Tijuana
Tijuana | |
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Panoramic view of Tijuana | |
Website | www.tijuana.gob.mx |
Tijuana[a] is the largest city in the state of Baja California located on the northwestern Pacific Coast of Mexico. Tijuana is the municipal seat of the Tijuana Municipality and the hub of the Tijuana metropolitan area. It has a close proximity to the Mexico–United States border, which is part of the San Diego-Tijuana metro area.
Tijuana is the
Tijuana traces its modern history to the arrival of
Despite its popularity as a tourist destination, Tijuana is a hotbed of crime, especially violent crime, due to the extensive presence of organized crime and Mexican cartels. It regularly ranks among the most violent cities by homicide rate. According to Statista in August 2023, Tijuana presently has the second highest homicide rate in the world.[16] The U.S. State Department maintains a travel advisory warning as of September 2023 relating to the city's "non-tourist areas."[17] Incidents involving the murder or kidnapping of foreigners since the 2000s have also sparked travel fears and affected Tijuana's status among international tourists.[18][19]
Name
The city's name comes from the rancho that Santiago Argüello Moraga established in 1829 on his Mexican land grant, naming it Rancho Tía Juana.[20]
The first Spanish mission referred to the settlement variously as Rancho Tía Juana, Tihuan and finally, Tijuana.[21] While the city was founded as “Tijuana” in 1889, "Tia Juana" remained the English language name for the river, as well as a U.S. settlement that is now part of San Ysidro, until approximately 1916.[22]
The commonly accepted theory among historians is that Tía Juana, as Argüello named his rancho, is derived from the word Tiwan ("by the sea") in the language of the Kumeyaay—the First Nations people of the San Diego-Tijuana region. Urban legend, on the other hand, states that Tía Juana, which means "Aunt Jane" in Spanish, was a real person whose inn provided food and lodging to travelers. There is, however, no record of such an inn; in fact, the first building in the area was built by Argüello in any case, after naming his ranch Rancho Tía Juana.[23]
In California, Tijuana is often referred to as T.J.[24]
History
The land was originally inhabited by the
19th century
Further settlement took place near the end of the mission era when José María de Echeandía, governor of the Baja California and Alta California, awarded a large land grant to Santiago Argüello in 1829. This large cattle ranch, Rancho Tía Juana, covered 100 km2 (40 sq mi). Although "Tia Juana" means "Aunt Jane" in Spanish, the name was actually an adaptation of the word 'Tihuan' or 'Tijuán' in the Kumeyaay language, the name of a nearby Kumeyaay settlement and whose meaning is disputed.[25]
In 1848, as a result of the Mexican–American War with the United States, Mexico lost Alta California. While the majority of the 1,000 Hispanic families living in Alta California stayed on the American side, some moved south to Tijuana to remain inside Mexico, which was now in Baja California as the division between the Californias moved north in between San Diego and Tijuana. Because of this Tijuana gained a different purpose on the international border. The area had been populated by ranchers, but Tijuana developed a new social economic structure which were farming and livestock grazing, plus as a transit area for prospectors.[26]
Urban settlement began in 1889, when descendants of Santiago Argüello and
20th century
In 1911, during the Mexican Revolution, revolutionaries claiming loyalty to Ricardo Flores Magón took over the city for shortly over a month. Federal troops then arrived. Assisted by the "defensores de Tijuana", they routed the revolutionaries, who fled north and were promptly arrested by the United States Army.
The
The first professional race track opened in January 1916, just south of the border gate. It was almost immediately destroyed by the great "
Legal drinking and gambling attracted U.S nationals in the 1920s during Prohibition. The Avenida Revolución area became the city's tourist center, with casinos and the Hotel Caesar's, birthplace of the Caesar salad.
In 1925, the city by presidential decree changed its name to ciudad Zaragoza, but its name reverted to Tijuana in 1929.
In 1928, the
In 1935, President Cárdenas decreed an end to gambling and casinos in Baja California, and the Agua Caliente complex faltered, then closed. In 1939, it was reopened as a junior high school (now, Preparatoria Lázaro Cárdenas). The buildings themselves were torn down in the 1970s and replaced by modern scholastic architecture.
With increased tourism and a large number of Mexican citizens relocating to Tijuana, the city's population grew from 21,971 to 65,364 between 1940 and 1950. With the decline of nightlife and tourism in the 1950s, the city restructured its tourist industry, by promoting a more family-oriented scene. Tijuana developed a greater variety of attractions and activities to offer its visitors.
In 1965, the Mexican federal government launched the Border Industrialization Program to attract foreign investment. Tijuana and other border cities became attractive for foreign companies to open
In 1972, work began on the first
In 1994,
21st century
After
Around 2008, thousands of Tijuana's elite bought houses in and moved to
In recent years, Tijuana has become an important city of commerce and migration for Mexico and US. In spite of the violence and border crossing issues, the city has received a large number of tourists from US, China, Japan and the south of Mexico. Thanks to the realization of cultural and business festivals, the city has improved its image before the world, standing out as a competitive city for investment. Currently, the commercial and business sector is committed to the boom in the gastronomic industry, craft beer, entertainment, and real estate, as well as medical tourism, to attract visitors and investors.[citation needed]
Geography
Tijuana is one of the westernmost cities in Mexico, and consequently in
Housing development in the Tijuana Hills has led to eradication of many seasonal mountain streams. This lack of natural drainage makes places within the city vulnerable to landslides during the rainy season. The varied terrain of Tijuana gives the city elevation extremes that range from sea level to 790 meters (2,590 ft). As downtown Tijuana was built at the bottom of the river valley, the district is subject to seasonal flooding created by drain-off from the Tijuana Hills. During this time, east-bound portions of the Via Rapida (east–west highway) may be blocked off by the Tijuana Police due to hazardous conditions.
Tijuana is noted for its rough terrain, which includes many canyons, steep hills, and mesas. Large hills in Tijuana include the Cerro Colorado and the Cerro de las Abejas.
The city is located near the terminus of the Tijuana River and within the Tijuana River Basin. The Tijuana River is an intermittent river, 195 km (121 mi) long, on the Pacific coast of northern Baja California in Mexico and Southern California in the United States. It drains an arid area along the California–Baja California border, flowing through Mexico for most of its course and then crossing the border for the last 8 km (5 mi) of its course where it forms an estuary that empties into the ocean.
Cityscape
The city's skyscraper history is relatively recent.
The Tijuana skyline is the fifth largest skyline in Mexico and is located in the Zona Rio and to a smaller extent, Playas de Tijuana. In the Zona Rio the buildings are concentrated on the Tijuana River, lined parallel to the river; and on the edges of the Tijuana Country Club. In Playas the high rises are currently focused on the coast. Recent construction on high rises has begun in the aforementioned areas, as buildings such as New City Residential and Grand Hotel Tijuana have been developed and taken prominent places in the skyline as the tallest buildings. From Tijuana's skyline the
Boroughs
The municipality of Tijuana is divided into eight administrative boroughs, or Delegaciones. The Tijuana metropolitan area occupies all of borough seats. The boroughs are in turn divided into
- Zona Rio.
- Cerro Colorado– The Cerro Colorado ("Red Hill") is located here and it is surrounded by houses. Because of its height many of the area's antennas for radio and television stations are located on its peak.
- La Mesa – This is where the Morelos Park, the largest public park in the city, is located, as well as the retail and transit hub Cinco y Diez, Plaza Mundo Divertido, the new Macroplaza and the CETYSUniversity.
- Friendship Park(Parque de la amistad).
- Playas de Tijuana[37] – This is the westernmost borough of the city bordered by the Pacific Ocean on the west and the United States border on the north. This is where the beaches of Tijuana are located (hence the name) and it is also one of the two exits to the south towards Rosarito and Ensenada.
- La Presa – literally "'the dam'", this is the largest borough in size and the Abelardo L. Rodríguez Dam is located within its limits, hence its name. The new Corredor Tijuana-Rosarito 2000 and the Tijuana-Tecatefreeways run through it.
- San Antonio de los Buenos– This is mostly a residential area although it also has two industrial parks.
- Sanchez Taboada– Like the previous borough this is mostly a residential area, but within its borders are located many "maquiladoras" specially at Pacific Industrial Park.
Climate
Tijuana's climate is a semi-arid (Köppen climate classification BSh),[38] with about 231 mm (9.09 in) of annual precipitation, and generally mild to warm weather year-round. It has characteristics of the Mediterranean climate (Csa) found to the immediate north, east, and south east, with most of the annual precipitation falling in the winter, between the months of November and March.[39]
Between November and March, storms originate from fronts entering off of the
As in coastal Southern California, air pollution sometimes occurs during periods of temperature inversion, especially during summer and fall, but (unlike Mexico City) is seldom severe and in recent years has lessened due to cleaner car engines.[41]
Frost and snow are rare phenomena in the city as temperatures are usually well above freezing. Yet, in December 1967, snow fell in the city and in January 2007 feather light snow fell in the east of the city. However, excessive amounts of snow fall have never been recorded in the city. On 14 February 2008, a winter storm caused an unusual snowfall in the upper reaches of the hills of the city.
The record low temperature recorded in the city was −6 °C (21 °F), while the highest was 49 °C (120 °F).[42]
Climate data for Tijuana (Tijuana International Airport) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 34.5 (94.1) |
39.0 (102.2) |
34.0 (93.2) |
36.0 (96.8) |
38.5 (101.3) |
41.8 (107.2) |
39.0 (102.2) |
41.0 (105.8) |
49.0 (120.2) |
47.0 (116.6) |
42.0 (107.6) |
37.0 (98.6) |
49.0 (120.2) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 20.3 (68.5) |
20.8 (69.4) |
20.8 (69.4) |
22.1 (71.8) |
23.5 (74.3) |
25.2 (77.4) |
27.8 (82.0) |
28.1 (82.6) |
27.8 (82.0) |
26.0 (78.8) |
23.5 (74.3) |
21.1 (70.0) |
23.9 (75.0) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 13.6 (56.5) |
14.3 (57.7) |
14.8 (58.6) |
16.1 (61.0) |
18.0 (64.4) |
19.8 (67.6) |
22.2 (72.0) |
22.8 (73.0) |
22.0 (71.6) |
19.5 (67.1) |
16.6 (61.9) |
14.0 (57.2) |
17.8 (64.0) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 6.9 (44.4) |
7.8 (46.0) |
8.8 (47.8) |
10.2 (50.4) |
12.4 (54.3) |
14.3 (57.7) |
16.5 (61.7) |
17.5 (63.5) |
16.1 (61.0) |
13.0 (55.4) |
9.8 (49.6) |
6.9 (44.4) |
11.7 (53.1) |
Record low °C (°F) | −3.0 (26.6) |
0.0 (32.0) |
0.5 (32.9) |
1.0 (33.8) |
5.5 (41.9) |
5.0 (41.0) |
7.5 (45.5) |
10.5 (50.9) |
0.0 (32.0) |
5.0 (41.0) |
1.0 (33.8) |
−5.0 (23.0) |
−5.0 (23.0) |
Average rainfall mm (inches) | 43.8 (1.72) |
36.5 (1.44) |
42.7 (1.68) |
17.6 (0.69) |
4.4 (0.17) |
0.7 (0.03) |
0.7 (0.03) |
0.9 (0.04) |
5.0 (0.20) |
7.8 (0.31) |
33.8 (1.33) |
37.0 (1.46) |
230.9 (9.09) |
Average rainy days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 5.9 | 4.7 | 5.9 | 3.1 | 1.4 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.7 | 1.7 | 3.9 | 4.3 | 32.7 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
70 | 74 | 73 | 75 | 77 | 79 | 80 | 80 | 79 | 76 | 69 | 69 | 75 |
Source: Servicio Meteorologico Nacional[43] |
Demographics
This section needs additional citations for verification. (April 2018) |
Year | Pop. | ±% |
---|---|---|
1980 | 461,267 | — |
1985 | 584,267 | +26.7% |
1990 | 698,752 | +19.6% |
1995 | 966,097 | +38.3% |
2000 | 1,210,820 | +25.3% |
2005 | 1,410,687 | +16.5% |
2010 | 1,559,683 | +10.6% |
2015 | 1,641,570 | +5.3% |
2020 | 1,922,523 | +17.1% |
sources:[44][45] |
Tijuana has a diverse cosmopolitan population which includes migrants from other parts of Mexico and from all over the world. Tijuana has one of Mexico's largest Asian populations, predominantly consisting of Chinese immigrants. Tijuana also has a large and rapidly growing population of Americans, mostly from Southern California. Many Latin Americans, notably Cubans, and Guatemalans, have made Tijuana their home. The city also has many Lebanese, Italian, French, Spanish citizens. Recently, the city has received a large influx of Haitian immigrants.[46]
The majority of Tijuana's migrant Mexican population hail from
Tijuana today is one of the fastest-growing cities in Mexico, with an average of 80,000 people moving to Tijuana yearly.[
National Population Council (CONAPO) data has estimated that by 2030, growth rates maintaining, the city will become the second largest in Mexico and anchor to the fourth largest metropolitan area in Mexico. The suburban sprawl observed in Tijuana leaves the downtown and beach areas relatively affluent.
While the
As of 2005[update] the large majority of the city's population, 96%, adhere to the beliefs of
Crime
Tijuana is the birthplace and base of the
During peak years of violent crime in the city, gun battles between rival cartels, and between cartels and the police, erupted in public. In April 2008, police found 1,500 shell casings on various streets after one battle left 13 suspected drug traffickers dead.[51] In 2009 and depending on the source, Tijuana Municipality experienced either 556 or 1,118 murders, mostly as a result of the drug war.[52][53]
There were 492 murders in 2013, a 48% increase in the homicide rate between 2012 and 2013. This was the highest number of murders since 2010.[54] By the end of 2017, the number of murders in Tijuana increased to 1,744, which was almost double those in 2016.[55]
In 2018, OECD data recorded 2,253 homicides in Tijuana, equivalent to 129.8 per 100,000 inhabitants.[56]
In May 2022, Statista data reported Tijuana as having the highest homicide rate in the world at 138 per 100,000 inhabitants.[16]
Government
At present, the parties with the greatest presence in Tijuana are the National Action Party (PAN), Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI), and Ecologist Green Party of Mexico (PVEM). The PAN has been the dominant party in the city for 20 years. Historically the PRI had been the dominant party in regional politics, until 1989 when the PAN began to dominate the city, until yet again, in 2004, PRI began regaining prominence and won the Mayor's Office.
Less prominent parties also maintain relations with the dominant parties. These other parties, with less presence include the New Alliance Party (PANAL), Social Encounter Party (PES), and Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD). Allied with the PAN at the state and local level under the Alliance for Baja California are the Social Encounter Party (PES) and New Alliance Party (PANAL). Allied with the PRI at the state and local level under the "Alliance for Better Living" are the Ecologist Green Party of Mexico (PVEM) and Baja California State Party (PEBC).
Tijuana's importance and rise to a global city has led to its recognition among countries worldwide. In addition to international cultural recognition, Tijuana has received political recognition and is a developing a political center currently host to eight consulates from European, Asian and North American countries.[57]
Economy
Tijuana is the economic center of Baja California and an important center for international trade in The Californias. The city is one of North America's most prominent manufacturing centers, as well as a major tourist destination.
Tijuana, along with the nearby
Tijuana receives 2.5 million
Tourism
Tijuana also relies on tourism for a major part of its revenue. About 300,000 visitors cross by foot or car from the
Tijuana is also known for its red-light district Zona Norte (also referred to as La Coahuila after one of its main streets) with legal prostitution in strip clubs and on the street.[60] The strip clubs are typically full-contact, meaning the dancers let patrons fondle them.[61] Many dancers also sell their sexual services.[62] In a 1999 estimation, there were 15,000 women engaged in prostitution in Tijuana outside of clubs and brothels.[63]
Tijuana has many pharmacies that target visitors from the United States, which sell some medicines without prescriptions and/or at much lower costs than in the U.S. Many medications still require a Mexican prescription, which can be obtained from adjacent doctors' offices. People filling up prescriptions for drugs classified in the US as
Businesses such as auto detailing, medical and dental services and plastic surgery are heavily marketed, and are usually much less expensive than in the U.S.
Tijuana is headquarters for Mexico's largest gambling concern,
Tourists are sometimes robbed by municipal police.[65]
Manufacturing
Tijuana is a large manufacturing center, and in addition to tourism, it serves as a cornerstone of the city economy. In the past decade alone, Tijuana became the medical device manufacture capital of the North American continent, surpassing previous leader Minneapolis–Saint Paul.[66] Recently Scantibodies[67] announced a new plant of 130,000 m2 devoted to manufacturing of medical devices [68] The new plant is a build to suit by FINSA[69]
The city's proximity to
. Many of the maquiladoras are located in the Otay Mesa and Florido sections of Tijuana. Economic development has its central business district at Zona Río, which together, with the corridor along Blvd. Agua Caliente (the extension of Avenida Revolución), contains the majority of the higher-end office space in the city.[citation needed]Education
This section needs additional citations for verification. (April 2022) |
Tijuana is home to many private Primary Schools, Secondary Schools and High Schools as well as nationally high-ranked colleges and universities.
The Instituto México is a notable secondary school.
- Higher education
Universities in Tijuana include:
- Autonomous University of Baja California, Tijuana
- Ibero-American University
- Xochicalco University
- Cetys Universidad, Tijuana
- Tijuana Institute of Technology
- UNIVERSITAM Technology University
Culture
This section needs additional citations for verification. (May 2021) |
Many foreigners travel to Tijuana to drink and dance, buy
Parque Morelos has a small zoo and park space; Parque de la Amistad in Otay Centenario has a small pond, and a running and dirt-bike track. Parque Teniente Guerrero is a downtown park with a public library and weekend entertainment by clowns.
Entertainment
As Tijuana matured from a tourist-oriented border town into one of Mexico's largest cities, the 1982 opening of the Tijuana Cultural Center (CECUT) marked a milestone. CECUT's mission was to strengthening Tijuana's image, both to US visitors and to Mexicans, as a destination for culture and not only shopping and vice. The center includes an OMNIMAX cinema showing IMAX films, the Museum of the Californias, contemporary art exhibition halls, a restaurant, café, bookstore, and other cultural facilities.
La Casa de la Cultura cultural center comprises a school, a theater, and a public library, and teaches dance, painting, music, plastic arts, photography and languages.
Other cultural venues include the Instituto Municipal de Arte y Cultura (Municipal Institute of Art and Culture), the Tijuana Wax Museum, the Museo El Trompo (
The
- Nightlife
Avenida Revolución has been known for its proliferation of nightclub shows, primarily catering to tourists.
Tijuana's nightlife scene is one of the city's strongest attractions. The area surrounding "La Sexta", the intersection at Calle Sexta and Av. Revolución, is now a major hub of new bars and dance clubs. Zona Rio, Tijuana's new Downtown, is home to some of the city's finest restaurants and bars. Another capstone of Tijuana's entertainment offerings is its adult nightlife industry, which includes the city's red light district as well as less conspicuous adult entertainment venues.
Art
Tijuana also has a very active and independent artist community whose internationally recognized work has earned Tijuana the title of "one of the most important new cultural meccas", according to Newsweek,[73] an exhibition of Tijuana's current art scene, is being curated by the Museum of Contemporary Art San Diego and is traveling across the US in 2006 and 2007.[74] Art collectives like Bulbo and film production like Palenque Filmaciones explore the use of film like the award-winning Tijuana Makes Me Happy, media like television bulbo TV and print "bulbo PRESS", to show different realities of Tijuana out of Mexico. In 2004, Tijuana earned international acclaim for an art exhibition displayed on the cement banks of the Tijuana River and along the Mexico/U.S. border fence in Otay Mesa.
Graffiti is widespread in Tijuana. They can range from free-hand writing in spray can and marker form, often carrying social or sexual commentary in English or Spanish, pictures in wheatpaste and stencils, consisting of stenciled renderings of personalities crucial to Hispanic culture from past and present eras, such as television news announcers or stars, but also extending to images of artists like Salvador Dalí. Graffiti in Tijuana may seem at first to consist largely of simplistic tags and thus not as technically evolved, colorful, or accepted in the mainstream as the "pieces" of graffiti scenes of the United States, Europe, or Japan, but large, colorful graffiti murals adorn walls from both native Tijuanan artists as well as visiting graffiti writers, especially from California. The Tijuanan art pieces show as much prowess and skill as those made by their more renowned U.S. counterparts, although illicit graffiti are strongly discouraged by the Tijuana government, as in other major metropolitan areas.
Music
Since the decade of the 1920s, Tijuana has excelled in the musical field, thanks to the first groups of ranchera music that began to set the tourist establishments in the area with the visit of foreigners, including the former Casino Agua Caliente.
During the 60s, the American trumpeter Herb Alpert, in a visit to the bullfights made in the old Bullfight, found musical inspiration so after the recording of his single "The Lonely Bull", which was a radio hit in 1962. With the success, he decided to make a casting and formed "The Tijuana Brass", with whom he toured and had a presentation on television. It was a musical collaboration with artists from Los Angeles, with style called "Tijuana Marimba´s Brass". The band was dissolved in 1969 but they continued with some presentations under the name of T.J.B. 55
Despite the downturn in rock artists for some years, in the 90s
Among other things, Tijuana has been the inspiration for the birthplace of Nortec music style and Ruidoson, resulting in a very large and active electronic music scene where groups and artists like Los Macuanos, Maria y Jose, Siberium, Hidhawk and Harpocrates emerged. Tijuana also enjoys a large base of support in many other musical scenes such as mexican hip hop, reggae, hardcore, punk, black metal and house music. Famous musicians are from Tijuana including the pop-rock singer-songwriter Lynda Thomas and Vanessa Zamora and international indie punk bands like Delux and Los Kung-Fu Monkeys.
To promote the cultural development in children and youth of Tijuana, since 1996 the Tijuana Youth Symphony (SJT) has been promoted, which promotes education and musical training through instrument practices, music reading and public concerts. In addition, Tijuana has an opera season. There are also several musical festivals throughout the year, among which the Latin American Guitar Festival, Mainly Mozart Binacional, and the International Exhibition of contemporary dance "Bodies in Transit" stand out.
Tijuana is home to the Baja California Orchestra, one of the most prestigious and solid artistic institutions in northwestern Mexico, which was nominated for the Latin Grammy in the category of best classical album by the Latin Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences Inc., with the album Tango kills Danzón kills Tango. This phonogram was distinguished as 'Best Classical Album of the year 2001' by the Mexican Union of Theater and Music Chroniclers. Currently, it maintains an annual season, offering symphonic and chamber music concerts in the most important forums of Tijuana and Baja California.
Sports
Club | Sport | Founded | League | Venue |
---|---|---|---|---|
Club Tijuana | Association football | 2007 | Liga MX | Estadio Caliente |
Toros de Tijuana | Baseball | 2013 | Mexican League | Estadio Chevron |
Tijuana Zonkeys | Basketball | 2010 | Circuito de Baloncesto de La Costa Del Pacifico
|
Auditorio Fausto Gutierrez Moreno |
Galgos de Tijuana | American Football
|
2021 | Liga de Fútbol Americano Profesional | Estadio Caliente |
The city is home to the
The city has a strong tradition of
Tijuana also has a long history of producing many world champion professional boxers, such as Antonio Margarito and Erik Morales.
Stadiums
- Estadio Caliente
- Estadio Chevron
The Chevron Stadium is the home of the Toros de Tijuana. It opened in 1977 and housed the Colts missing Tijuana Mexican Pacific League. Subsequently, the stadium was used for football matches. For 2004, professional baseball returned, now with a franchise LMB under the name of Toros de Tijuana, which, the following year, changed its name to Colts as it had been known previously.
At first the facility was called Cerro Colorado Stadium, due to its location at the foot of the hill of that name. With the return of baseball, chain supermarkets Calimax bought the naming rights to the stadium. In 2004, the first season of Toros, the fans filled the stadium for most matches. On 4 April 2013, the stadium was remodeled, marking the beginning of a new era for Toros de Tijuana.[citation needed]
Transportation
Tijuana is a major gateway to the interior of Mexico to which it is connected by air and road directly, and by sea via the ports of Ensenada and San Diego. Within Tijuana there are freeways and other roads, and buses, but no passenger rail.
Local public transportation in Tijuana is run by semiprivate companies, and has one of the most complex, or perhaps unorganized networks.
Air
The Tijuana International Airport (General Abelardo L. Rodríguez IA) is the city's main airport, one of the busiest in Mexico, and serves several airlines with destinations all across Mexico. International service to China was discontinued in 2020 due to the Covid pandemic, leaving the airport without international service. Tijuana Airport is also a second main airport for the San Diego area for passengers heading south into Mexico and Latin America, who may use the airport's Cross Border Xpress terminal located on the U.S. side of the border in Otay Mesa and connected to the rest of the airport on the Mexican side by a pedestrian toll bridge. U.S., European, Asian and Canadian destinations can be reached via the San Diego International Airport, located about 35 kilometers (22 mi) north of the international border.
Highways
Two important Mexican federal highway corridors start in Tijuana. One of them is
Within the metropolitan area the
Just north of the San Ysidro border crossing,
Transit
The city's main
A bus rapid transit system, named SITT, operates one route from Downtown Tijuana and Garita Puerto Mexico near the San Ysidro Port of Entry, southeasterly along the Tijuana River to Terminal Insurgentes in the southeast of the city. It is part of a planned system of main and feeder lines to replace other buses and minibuses.[75]
In 2006, Tijuana underwent a major overhaul of its existing system of guayines, or shared fixed-route station wagons, forcing the replacement of the guayines with new models of vans, serving as fixed-route taxis. Major transit hubs include Centro (Downtown Tijuana), Otay, Soler, and the Cinco y Diez avenues. Taxi lines operating in the city include Free Taxis, those that do not maintain a specific route; Economic Taxis; Diamond Taxis – black or yellow cabs; and regular taxis maintaining a set route. There are as many bus lines and routes as fixed-route taxi ones or calafias, and new routes for buses, taxis or calafias are frequently created, due to high demand of public transportation. Public transportation service is inexpensive, with bus tickets at maximum, US$0.75. Fixed-route taxis are somewhat more expensive, depending on the taxi route, reaching US$2.00. Bus, taxi and calafia lines and routes are distinguished from one another by their vehicles colors. However, there is no public record for these routes, set timetables, or fixed bus stops, making Tijuana's public transportation services very unreliable especially for lesser served areas. Locals generally transmit this type of information (routes) by word of mouth.
In March 2021, the Secretariat of Infrastructure, Communications and Transportation (Mexico) approved a state contract for the design, construction, and operation of the first phase of a Tijuana-Tecate interurban rail line. The 27 km (17 mi) segment will connect the San Ysidro-Tijuana land port of entry to Ejido Maclovio Rojas municipality in Tijuana's east and will include seven intermediate stations – Kino, Américas Oriente/Xolos, La 5 y 10, Swap Meet Siglo XX1, García, Terán Terán and El 2000.[76]
International relations
Tijuana has multiple sister cities and twin towns. These relations have been formalized by a variety of organizations as well as municipal governments. Currently
City | Nation | Since |
---|---|---|
Busan | South Korea | 1995 |
San Diego[77] | United States | |
La Paz | Mexico | 2018 |
León | Mexico | |
Mazatlán | Mexico | |
Panjin | People's Republic of China
|
|
Havana | Cuba | |
Cincinnati
|
United States | |
Zaragoza | Spain | |
Medellín
|
Colombia | |
Laredo | United States | |
Słubice | Poland | 1998 |
Wuhan[78] | China | 2013 |
Notable people
Notes
- ^ Pronunciation: /tiːˈhwɑːnə/ tee-HWAH-nə,[5][6] also US: /ˌtiːəˈwɑːnə/ TEE-ə-WAH-nə[6][7] – based on the obsolete Spanish form Tía Juana[8] –, UK: /tɪˈhwɑːnə/ ti-HWAH-nə,[5][6] Spanish: [tiˈxwana] ⓘ.
References
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- ^ a b "Demographia World Urban Areas 16th Annual Edition" (PDF). Demographia. June 2020.
- ^ "The Tijuanense Identity". Archived from the original on 4 February 2018. Retrieved 4 February 2018.
- ^ "TelluBase—Mexico Fact Sheet (Tellusant Public Service Series)" (PDF). Tellusant. Retrieved 11 January 2024.
- ^ a b "Tijuana" (US) and "Tijuana". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 9 August 2020.
- ^ a b c "Tijuana". Collins English Dictionary. HarperCollins. Retrieved 29 May 2019.
- ^ "Tijuana". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Retrieved 29 May 2019.
- ^ Jenkins, Logan (4 August 2016). "Watch your mouth in San Diego". The San Diego Union-Tribune. Archived from the original on 31 March 2019. Retrieved 29 May 2019.
- ^ "Número de habitantes. Baja California". Cuentame.inegi.org.mx. Archived from the original on 23 January 2018. Retrieved 27 January 2018.
- ^ "World Gazetteer – San Diego-Tijuana". Archived from the original on 1 October 2007.
- ^ "World Gazetteer – Metropolitan Areas of America". Archived from the original on 30 September 2007.
- ^ .
- ^ "The World According to GaWC 2020". GaWC – Research Network. Globalization and World Cities. Retrieved 31 August 2020.
- ^ "Tijuana, Mexico Population (2020) – Population Stat". populationstat.com. Retrieved 29 December 2020.
- ^ Piore, Adam (2 September 2002). "How to Build a Creative City". Newsweek International.
- ^ a b "World's most dangerous cities, by murder rate 2022". Statista. May 2022. Retrieved 1 September 2022.
- ^ "Mexico Travel Advisory". travel.state.gov. Retrieved 5 September 2023.
- ^ "65% of Southern Californians afraid to visit Tijuana, tourism officials say". KTLA. 12 October 2022. Retrieved 5 September 2023.
- ^ "Violence scaring off American tourists in Tijuana - CNN.com". www.cnn.com. Retrieved 5 September 2023.
- ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 December 2016. Retrieved 1 March 2019.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ Una Corrida Extraoridnaria by Patrick Spaulding Ryan, SSRN Working Paper, 31 December 20022
- ^ Id.
- ISBN 978-0-932653-47-5. Archivedfrom the original on 31 March 2019. Retrieved 1 March 2019.
- ^ Khan, Sarah (6 February 2018). "Through a Tijuana Turnstile and Into Tacos and Tortas". The New York Times. Retrieved 29 May 2019.
- ^ Antonio Padilla Corona. "THE RANCHO TÍA JUANA (TIJUANA) GRANT" (PDF). The Journal of San Diego History. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 February 2006. Retrieved 20 February 2022.
- ^ David Pinera Ramirez. "Minimal History of Tijuana". Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 20 February 2022.
- ^ As determined at the second Symposium of History, 1975.
- ^ The Human Race: Escaping From History. Employee turnover is also relatively high, p. 52.
- ^ "2011-01-23 - Historia de las inundaciones en Tijuana". www.el-mexicano.com.mx. Archived from the original on 30 September 2015. Retrieved 30 June 2022.
- ^ "Tijuana architecture: from Aztec to high tech". M.sandiegoreader.com. Archived from the original on 2 March 2019. Retrieved 1 March 2019.
- ISBN 9780814789520. Archivedfrom the original on 31 March 2019. Retrieved 1 March 2019 – via Google Books.
- ^ Marosi, Richard (7 June 2008). "U.S. a haven for Tijuana elite". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 19 December 2019.
- ^ a b c "Tijuana Timeline Diagram". Skyscraper Source Media. Archived from the original on 11 December 2013. Retrieved 5 June 2011.
- ^ Spagat, Elliot (6 March 2009). "Trump Baja venture leaves buyers high and dry". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 3 March 2017. Retrieved 22 February 2017.
{{cite journal}}
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ignored (help) - ^ "H. Ayuntamiento de Tijuana, B.C. Mexico". tijuana.gob.mx. Archived from the original on 3 July 2016.
- ^ ""Doble responsabilidad desde el 1 de enero", Frontera, 2014-01-15". Archived from the original on 8 August 2014. Retrieved 2 August 2014.
- ^ "Bourough of Playas de Tijuana". City of Tijuana. Archived from the original on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 21 July 2011.
- from the original on 17 October 2011. Retrieved 22 April 2009.
- ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 30 November 2009.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ "Hilary causes landslides, flooding and deadly crashes in Tijuana, Mexico". San Diego, California: KSND. 21 August 2023. Retrieved 22 August 2023.
- .
- ^ "Tijuana, Baja California Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase)". Weatherbase.com. Retrieved 24 October 2019.
- ^ "NORMALES CLIMATOLÓGICAS 1951–2010" (in Spanish). Servicio Meteorológico Nacional. Archived from the original on 17 November 2018. Retrieved 18 March 2013.
- ^ "MEXICO: Baja California". Citypopulation.de. 8 January 2012. Archived from the original on 8 December 2011. Retrieved 1 June 2012.
- municipalityof Tijuana (suburbs) rather than the city itself as the urban fringe expands as people escape into isolated suburban subdivisions due to drug violence. 2020 data is for municipality rather than locality.
- ^ "Article". Sandiegouniontribune.com. 27 October 2017. Archived from the original on 14 May 2018. Retrieved 14 May 2018.
- ^ "Tijuana Striving for Better Days". San Diego Union-Tribune. Archived from the original on 29 April 2011. Retrieved 9 May 2011.
- ^ "Tijuana Cartel". Violence across the border. Retrieved 25 September 2011.
- ^ a b c Diaz, Lizbeth (5 September 2011). "Tijuana violence slows as one cartel takes control". Thomson Reuters. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 2 July 2017.
- ^ Cearley, Anna (24 May 2005). "Days are grueling and grisly for Tijuana's homicide cop". San Diego Union-Tribune. Archived from the original on 2 July 2007. Retrieved 28 February 2007.
- ^ "13 dead in Tijuana shootouts". CNN. Archived from the original on 27 May 2008. Retrieved 2 May 2008.
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) - ^ "Denuncias Registradas Ante Agencias del Ministerio Publico del Fuero Comun" (PDF) (in Spanish). Portal de Transparencia del Gobierno del Estado de Baja California. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 20 February 2011.
- ^ "Estadísticas de Mortalidad" (in Spanish). Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía. Archived from the original on 28 October 2011. Retrieved 14 September 2011.
- ^ "Reports". Osac.gov.
- ^ Dibble, Sandra (14 January 2018). "Control for street drug trade pushes Tijuana to grisly new record: 1,744 homicides". San Diego Union-Tribune. United States. Retrieved 6 April 2018.
"Violence in Tijuana Continues After Unprecedented Number of Homicides Recorded in 2017". KTLA. Los Angeles, United States. Los Angeles Times. 14 January 2018. - ^ "Metropolitan areas: Crime". OECD. Retrieved 1 September 2022.
- ^ "Foreign Embassies and Consulates in Mexico". GoAbroad.com. Archived from the original on 29 October 2011. Retrieved 14 August 2011.
- ^ ""10 sorpresas gastronómicas en Tijuana (10 culinary surprises in Tijuana)", Travesías, October 2015". Archived from the original on 1 November 2016. Retrieved 31 October 2016.
- ^ "Turismo médico deja una derrama de mil 200 mdd". ELIMPARCIAL.COM | Noticias de Tijuana, México (in European Spanish). March 2020. Retrieved 3 February 2021.
- ^ Dibble, Sandra (31 October 2015). "Spotlight on Tijuana's 'tolerance zone'". San Diego Union-Tribune. Retrieved 9 September 2018.
- ISBN 978-0-7391-4387-2.
- ISBN 978-1-4438-1201-6.
- S2CID 154085105.
- ^ "Grupo Caliente – Home". Grupocaliente.com.mx. Archived from the original on 29 March 2018. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
- ^ "How Much Has Tijuana Done to Clean Up Its Corrupt Police Force?". www.voiceofsandiego.org. 23 March 2006. Archived from the original on 14 May 2019. Retrieved 14 May 2019.
- ^ "Analysis by Crossborder Group Finds Tijuana #1 City in North America for Medical Device Manufacturing Employment". Tijuana Economic Development Corporation. 19 July 2011. Archived from the original on 30 March 2012. Retrieved 14 August 2011.
- ^ "About SLI | Scantibodies Laboratory, Inc". scantibodies.com. 15 February 2012.
- ^ "SiiLA". SiiLA Mexico.
- ^ "FINSA Development". FINSA.
- ^ "Maquiladora estadísticas abril 2005". cfomaquiladoras.org. Archived from the original on 7 June 2007. Retrieved 31 May 2007.
- ^ Alberts, Hana R., "Sony Hives Off Major Factory", Forbes, 1 September 2009
- ^ "Eventos – Conciertos – Tijuana Eventos". Tijuanaeventos.com.
- ^ Strange New World
- ^ Pagel, David Pagel (30 January 2007). "ART REVIEW Tijuana's scrappy, do-it-yourself spirit Ingenuity seizes the day as a traveling exhibition brings a vibrant creative scene across the border". Los Angeles Times. p. E–1.
- ^ "SISTEMA INTEGRAL DE TRANSPORTE DE TIJUANA is under construction". Sitt.org.mx. Archived from the original on 17 October 2017. Retrieved 16 October 2017.
- ^ "BNamericas - Mexico approves construction start-up of Tij..." BNamericas.com. Retrieved 11 May 2022.
- ^ "Sister Cities – Interactive City Directory – Tijuana, Mexico". Sister Cities International. Archived from the original on 13 November 2013. Retrieved 12 November 2013.
- ^ "Tijuana, Mexico becomes Wuhan's 20th sister city". Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 1 March 2015.
Further reading
- Kun, Josh, and Fiamma Montezemolo, eds. Tijuana Dreaming: Life and Art at the Global Border (Duke University Press; 2012) 387 pages; scholarly and popular essays including material translated from Spanish for the first time; topics include the city's image in fiction as a Prohibition-era "city of sin" for American visitors
External links
- Official