Tilocálar

Coordinates: 23°58′S 68°08′W / 23.97°S 68.13°W / -23.97; -68.13
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Tilocálar
Tilocálar is located in Chile
Tilocálar
Highest point
Elevation3,109 m (10,200 ft)[1]
Coordinates23°58′S 68°08′W / 23.97°S 68.13°W / -23.97; -68.13[1]

Tilocálar is a group of

lava flows that reach lengths of several kilometres, and an explosion crater that was mistaken for an impact crater
in the past. There are similar volcanoes nearby.

Geography and geomorphology

Tilocálar

Central Volcanic Zone of the Andes at an elevation of approximately 3,167 metres (10,390 ft). It is a group of small volcanoes:[b][1]

The lava flows emanating from Tilocálar are 50–80 metres (160–260 ft) thick and blocky.[10] A dyke swarm is associated with the vents.[15] The Tilocálar volcanoes are situated within a geographical depression[10] associated with numerous north-south trending ridges; the volcanism at Tilocálar is geographically linked to these ridges.[16] Other volcanoes such as Cerro Tujle[17] and Negro de Aras are in the vicinity.[18]

Geology

The volcanoes developed on

hydrothermally altered rocks or partial melt left over from past magmatic processes.[22]

Between Bolivia, Chile and Argentina, an area of volcanoes exceeding 50,000 square kilometres (19,000 sq mi) constitutes the

monogenetic volcanoes such as Tilocálar.[13]

Composition

Lava flows have an

orthopyroxene, plagioclase and pyroxene phenocrysts.[c][4] There are noticeable differences in the composition of the northern and southern Tilocálar lavas.[27] A delaminated lower crust may have contributed to the formation of the Tilocálar magmas.[28] Andesitic magmas in the region may have formed when basaltic magmas became trapped in fault systems and underwent crystal fractionation processes before reaching the surface and generating the monogenetic volcanoes.[29]

Eruptive history

The volcanoes were active during the Quaternary,[15] Pleistocene-Holocene[1] or in the last 900,000 years.[30] Dating has yielded ages of less than one million years,[31] and argon–argon dating on Tilocálar Sur has produced ages of 730,000±500,000 and 460,000±50,000 years.[7] There are no known historical eruptions and has not been assigned a hazard score; potential impacts of renewed activity on populations are considered to be minimal.[32]

North Tilocálar formed during a single eruption, while Tilocálar Sur was constructed during multiple eruptions.[15] Presumably an initial explosive eruption emplaced the pyroclastics, which were then in part overrun by the lava flows.[33] The event had a volcanic explosivity index of 3–4.[34] The explosion crater was probably formed through a steam or gas explosion when the conduit of Tilocálar Sur was breached[4] and interacted with a regional confined groundwater body.[35]

Other

Tilocalar is also the name of an

archeological site farther north, at the southern margin of the Salar de Atacama,[36] and of an archeological phase named after that area.[37]

Notes

  1. Atacameno language origin.[2]
  2. ^ Variously given as four[3] or two individual volcanoes, about 3.5 kilometres (2.2 mi) apart.[1]
  3. ^ Phenocrysts are large crystals embedded in volcanic rocks.[26]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h "Tilocalar". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution.
  2. ISSN 0717-2257
    .
  3. ^ Ureta et al. 2021, p. 2.
  4. ^ a b c d Gardeweg & Ramírez 1982, p. 116.
  5. ^ Gardeweg & Ramírez 1982, p. 114.
  6. ^ a b Ureta et al. 2021, p. 4.
  7. ^ a b González et al. 2009, p. 6.
  8. ^ Ureta et al. 2021, p. 16.
  9. ^ a b "Tilocalar". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution., Image GVP-12348
  10. ^ a b c Gardeweg & Ramírez 1982, p. 112.
  11. ^ Filipussi, Lenzano & Vildosa 2018, p. 214.
  12. ^ Ureta et al. 2021, p. 6.
  13. ^ a b Godoy et al. 2019, p. 2.
  14. JSTOR 40993112
    .
  15. ^ a b c d Kuhn 2002, p. 5.
  16. ^ Filipussi, Lenzano & Vildosa 2018, p. 212.
  17. S2CID 224950244
    .
  18. ^ González et al. 2009, p. 5.
  19. ^ Kuhn 2002, p. 4.
  20. ^ Torres et al. 2021, p. 2.
  21. ^ Cembrano, J. (2008). The interplay between crustal tectonics and volcanism in the Central and Southern Volcanic zones of the Chilean Andes. International Symposium on Andean Geodynamics. No. 7 – via ResearchGate.
  22. ISSN 0031-9201
    .
  23. ^ Godoy et al. 2019, p. 1.
  24. ^ Ureta et al. 2021, p. 10.
  25. ^ Torres et al. 2021, p. 8.
  26. ISBN 978-3-540-72816-0
    .
  27. ^ Gardeweg & Ramírez 1982, p. 122.
  28. ^ Godoy et al. 2019, p. 6.
  29. ^ González et al. 2009, p. 15.
  30. ^ Godoy et al. 2019, pp. 7–8.
  31. ^ Kuhn 2002, p. 11.
  32. ISBN 978-1-107-11175-2. Archived from the original on August 19, 2016. Retrieved 30 August 2021.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link
    )
  33. ^ Gardeweg & Ramírez 1982, p. 121.
  34. ^ Filipussi, Lenzano & Vildosa 2018, p. 498.
  35. ^ Ureta et al. 2021, p. 15.
  36. S2CID 181941997
    .
  37. ISSN 0718-1043
    .

Sources

External links
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