Time geography
Time geography or time-space geography is an evolving
Origins
The Swedish geographer Torsten Hägerstrand created time geography in the mid-1960s based on ideas he had developed during his earlier empirical research on human migration patterns in Sweden.[5] He sought "some way of finding out the workings of large socio-environmental mechanisms" using "a physical approach involving the study of how events occur in a time-space framework".[6] Hägerstrand was inspired in part by conceptual advances in spacetime physics and by the philosophy of physicalism.[7]
Hägerstrand's earliest formulation of time geography informally described its key
- capability constraints — limitations on the activity of individuals because of their biological structure and/or the tools they can command,
- coupling constraints — limitations that "define where, when, and for how long, the individual has to join other individuals, tools, and materials in order to produce, consume, and transact" (closely related to critical path analysis), and
- authority constraints — limitations on the domain or "time-space entity within which things and events are under the control of a given individual or a given group".[9]
Hägerstrand illustrated these concepts with novel forms of graphical notation (inspired in part by musical notation),[10] such as:
- the space-time aquarium (or space-time cube), which displays individual graphical projectionof space and time coordinates;
- the space-time prism, which shows individuals' possible behavior in time-space given their capability constraints and coupling constraints;
- bundles of paths, which are the conjunction of individual paths due in part to their capability constraints and coupling constraints, and which help to create "pockets of local order";
- concentric tubes or rings of accessibility, which indicate certain capability constraints of a given individual, such as limited spatial size and limited manual, oral-auditive and visual range; and
- nested hierarchies of domains, which show the authority constraints for a given individual or a given group.[11]
While this innovative visual language is an essential feature of time geography, Hägerstrand's colleague Bo Lenntorp emphasized that it is the product of an underlying ontology, and "not the other way around. The notation system is a very useful tool, but it is a rather poor reflection of a rich world-view. In many cases, the notational apparatus has been the hallmark of time geography. However, the underlying ontology is the most important feature."[12] Time geography is not only about time-geographic diagrams, just as music is not only about musical notation. Hägerstrand later explained: "What is briefly alluded to here is a 4-dimensional world of forms. This cannot be completely graphically depicted. On the other hand one ought to be able to imagine it with sufficient clarity for it to be of guidance in empirical and theoretical research."[13]
By 1981, geographers Nigel Thrift and Allan Pred were already defending time geography against those who would see it "merely as a rigid descriptive model of spatial and temporal organization which lends itself to accessibility constraint analysis (and related exercises in social engineering)."[14] They argued that time geography is not just a model of constraints; it is a flexible and evolving way of thinking about reality that can complement a wide variety of theories and research methods. In the decades since then, Hägerstrand and others have made efforts to expand his original set of concepts.[15] By the end of his life, Hägerstrand had ceased using the phrase "time geography" to refer to this way of thinking and instead used words like topoecology.[16]
Later developments
Since the 1980s, time geography has been used by researchers in the social sciences,[18] the biological sciences,[19] and in interdisciplinary fields.
In 1993, British geographer Gillian Rose noted that "time-geography shares the feminist interest in the quotidian paths traced by people, and again like feminism, links such paths, by thinking about constraints, to the larger structures of society."[20] However, she noted that time geography had not been applied to issues important to feminists, and she called it a form of "social science masculinity".[21] Over the following decades, feminist geographers have revisited time geography and have begun to use it as a tool to address feminist issues.[22]
Time geography has also been used as a form of therapeutic assessment in mental health.[24]
Benjamin Bach and colleagues have generalized the space-time cube into a framework for temporal
In the COVID-19 pandemic, time geography approaches were applied to identify close contacts.[26] The pandemic imposed restrictions on the physical mobility of humans, which invited new applications of time geography in the increasingly virtualized post-Covid era.[27]
See also
- Activity space
- Agent based modeling
- Geographic information system § Adding the dimension of time
- GIS and public health
- Historical ecology
- Historical geographic information system
- Material flow analysis
- MuSIASEM
- Sankey diagram
- Spatiotemporal database
- Time–distance diagram
- Tobler's first law of geography
- Tobler's second law of geography
- Value of time
Footnotes
- ^ Thrift & Pred 1981, p. 277; Carlstein 1982, p. ii
- ^ Lenntorp 1999, p. 155
- ^ Sui 2012
- ^ Lenntorp 1999, p. 158
- ^ Lenntorp 1999, p. 157
- ^ Hägerstrand 1970, pp. 20–21
- physicalist. Hägerstrand also cited phenomenologist Martin Heidegger and conservationist Rachel Carson as major influences, along with numerous geographers (Kuklinski 1987, p. 507). "Hägerstrand wanted to stress the importance of the material aspects of the real world as the basis of life, with an imperative for researchers to take basic constraints into consideration: that natural resources, time, and space are limited... Nevertheless, Torsten Hägerstrand was not a hardcore materialist. His materialism is embedded in a deep concern for the importance of human experiences, reflections, and reasoning for the development of geographical knowledge." (Ellegård & Svedin 2012, p. 18)
- ^ Hägerstrand 1970, pp. 10–11
- ^ Hägerstrand 1970, pp. 11–17
- ^ Kuklinski 1987, p. 507; Buttimer & Mels 2006, p. 119; Ellegård & Svedin 2012
- ^ Hägerstrand 1970, pp. 12–17; Carlstein 1982, pp. 40–50
- ^ Lenntorp 1999, p. 156
- ^ Hägerstrand & Carlstein 2004, p. 323
- ^ Thrift & Pred 1981, p. 277
- ^ For a more extensive list of Hägerstrand's publications, see Torsten Hägerstrand
- ^ Ellegård & Svedin 2012, p. 18; Hägerstrand & Carlstein 2004, p. 323
- ^ Allen 2019
- ^ For example: Ellegård & de Pater 1999; Ellegård & Palm 2011; Fischer-Kowalski et al. 2010; Kwan 2004; Latham 2003; Ringhofer 2009; Schwanen & Kwan 2009; Singh et al. 2010; Tani & Surma-Aho 2012
- ^ For example: Baer & Butler 2000; Brasebin & Buard 2011; Downs, Horner & Tucker 2011; Huettmann & Cushman 2009; Zhao et al. 2013; Saeedimoghaddam et al. 2017
- ^ Rose 1993, p. 18
- ^ Rose 1993, p. 40
- ^ For example: Kwan 2007; Kwan & Ding 2008; McQuoid & Dijst 2012; Scholten, Friberg & Sandén 2012
- ^ For example: Andrienko et al. 2013; Kwan et al. 2014; Allen 2019
- ^ Lewchanin & Zubrod 2001; Sunnqvist et al. 2007; Sunnqvist et al. 2013
- ^ Bach et al. 2014; Bach et al. 2016
- ^ Yin et al. 2021
- ^ Klapka, Ellegård & Frantál 2020
References
- Allen, Jeff (February 2019). "Using network segments in the visualization of urban isochrones" (PDF). S2CID 133986477.
- Andrienko, Gennady; S2CID 40858744.
- Bach, Benjamin; Dragicevic, Pierre; Archambault, Daniel; Hurter, Christophe; Carpendale, Sheelagh (June 2014). "A review of temporal data visualizations based on space-time cube operations". In Borgo, Rita; Maciejewski, Ross; Viola, Ivan (eds.). Eurographics Conference on Visualization 2014. EuroVis. Geneva: Eurographics.
- Bach, Benjamin; Dragicevic, Pierre; Archambault, Daniel; Hurter, Christophe; Carpendale, Sheelagh (April 2016). "A descriptive framework for temporal data visualizations based on generalized space-time cubes". Computer Graphics Forum. 36 (6): 36–61. S2CID 4560326.
- Baer, Leonard D; Butler, David R (April 2000). "Space–time modeling of grizzly bears". S2CID 162614564.
- Brasebin, Mickaël; Buard, Elodie (2011). "Visual exploration of large animal trajectories" (PDF). Proceedings of the 25th International Cartographic Conference, Paris, 3–8 July 2011. Paris: OCLC 781048687.
- Buttimer, Anne; Mels, Tom (2006). By northern lights: on the making of geography in Sweden. Foreword by Torsten Hägerstrand. Aldershot, England; Burlington, VT: Ashgate. OCLC 63187516.
- Carlstein, Tommy (1982). Time resources, society, and ecology: on the capacity for human interaction in space and time. London; Boston: Allen & Unwin. S2CID 199113937.
- Downs, Joni A; Horner, Mark W; Tucker, Anton D (September 2011). "Time-geographic density estimation for home range analysis". Annals of GIS. 17 (3): 163–171. .
- Ellegård, Kajsa; de Pater, Ben (July 1999). "The complex tapestry of everyday life". S2CID 147585214.
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- Kuklinski, Antoni (1987). "Torsten Hägerstrand laudatio". S2CID 155401262.
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- Kwan, Mei-Po; Richardson, Douglas B.; Wang, Donggen; Zhou, Chenghu, eds. (2014). Space-time integration in geography and GIScience: research frontiers in the US and China. New York: Springer. S2CID 132286834.
- Latham, Allan (2003). "Research, performance, and doing human geography: some reflections on the diary-photograph, diary-interview method" (PDF). Environment and Planning A. 35 (11): 1993–2017. S2CID 17764426.
- Lenntorp, Bo (July 1999). "Time-geography—at the end of its beginning". S2CID 142500989.
- Lewchanin, Shari; Zubrod, Louise A (July 2001). "Choices in life: a clinical tool for facilitating midlife review". Journal of Adult Development. 8 (3): 193–196. S2CID 140944093.
- McQuoid, Julia; Dijst, Martin (July 2012). "Bringing emotions to time geography: the case of mobilities of poverty". .
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- Sunnqvist, Charlotta; Persson, Ulla; Westrin, Åsa; Träskman-Bendz, Lil; Lenntorp, Bo (April 2013). "Grasping the dynamics of suicidal behaviour: combining time-geographic life charting and COPE ratings". Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing. 20 (4): 336–344. PMID 22591326.
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Further reading
- Adams, Paul Channing (June 1995). "A reconsideration of personal boundaries in space-time". JSTOR 2564314.
- Adams, Paul Channing (2009). Geographies of media and communication: a critical introduction. Critical introductions to geography. Chichester, UK; Malden, MA: OCLC 237788695.
- Boman, Magnus; Holm, Einar (2004). "Multi-agent systems, time geography, and microsimulations". In Olsson, Mats-Olov; Sjöstedt, Gunnar (eds.). Systems approaches and their application: examples from Sweden. Dordrecht; Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers. pp. 95–118. OCLC 55502669.
- Chandran, Kumari Moothedath; Mani, Monto; Chakrabarti, Amaresh (2015). "A spatio-temporal network representation for manufacturing". In Chakrabarti, Amaresh (ed.). ICORD'15—research into design across boundaries volume 2: creativity, sustainability, DfX, enabling technologies, management and applications. Smart innovation, systems and technologies. Vol. 35. Bangalore: Springer. pp. 459–470. OCLC 898892950.
- Chowdhury, Debashish; Schadschneider, Andreas; Nishinari, Katsuhiro (December 2005). "Physics of transport and traffic phenomena in biology: from molecular motors and cells to organisms". S2CID 13191602.
- DiSalle, Robert (2011). "Pitholes in space-time: structure and ontology of physical geometry". In DeVidi, David; Hallett, Michael; Clarke, Peter (eds.). Logic, mathematics, philosophy, vintage enthusiasms: essays in honour of John L. Bell. The Western Ontario series in philosophy of science. Vol. 75. New York: Springer. pp. 345–360. OCLC 719361722.
- Ellegård, Kajsa (2019). Thinking time geography: concepts, methods and applications (PDF). Routledge studies in human geography. Abingdon; New York: S2CID 149988324.
- Ellegård, Kajsa, ed. (2019). Time geography in the global context: an anthology (PDF). Routledge studies in human geography. Abingdon; New York: S2CID 149723887.
- Gren, Martin (2001). "Time-geography matters". In May, Jon; Thrift, Nigel J (eds.). TimeSpace: geographies of temporality. Critical geographies, 13. London; New York: OCLC 52996864.
- Kellerman, Aharon (1989). Time, space, and society: geographical societal perspectives. S2CID 143507942.
- Kenett, Dror Y; Portugali, Juval (July 2012). "Population movement under extreme events". PMID 22778423.
- Kraak, Menno-Jan (2008). "Geovisualization and time: new opportunities for the space-time cube". In Dodge, Martin; McDerby, Mary; Turner, Martin (eds.). Geographic visualization: concepts, tools and applications. Chichester, England; Hoboken, NJ: OCLC 191847101.
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- Li, Xia; Kraak, Menno-Jan (August 2008). "The time wave: a new method of visual exploration of geo-data in timespace". The Cartographic Journal. 45 (3): 193–200. S2CID 129750716.
- Liebscher, Dierck-Ekkehard (2005). The geometry of time. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. OCLC 60413503.
- Long, Jed A; Nelson, Trisalyn A (2013). "A review of quantitative methods for movement data". S2CID 15358225.
- Massey, Doreen B (1999). "Space-time, 'science' and the relationship between physical geography and human geography". .
- Merriman, Peter (2012). "Human geography without time-space". .
- Neutens, Tijs; Delafontaine, Matthias; Scott, Darren M; De Maeyer, Philippe (March 2012). "A GIS-based method to identify spatiotemporal gaps in public service delivery". hdl:1854/LU-2034089.
- Neutens, Tijs; Schwanen, Tim; Witlox, Frank (January 2011). "The prism of everyday life: towards a new research agenda for time geography". Transport Reviews. 31 (1): 25–47. S2CID 129935266.
- Neutens, Tijs; Weghe, Nico; Witlox, Frank; Maeyer, Philippe (March 2008). "A three-dimensional network-based space–time prism". S2CID 38314672.
- Patten, Bernard C; Straškraba, Milan; Jørgensen, Sven E (August 2011). "Ecosystems emerging. 5: Constraints". Ecological Modelling. 222 (16): 2945–2972. .
- Peuquet, Donna J (2002). Representations of space and time. New York: OCLC 49530164.
- Post, Eric S (2019). Time in ecology: a theoretical framework. Monographs in population biology. Vol. 61. Princeton, NJ: S2CID 182045612.
- Rainham, Daniel; McDowell, Ian; Krewski, Daniel; Sawada, Mike (March 2010). "Conceptualizing the healthscape: contributions of time geography, location technologies and spatial ecology to place and health research". PMID 19963310.
- Raubal, Martin; Winter, Stephan; Teβmann, Sven; Gaisbauer, Christian (October 2007). "Time geography for ad-hoc shared-ride trip planning in mobile geosensor networks". ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing. 62 (5): 366–381. .
- Reydon, Thomas A C (September 2008). "Species in three and four dimensions". Synthese. 164 (2): 161–184. S2CID 30157340.
- Richards, Keith; Bithell, Michael; Bravo, Michael (2004). "Space, time and science: individuals, emergence and geographies of space and place". In Matthews, John A; Herbert, David T (eds.). Unifying geography: common heritage, shared future. London; New York: OCLC 53814306.
- Svee, Eric-Oluf; Sanches, Pedro; Bylund, Markus (2009). "Time geography rediscovered: a common language for location-oriented services". Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Location and the Web, Boston, Massachusetts, April 4, 2009. New York: S2CID 9210735.
- OCLC 4464963. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2013-10-13.
- Yuan, May; Nara, Atsushi; Bothwell, James (January 2014). "Space–time representation and analytics". Annals of GIS. 20 (1): 1–9. .