one of these polities during the first century BC, the Aksumite Kingdom, which succeeded in reunifying the area[20] and is, in effect, the ancestor of medieval and modern states in Eritrea and Ethiopia using the name "Ethiopia" as early as the 4th century.[15][21][citation needed]

1st to 10th century AD

Axum Stele in the city Axum.
Aksumite gold coins.

The Kingdom of Aksum was a trading empire rooted in northern Ethiopia.[22] It existed from approximately 100–940 AD, growing from the proto-Aksumite Iron Age period c. 4th century BC to achieve prominence by the 1st century AD.

According to the Book of Axum, Axum's first capital, Mazaber, was built by Itiyopis, son of Cush.[23] The capital was later moved to Aksum in northern Ethiopia.

The Empire of Aksum, at its height, at times extended across most of present-day

Sassanid and Roman empires. It converted to Christianity in 325 or 328 under King Ezana and was the first state to use the image of the cross on its coins.[24][25]

Handtke’s map is 39 cm wide and 66 cm tall, and is printed on paper that has been bonded to fabric. The scale is approximately 1:5,600,000; relief is shown by short lines representing slope aspect and a general sense of steepness (hachures).The work was created in one of the few stronger cartographic publishing houses in 19thcentury Germany, managed by Carl Flemming (1806-1878). Flemming was aided by cartographer Friedrich Handtke (1815-1879), who worked on nearly every map assignment for the firm.[26]

11th to 19th century AD

Mekelle palace of Emperor Yohannes IV (emperor of the whole Ethiopian Empire).

In the 11th century the Tigrinya-speaking lands (Tigray-

Serae.[27]
: 259 

The Book of Aksum, likely written and compiled before the 15th century, shows a traditional schematic map of Tigray with the city of

Aksum at its center, surrounded by the 13 principal provinces: "Tembien, Shire, Serae, Hamasien, Bur, Sam’a, Agame, Amba Senayt, Garalta, Enderta, Sahart and Abergele."[28][failed verification
]

During the Middle Ages, the position of Tigray Mekonnen ("Governor of Tigray") was established to rule over the area. Other districts included

Mareb River
, which is currently constitutes the border between the Ethiopian province of Tigray and Eritrea.

After the loss of power of the Bahr negus in the aftermath of

Dejazmach, beginning with Ras Mikael Sehul. Rulers of Tigray such as Ras Wolde Selassie alternated with others, chiefly those of Begemder or Yejju
, as warlords to maintain the Ethiopian monarchy during the Zemene Mesafint.

In the mid-19th century, the lords of Tembien and Enderta managed to establish an overlordship of Tigray. One of its members, Dejazmach Kahsay Mercha, ascended the imperial throne in 1872 under the name

Battle of Metemma, the Ethiopian throne came under the control of the king of Shewa, and the center of power shifted south and away from Tigray.[citation needed
]

20th century

In 1943, open resistance

Hintalo, Saharti, Samre and Wajirat, Raya Awraja, Kilte-Awlaelo Awraja and Tembien Awraja, local assemblies, called gerreb, were formed. The gerreb sent representatives to a central congress, called the shengo, which elected leaders and established a military command system. Although the first Woyane rebellion of 1943 had shortcomings as a prototype revolution, historians agree that it involved a fairly high level of spontaneity and peasant initiative. It demonstrated considerable popular participation and reflected widely shared grievances. The uprising was specifically directed against the central Shoan Amhara regime of Haile Selassie I
, rather than the Tigrayan imperial elite.

Ethiopian Civil War

Memorial in Mekelle to more than 60,000 TPLF fighters who died and over 100,000 fighters who were injured in the overthrow of the Marxist Derg regime in 1991.

After the February 1974 popular revolution, the first signal of any mass uprising was the actions of the soldiers of the 4th Brigade of the 4th Army Division in Nagelle in southern Ethiopia. The Coordinating Committee of the Armed Forces, Police, and Territorial Army, or the

Tsehafi Taezaz Aklilu Habte-Wold and Endalkachew Makonnen, along with most of their cabinets, most regional governors, many senior military officers and officials of the Imperial court were imprisoned. In August 1974, after a proposed constitution creating a constitutional monarchy was presented to the emperor, the Derg began a program of dismantling the imperial government in order to forestall further developments in that direction. The Derg deposed and imprisoned the emperor on 12 September 1974
.

Zerfenti
, a village in Tigray where hundreds were killed by Derg bombings.

In addition, the Derg in 1975 nationalized most industries and private and somewhat secure urban real-estate holdings. But mismanagement, corruption, and general hostility to the Derg's violent rule, coupled with the draining effects of constant warfare with the separatist guerrilla movements in Tigray, led to a drastic fall in general productivity of food and cash crops. In October 1978, the Derg announced the National Revolutionary Development Campaign to mobilize human and material resources to transform the economy, which led to a Ten-Year Plan (1984/1985-1993/1994) to expand agricultural and industrial output, forecasting a 6.5% growth in GDP and a 3.6% rise in per capita income. Instead per capita income declined 0.8% over this period. Famine scholar Alex de Waal observes that while the famine that struck the country in the mid-1980s is usually ascribed to drought, "closer investigation shows that widespread drought occurred only some months after the famine was already under way". Hundreds of thousands fled economic misery, conscription, and political repression, and went to live in neighboring countries and all over the Western world, creating an Ethiopian diaspora.

Toward the end of January 1991, a coalition of rebel forces, the

Bahar Dar, and Dessie.[citation needed
]

Postwar

John Young, who visited the area several times in the early 1990s, attributes this delay in part to "central budget restraint, structural readjustment, and lack of awareness by government bureaucrats in Addis Ababa of conditions in the province", but notes "an equally significant obstacle was posed by an entrenched, and largely Amhara-dominated, central bureaucracy which used its power to block government-authorised funds from reaching Tigray".[30] At the same time, a growing urban middle class of traders, businessmen and government officials emerged that was suspicious of and distant from the victorious EPRDF.[citation needed] From 1991 to 2001, the president of Tigray was Gebru Asrat. In 1998,

war erupted between Eritrea and Ethiopia over a portion of territory that had been administered as part of Tigray, which included the town of Badme. A 2002 United Nations decision awarded much of this land to Eritrea, but Ethiopia did not accept the ruling until 2018, when a bilateral agreement ended the border conflict
. The text of this agreement has not been publicly availed.

21st century

From 2001 to 2010 the president was Tsegay Berhe.

2020 administrative reorganisation

Between 2018 and 2020, as part of a reform aimed to deepen and strengthen decentralisation, woredas were reorganised, and new boundaries established. As smaller towns had been growing, they had started providing a larger range of services, such as markets and even banks, that encouraged locals to travel there rather than to their formal woreda centre. However, these locals still had to travel to their local woreda centre for most local government services - often in a different direction. In 2018 and 2019, after multiple village discussions that were often vigorous in the more remote areas, 21 independent urban administrations were added and other boundaries re-drawn, resulting in an increase from 35 to 88 woredas in January 2020.[citation needed]

Tigray War

Main article: Tigray War

Following the 2020 Tigray regional election, on 4 November, the Ethiopian military launched attacks on the government headquarters in Mekelle, initiating the Tigray War after months of preparation with the Eritrean army. Ethiopian and Amhara forces advanced through southern Tigray, while Eritrean troops occupied northern border towns.[31] Amhara militias continued to control Western Tigray as of 2023.[32]

Warfare, the

Shire Inda Selassie, hosting 100,000 refugees. The Famine Early Warning Systems Network indicated that parts of central and eastern Tigray were likely in emergency phase 4, a step below famine.[33]

Geography

Location and size

Tigray is situated between 12° – 15°N and 36° 30' – 40° 30'E.

A 2006 national statistics report stated the land area as 50,079 km2 (19,336 sq mi).[1] The 2011 National Statistics gave an area of 41,410 km2 (15,990 sq mi), but the sum of the figures it gave for the Tigray zones was substantially different,[34] rendering the 2011 report internally inconsistent. The figure of 50,079 km2 is supported by the Google Maps area calculator.

Geology

Overview

The

Palaeozoic planation surface, that extents to the north and west of the Dogu'a Tembien massif.[38]

Subsequently, there was the deposition of

marine sediments (Antalo Limestone and Agula Shale).[39] The region has an estimated 3.89 billion tons of mostly "excellent" quality oil shale.[40]

The Antalo Limestone cliff at Mishlam in the southeastern part of Dogu'a Tembien

At the end of the

Caenozoic, there was a relative tectonic quiescence, during which the Amba Aradam Sandstones were partially eroded, which led to the formation of a new planation surface.[41]

In the

Dolerite intruded into the Mesozoic sediments, following joints and faults.[43]

A new magma intrusion occurred in the Early Miocene, which gave rise to phonolite plugs, mainly in the Adwa area and also in Dogu’a Tembien.[42] The present geomorphology is marked by deep valleys, eroded as a result of the regional uplift. Throughout the Quaternary, deposition of alluvium and freshwater tufa occurred in the valley bottoms.[44]

Fossils

In Tigray, there are two main fossil-bearing geological units. The

mollusc fossils.[45]

In the

coral colonies; crinoid stems.[46][45]

In the Tertiary

Pirenella conica; and land snails (Achatinidae indet.).[45][47]

All snail shells, both fossil and recent, are called t’uyo in

helicoidal
’.

Traditional uses of rock

As Tigray holds a wide variety of

rock types
, there is expectedly a varied use of rock.

Major mountains

Water challenge

Reservoirs
have been built, but their management is sub-optimal.

Wildlife

Large mammals

Besides

gelada baboon on the highest mountains, large mammals in the region, with scientific (italics), English and Tigrinya language names, are:[51]

Small rodents

The most common pest

Stenocephalemys albipes), and Awash multimammate mouse (Mastomys awashensis).[52]

Bats

Zeyi cave comprises Hipposideros megalotis (Ethiopian large-eared roundleaf bat), Hipposideros tephrus, and Rhinolophus blasii (Blasius's horseshoe bat).[53]

Birds

With its numerous

endemic
species. Species belonging to the
White-collared Pigeon in gorges and rocky places but also in towns and villages.[54]

Species belonging to the

Rüppell's Weaver are found in bushy and shrubby areas. Black-billed wood hoopoes have some red at the base of the bill or an entirely red bill in this area.[54]

Species belonging to the

Chestnut-crowned Sparrow-Weaver.[54]

Species that are neither endemic nor biome-restricted but that have restricted ranges or that can be more easily seen in Ethiopia than elsewhere in their range:

Northern Africa but also occur in Acacia woodlands in the area.[54]

The most regularly observed raptor birds in crop fields in Tigray are

Steppe Eagle (Aquila nipalensis), Lanner falcon (Falco biarmicus), Black kite (Milvus migrans), Yellow-billed kite (Milvus aegyptius) and Barn owl (Tyto alba).[56]

Degua Tembien[54] and mapped.[57]

Administrative zones and districts

Administrative zones of Tigray
Districts of Tigray

Like other Regions in Ethiopia, Tigray is subdivided into administrative zones, and further into

woredas
or districts. Up to January 2020, these were the woredas of Tigray:

In 2018 and 2019, after multiple village discussions that were often vigorous in the more remote areas, 21 independent urban administrations were added and other boundaries re-drawn, resulting in an increase from 35 to 94 woredas in January 2020:

Major cities

Mekelle, home to Mekelle University, Mekelle Institute of Technology, Tigray Institute of Policy Studies, Admas University, Microlink College, Nile College, and Mekelle College of Teacher Education is the capital of Tigray, near the geographic center of the state.

Other Tigray cities functioning as centers of Ethiopian metropolitan areas include:

Of the 10 largest cities in Tigray, Maychew has the highest elevation at 2479 meter above sea level. Plenty of smaller towns, like Atsbi and Edaga Hamus are located at even higher elevations. Of the large cities, Humera is located at the lowest altitude (585 m).

Government and politics

Executive branch

The executive branch is headed by the Chief Administrator of Tigray. The current president is Getachew Reda Kahsay, a TPLF member, elected in 2023. A Vice President of Tigray succeeds the president in the event of any removal from office, and performs any duties assigned by the president.[59] The other elected constitutional offices in the executive branch are the Regional Health Bureau (Ato Hagos Godefy),[60] Educational Bureau (Ato Gebre'egziabher),[61] Auditor General (Ato Alemseged Kebedew), and 12 other officials.[62]

Judicial branch

There are three levels of the Tigray state judiciary. The lowest level is the court of common pleas: each woreda maintains its own constitutionally mandated court of common pleas, which maintain jurisdiction over all justiciable matters.[63][self-published source] The intermediate-level court system is the district court system. Four courts of appeals exist, each retaining jurisdiction over appeals from common pleas, municipal, and county courts in an administrative zone. A case heard in this system is decided by a three-judge panel, and each judge is elected.

The highest-ranking court, the Tigray Supreme Court, is Tigray's "court of last resort".[64] A seven-justice panel composes the court, which, by its own discretion, hears appeals from the courts of appeals, and retains original jurisdiction over limited matters. The chief judge is called the President of Tigray Supreme Court (W/ro Hirity Miheretab).

Legislative branch

The State Council, which is the highest administrative body of the state, is made up of 152 members.[62]

National politics

Tigray is represented by 38 representatives in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia House of Peoples' Representatives. But currently after the illegitimate postponement of the national election of Ethiopia Tigray has pulled it representative from the House of House of Peoples' Representatives and has no representation in the Federal parliament [1].

Demographics

Santarfa
Church of Our Lady Mary of Zion in Axum

.

Based on the 2007 census conducted by the

Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia (CSA), the Tigray Region has a population of 4,316,988, of whom 2,126,465 are men and 2,190,523 women; urban inhabitants number 844,040 or 19.55% of the population. With an estimated area of 84,722 km2, the region had an estimated density of 51 people per km2. In the entire region 992,635 households were counted, for an average of 4.4 people per household, with urban households having on average 3.4 and rural households 4.6.[65]

In the previous census, conducted in 1994, the region's population was 3,136,267, of whom 1,542,165 were men and 1,594,102 women; urban inhabitants numbered 621,210, or 14% of the population.

According to the CSA, as of 2004[update], 53.99% of the total population had access to

infant mortality rate is 67 infant deaths per 1,000 live births, less than the national average of 77; at least half of these deaths occurred in the infants' first month of life.[67]

The predominant religion in Tigray is Orthodox Christianity[68]

Religion 1994 Census 2007 Census [68]
Orthodox Christians
 96.5% 96.6%
Muslim 3.1% 3.0%
Catholics
 0.4% 0.4%
Historical population
YearPop.±%
1994 3,136,267—    
2007 4,316,988+37.6%
source:[69]

Ethnicity

The king of Aksum refusing a request from pagan Meccans for Muslims Muhammad had sent there as refugees (1314 artwork).

With 96.55% of the local population, the region is predominantly inhabited by the

Afro-Asiatic-speaking communities, including the Amhara, Irob, Afar, Agaw and Oromo. Partly assimilated Oromo live in remoter villages in Raya Azebo and Alamata (woreda), whereas there are Agaw in Abergele (woreda). There are also Nilo-Saharan-speaking Kunama as well.[citation needed
]

Ethnic
group 		1994 Census 2007 Census [65]
Tigrayan
 94.98% 96.55%
Amhara 2.60% 1.63%
Irob 0.70% 0.71%
Afar – 0.29%
Agaw – 0.19%
Oromo – 0.17%
Kunama 0.05% 0.07%

Languages

The working language is Tigrinya. Saho and Kunama are also spoken, and people in urban areas are also able to speak Amharic.[70]

Notable people

Agriculture

Cropping

Heaped straw or kulsas

Terracing and dam construction

Gestet
forest

An important aspect of the agricultural work in Tigray after the end of the 1991 civil war was to minimize the problems of drought. In the past, Tigray was covered with forests and had a micro-climate that favoured the rains. Subsequently, the forests were cut down, usually to impoverish the population during the wars. Consequently, Tigray achieved a fair amount of rainfall during the rainy season, from August to September, but quickly lost these waters downstream. In the process the fertile soil of the fields eroded. After a few weeks of rain, the country again dried up.[citation needed]

Khunale

The government undertook two projects in Tigray. The first was the construction of terraces which, with the agreement and help of local communities, go up to the tops of the mountains at 2,500 metres. The goal was to prevent the rainfall flowing away immediately so that it could be conserved for the agricultural season. On the highest terraces were planted trees, mainly eucalyptus, the dominant tree in Ethiopia and native to Australia. These plants created a new microclimate.[71] The terracing method was very simple but required good organization. Long stretches of the fields were terraced by the villagers using stone walls from stones that erosion had exposed. The rains eroding the still non-terraced ground formed mudslides that were held by the topmost walls, which permitted construction of a new terrace field and another wall with uncovered stones, creating new ground terraced farmland every year.

Addi Amharay reservoir

Another endeavour involved the construction of small reservoirs for local irrigation. As rains last only for a couple of months per year, reservoirs of different sizes allow harvesting runoff from the rainy season for further use in the dry season. The dams needed to create these basins are typically an embankment of a few hundreds of meters, closing off one part of a valley, with a maximum height of 20 metres. Each took months of work, in which people carried earth on their back, and with assistance of donkeys. Generally 2,000–3,000 people — men, women and children — carried the earth in simple baskets.[citation needed]

The small reservoirs in Tigray include:

Overall, these reservoirs suffer from rapid

seepage; the positive side-effect is that this contributes to groundwater recharge.[74]

Vegetation and enclosures

Inda Selassie
in western Tigray

Tigray holds numerous

carbon offset programme.[83] The revenues are then reinvested in the villages, according to the priorities of the communities;[84] it may be for an additional class in the village school, a water pond, conservation in the exclosures, or a store for incense.[85]

Livestock

Raya oxen at ploughing near Mekelle

The CSA estimated in 2005 that farmers in Tigray had a total of 2,713,750 cattle (representing 7.0% of Ethiopia's total cattle), 72,640 sheep (0.42%), 208,970 goats (1.61%), 1,200 horses (less than 0.1%), 9,190 mules (6.24%), 386,600 asses (15.43%), 32,650 camels (7.15%), 3,180,240 poultry of all species (10.3%), and 20,480 beehives (0.47%).[86] Cattle are an essential component in the dominant grain-plough agricultural system. In the rainy season, a large part of the cattle herds are in transhumance.[87][88]

Mainly used for draught, there are several cattle landraces in Tigray:[89][90]

  • Arado cattle, the dominant variety
  • Southern Tigray
    and traded widely as plough oxen
  • Irob cattle, particularly in the Irob woreda[91]
  • Dogu’a Tembien
  • western Tigray
    . They are known for better milk production
  • In small towns: Cross-bred
    Holstein-Friesian
    milk cows

Landmarks

Debre Damo monastery.
Monk standing in front of the rock-hewn Abuna Yemata Guh's entrance, situated at a height of 2,580 metres (8,460 ft)[92] that has to be climbed on foot to reach.
Rock hewn Church interior at Abuna Yemata Guh

A distinctive feature of Tigray are its rock-hewn churches. Similar in design to those of

Debre Damo
monastery is accessible only by climbing a rope 25 metres up a sheer cliff.

Looting has become a major issue in the Tigray Region, as archaeological sites have become sources for construction materials and ancient artifacts used for everyday purposes by local populations.[93]

The area is famous for a single rock sculptured 23 meter long obelisk in Axum as well as for other fallen obelisks. The Axum treasure site of ancient Tigrayan history is a major landmark. Yeha is another important local landmark that is little-known outside the region.

Transport

Ground travel

A major north–south road corridor goes through Tigray. This is facilitated by Highway 2 which goes from Adigrat to Addis Ababa and Highway 3 which goes from Shire to Addis Ababa.

Air travel

Alula Aba Nega Airport near to Mekelle.

Tigray has one international airport and four commercial airports. The international airport is Alula Aba Nega Airport (MQX) near Mekelle. The region's four other commercial airports are Shire Airport (SHC), Humera Airport (HUE), Dansha Airport, and Emperor Yohannes IV Airport (AXU), which serves Axum.

Sports

Mekelle 70 Enderta F.C. (Tigrinya: ጋንታ መቐለ 70 እንደርታ) is an Ethiopian football club based in the capital, Mekelle. They are a member of the Ethiopian Football Federation and currently play in the top division of Ethiopian football, the Ethiopian Premier League. They are known by the nickname the Lion's Den (ምዓም ኣንበሳ /ምዓም አናብስት/ኣናብስቶቹ). The club won its first Ethiopian Premier League title in the 2018–2019 Ethiopian Premier League Season.

Shire
. They are a member of the Ethiopian Football Federation and play in the Ethiopian Premier League, the first division of football in Ethiopia.

Mekele City, Suhul Shire, and Adigrat University football clubs were Tigray-based clubs among the 14 clubs to participate in the Ethiopian Premier League in 2020/2021. However, due to the war, they were replaced by other clubs from the League one rank below the Ethiopian Premier League.[94]

Tigrayans are known for their good performance in road cycling. For many years cyclists from this region have been dominant in the Ethiopian national cycling championships. Tsgabu Grmay is one of the best Ethiopian cyclists and the first Ethiopian to participate in the Tour de France.

Education

At the regional level, the Tigray Education Bureau governs primary and secondary educational institutions. At the municipal level, there are approximately 300 school districts region-wide.

Colleges and universities

Libraries

Tigray is home to Ethiopia's most extensive church libraries that are found in the eastern and central zones of the region. There are several ongoing digitization projects to preserve previous historical texts.

  • Axum Heritage Foundation
  • Romanat Qeddus Mika'el Church
  • Gunda Gunde Monastery
  • Agwaza Monastery
  • Debre Damo Monastery

Non-governmental organisations

Major NGOs, involved in development activities are:

Notes

  1. romanized
    : Tigrāi kilil
  2. ^ Tigrinya: ብሔራዊ ክልላዊ መንግስቲ ትግራይ, romanized: Bəh̩erawi Kəllelawi Mängəśti Təgrai; formerly known as Region 1.

References

  1. ^ a b "National Statistics: Section-B Population" (PDF). Central Statistical Agency. 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 February 2007. Retrieved 22 November 2020.
  2. ^ SITUATION ANALYSIS OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN: Tigrau Region (PDF) (Report). 1 December 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 23 December 2021.
  3. ^ "Sub-national HDI – Area Database – Global Data Lab". hdi.globaldatalab.org. Archived from the original on 23 September 2018. Retrieved 10 September 2020.
  4. ^ Eritrea and Ethiopia (Map). 1:5,000,000. Central Intelligence Agency. 2009. Map #803395. Archived from the original on 22 October 2013. Retrieved 5 May 2011.
  5. ^ SITUATION ANALYSIS OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN: Tigrai Region (PDF) (Report). 1 December 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 23 December 2021.
  6. ^ Mellse, Merhawit (31 July 2021). "Tigray in History: A Pioneer of Religious Coexistence". Omna Tigray. Archived from the original on 11 December 2022. Retrieved 11 December 2022.
  7. ^ "Eritrean forces killed 100s of civilians in Tigray 'rampage': HRW". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 7 March 2021. Retrieved 25 May 2021.
  8. ^ "Tigray crisis: Ethiopia orders military response after army base seized". BBC News. 4 November 2020. Archived from the original on 19 November 2020. Retrieved 25 May 2021.
  9. ^ "Ethiopian leaders said they would 'wipe out' Tigrayans: EU envoy". www.aljazeera.com. Archived from the original on 30 June 2021. Retrieved 8 January 2023.
  10. ^ York, Geoffrey (21 October 2022). "Surge of dehumanizing hate speech points to mounting risk of mass atrocities in northern Ethiopia, experts say". The Globe and Mail. Archived from the original on 22 October 2022. Retrieved 8 January 2023.
  11. ISSN 0027-8378. Archived
    from the original on 8 January 2023. Retrieved 8 January 2023.
  12. ^ Ochab, Dr Ewelina U. "Heightened Risk Of Genocide Against Tigrayans In Ethiopia". Forbes. Archived from the original on 8 January 2023. Retrieved 8 January 2023.
  13. ^ National Geographic (3 December 2018). "In search of the real Queen of Sheba, Legends and rumors trail the elusive Queen of Sheba through the rock-hewn wonders and rugged hills of Ethiopia". National Geographic Society. Archived from the original on 4 August 2021. Retrieved 4 August 2021.
  14. ISBN 978-0-415-11585-8, archived
    from the original on 27 March 2023, retrieved 10 July 2017
  15. ^ a b c Munro-Hay, Stuart (1991). Aksum: An African Civilization of Late Antiquity (PDF). Edinburgh: University Press. p. 57. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 April 2013. Retrieved 1 February 2013.
  16. ^
    ISBN 9781841718941
  17. PMID 19403539
    .
  18. ^ Herausgegeben von Uhlig, Siegbert; Encyclopaedia Aethiopica, "Ge'ez", Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 2005, pp. 732
  19. S2CID 154117777. Archived
    from the original on 26 January 2022. Retrieved 26 January 2022 – via JSTOR.
  20. ^ Pankhurst, Richard K.P.; Addis Tribune, "Let's Look Across the Red Sea I", 17 January 2003 (archive.org mirror copy)
  21. ISBN 1-85065-522-7
  22. ISBN 978-0-19-973578-5
    .
  23. ^ Africa Geoscience Review. Rock View International. 1 January 2003. p. 366. Archived from the original on 27 March 2023. Retrieved 10 July 2017.
  24. ^ "Aksum". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on 28 August 2022. Retrieved 26 December 2019.
  25. ^ "Mountain Constantines: The Christianization of Aksum and Iberia1" (PDF). users.clas.ufl.edu. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 March 2018. Retrieved 10 July 2017.
  26. ^ "Composite: NO Afrika". www.davidrumsey.com. Archived from the original on 12 December 2022. Retrieved 12 December 2022.
  27. JSTOR 40174776. Archived
    from the original on 24 January 2022. Retrieved 26 January 2022 – via JSTOR.
  28. Richard Pankhurst
    , History of Ethiopian Towns (Wiesbaden; Franz Steiner Verlag, 1982), vol. 1 p. 201
  29. OL 5876132M
    .
  30. ISBN 9780521026062. Archived
    from the original on 27 March 2023. Retrieved 13 November 2020.
  31. ^ "Tigray crisis: Ethiopia orders military response after army base seized". BBC News. 4 November 2020. Archived from the original on 19 November 2020. Retrieved 5 November 2020.
  32. ^ "Inside Humera, a town scarred by Ethiopia's war". Reuters. 23 November 2020. Archived from the original on 9 March 2021. Retrieved 24 November 2020.
  33. ^ "'Extreme urgent need': Starvation haunts Ethiopia's Tigray". AP NEWS. 17 January 2021. Archived from the original on 17 January 2021. Retrieved 17 January 2021.
  34. ^ "2011 National Statistics" (PDF). Central Statistical Agency. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 10 December 2014.
  35. ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6. Archived
    from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 19 June 2019.
  36. doi:10.1007/978-94-017-8026-1_2
    .
  37. S2CID 53351630. Archived
    (PDF) from the original on 3 February 2021. Retrieved 25 November 2020.
  38. doi:10.1080/17445647.2017.1351907
    .
  39. ^ Bosellini, A.; Russo, A.; Fantozzi, P.; Assefa, G.; Tadesse, S. (1997). "The Mesozoic succession of the Mekelle Outlier (Tigrai Province, Ethiopia)". Mem. Sci. Geol. 49: 95–116.
  40. S2CID 104706561
    .
  41. doi:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2017.02.028
    .
  42. ^
    ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6. Archived
    from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 19 June 2019.
  43. ^ Tefera, M.; Chernet, T.; Haro, W. Geological Map of Ethiopia (1:2,000,000). Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Ethiopian Institute of Geological Survey.
  44. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.07.013. Archived
    from the original on 1 May 2019. Retrieved 25 November 2020.
  45. ^
    ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6. Archived
    from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 19 June 2019.
  46. doi:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2010.10.006
    .
  47. ^ Merla, G.; Minucci, E. (1938). Missione geologica nel Tigrai. Rome (Italy): R. Accad. Ital.
  48. ^ Nixon-Darcus, L.A. (2014). The cultural context of food grinding equipment in Northern Ethiopia: an ethnoarchaeological approach. PhD thesis (Thesis). Canada: Simon Frazer University. Archived from the original on 26 September 2020. Retrieved 25 November 2020.
  49. ^ Gebre Teklu (2012). Ethnoarchaeological study of grind stones at Lakia'a in Adwa, Tigray Regional State, Ethiopia. PhD diss (PDF). Addis Ababa University. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 February 2021. Retrieved 25 November 2020.
  50. ^ Hendrickx et al. 2015: "Glacial and periglacial geomorphology and its paleoclimatological significance in three North Ethiopian Mountains, including a detailed geomorphological map" Archived 1 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine. ScienceDirect.
  51. ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6. Archived
    from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 18 June 2019.
  52. S2CID 83510874
    .
  53. S2CID 210913903. Archived
    from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 25 November 2020.
  54. ^
    ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6. Archived
    from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 19 June 2019.
  55. S2CID 37489450
    .
  56. ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6. Archived
    from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 19 June 2019.
  57. ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6. Archived
    from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 19 June 2019.
  58. ^ "Tigray (Ethiopia): State, Major Cities, Villages & Places". City Population. 19 February 2011. Archived from the original on 5 November 2021. Retrieved 8 July 2015.
  59. ISBN 978-1483371559
    .
  60. ^ "Minster of Health Visits MU's Ayder Referral Hospital". Mekelle University News. 11 October 2013. Retrieved 8 July 2017.[permanent dead link]
  61. ^ "MU donates 100 computers to Tigray Education Bureau". Mekelle University News. 17 December 2013. Archived from the original on 16 May 2019. Retrieved 8 July 2017.
  62. ^ a b "Tigray Regional State". Ethiopian Government portal. 2016. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 8 July 2017.
  63. ISBN 978-1450003391.[self-published source
    ]
  64. ^ "MOU Signing ceremony With Federal and Regional Supreme Courts of Ethiopia to Facilitate Support for Clearance of Backlog Files". Justice For All-PF Ethiopia. 14 August 2015. Archived from the original on 5 November 2017. Retrieved 8 July 2017.
  65. ^ a b "Population and Housing Census 2007" (PDF). Central Statistics Agency. p. 74. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 February 2021. Retrieved 7 September 2019.
  66. ^ "Households by sources of drinking water, safe water sources" Archived 2008-11-18 at the Wayback Machine CSA Selected Basic Welfare Indicators (accessed 21 January 2009)
  67. ^ Macro International Inc. "2008. Ethiopia Atlas of Key Demographic and Health Indicators, 2005" (Calverton: Macro International, 2008) Archived 17 May 2017 at the Wayback Machine, pp. 2, 3, 10 (accessed 28 January 2009)
  68. ^ a b "Census 2007" Archived 4 June 2012 at the Wayback Machine, first draft, Tables 1, 4, 5, 6
  69. ^ "Tigray Region population statistics". Archived from the original on 24 September 2018. Retrieved 2 July 2019.
  70. ^ "FDRE States: Basic Information – Tigray". Population. Archived from the original on 26 September 2007. Retrieved 22 March 2006.
  71. ^ "Africa Agriculture Status Report 2014 - Climate Change and Smallholder Agriculture in Sub-saharan Africa" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 August 2016. Retrieved 17 April 2017.
  72. S2CID 199112876
    .
  73. S2CID 129834993
    .
  74. doi:10.1016/j.catena.2008.04.011
    .
  75. doi:10.1016/j.jaridenv.2009.01.006
    .
  76. ^ Mastewal Yami, and colleagues (2007). "Impact of Area Enclosures on Density and Diversity of Large Wild Mammals: The Case of May Ba'ati, Douga Tembien Woreda, Central Tigray, Ethiopia". East African Journal of Sciences. 1: 1–14.
  77. S2CID 37489450
    .
  78. doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2005.04.027
    .
  79. doi:10.2136/sssaj2010.0176
    .
  80. ^ Bedru Babulo, and colleagues (2006). "Economic valuation methods of forest rehabilitation in exclosures". Journal of the Drylands. 1: 165–170.
  81. ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6. Archived
    from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 19 June 2019.
  82. ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6. Archived
    from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 19 June 2019.
  83. ^ "EthioTrees on Plan Vivo website". Archived from the original on 27 September 2020. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
  84. ^ "EthioTrees on Davines website". Archived from the original on 1 February 2020. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
  85. S2CID 199113310
    .
  86. ^ "CSA 2005 National Statistics" Archived 2008-11-18 at the Wayback Machine, Tables D.4 – D.7
  87. hdl:1854/LU-854326
    .
  88. S2CID 159177828
    .
  89. doi:10.1017/S1014233900002169
    .
  90. S2CID 199323600
    .
  91. doi:10.1017/S101423390000184X
    .
  92. ISBN 9780241181850
    .
  93. ^ Jacke Phillips, Tekle Hagos et alia, "Combating the destruction of Ethiopia's archaeological heritage", Antiquity Archived 28 July 2010 at the Wayback Machine 78 (December 2004)
  94. ^ Tolesa, Dawit (26 June 2021). "Six clubs to compete in Hawassa to replace Tigray clubs". The Reporter (Ethiopia). Archived from the original on 4 August 2021. Retrieved 4 August 2021.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tigray Region.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tigray_Region&oldid=1220579412"