Timeline of Buddhism
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Buddhism |
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The purpose of this timeline is to give a detailed account of Buddhism from the birth of
Gautama Buddha
to the present.
Timeline
Timeline: Development and propagation of Buddhist traditions (c. 450 BCE – c. 1300 CE) | |||||||||||||||||||||
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Theravāda | |||||||||||||||||||||
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Kadam | |||||||||||||||||||||
Kagyu |
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Dagpo | |||||||||||||||||||||
Sakya |
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Jonang | |||||||||||||||||||||
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Early Buddhist schools |
Tangmi
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Chan |
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Thiền, Seon |
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Zen | |||||||||||||||||||||
Tiantai / Jìngtǔ |
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Tendai |
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450 BCE | 250 BCE | 100 CE | 500 CE | 700 CE | 800 CE | 1200 CE | |||||||||||||||
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Dates
6th–5th century BCE
Date | Event |
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c. 563 BCE or c. 480 BCE | The Birth of Siddhartha Gautama. The approximate date of Gautama Buddha's birth and death are uncertain. Most historians in the early 20th century dated his lifetime as circa 563 BCE to 483 BCE.[1][2] More recently his death is dated later, between 411 and 400 BCE, while at a symposium on this question held in 1988, the majority of those who presented definite opinions gave dates within 20 years either side of 400 BCE for the Buddha's death.[1][3]
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c. 413–345 BCE | Shishunaga dynasty , after the sitting king is deposed by the people.
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4th century BCE
Date | Event |
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383 BCE or c. 330 BCE[4] | The |
345–321 BCE | The Nanda Empire briefly predominates in Magadha over the Shishunagas.[6] |
326 BCE | Alexander the Great reaches North West India. The Indo-Greek Kingdom that arise in the aftermath has a large influence upon the development of Buddhism.[7] |
c. 324 BCE | Pyrrho, a philosopher in Alexander the Great's court, may have learnt elements of Buddhist philosophy in India from the gymnosophists. Parts of Buddhism, most notably the three marks of existence, may have influenced his new philosophy of Pyrrhonism which he introduces into Hellenistic philosophy.[8] |
c. 321 – c. 297 BCE | The reign of Chandragupta Maurya, grandfather of Ashoka, who subdues the Nanda Empire by c. 320 BCE, and gradually conquers much of northern India.[9] |
3rd century BCE
Date | Event |
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c. 250 BCE | Kathavatthu to refute the heretical views and theories held by some Buddhist sects. Edicts of Ashoka in the Maurya Empire in support of Buddhism.
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c. 250 BCE | Ashoka sends various Malay kingdoms in the east and the Hellenistic kingdoms in the west, in order to make Buddhism known to them.
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c. 250 BCE | First-fully developed examples of . |
c. 250 BCE | Indian traders regularly visit ports in the Burma.[citation needed ]
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c. 220 BCE | Theravada is officially introduced to Sri Lanka by the Mahinda, son of Ashoka, during the reign of Devanampiya Tissa of Anuradhapura. |
2nd century BCE
Date | Event |
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185 BCE | General Pushyamitra Shunga overthrows the Maurya Empire and establishes the Shunga Empire, apparently starting a wave of persecution against Buddhism. |
180 BCE | Demetrius I of Bactria invades India as far as Pataliputra and establishes the Indo-Greek Kingdom (180–10 BCE), under which Buddhism flourishes. |
165–130 BCE | Reign of the Indo-Greek king Menander I, who converts to Buddhism under the sage Nagasena according to the account of the Milinda Panha. |
121 BCE | The Chinese Emperor Buddha, according to inscriptions in the Mogao Caves, Dunhuang .
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1st century BCE
Date | Event |
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c. 55 BCE | The Indo-Greek governor Shakyamuni ."
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29 BCE | According to the Sinhalese chronicles, the content of the Pali Canon is written down in the reign of King Vaṭṭagamiṇi (29–17 BCE)[10] |
2 BCE | The Buddhist sutras.[11]
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1st century
Date | Event |
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67 | Liu Ying's sponsorship of Buddhism is the first documented case of Buddhist practices in China. |
67 | Dharmaraksha .
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68 | Buddhism is officially established in China with the founding of the White Horse Temple. |
78 | Ban Chao, a Chinese General, subdues the Buddhist Kingdom of Khotan. |
c. 78–101 | According to Jalandar , India.
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2nd century
Date | Event |
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116 | The Kushans, under Yarkand in the Tarim Basin .
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148 | An Shigao, a Parthian prince and Buddhist monk, arrives in China and proceeds to make the first translations of Theravada texts into Chinese. |
c. 150–250 | Indian and Central Asian Buddhists travel to Vietnam. |
178 | The Loyang and becomes the first known translator of Mahayana texts into Chinese.
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3rd century
Date | Event |
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c. 250 | Use of Kharoṣṭhī script in Gandhara stops. |
c. 250–350 | Niya .
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296 | The earliest surviving Chinese Buddhist manuscript dates from this year (Zhu Fo Yao Ji Jing, discovered in Dalian, late 2005). |
4th century
Date | Event |
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320–467 | The university at Nalanda grows to support 3,000–10,000 monks.
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372 | The monk Sundo (順道, or Shundao in Chinese) was sent by Fu Jian (337–385) (苻堅) of Former Qin to the court of the King Sosurim of Goguryeo, in modern-day Korea.[12] Subsequently, paper making was established in Korea. |
384 | The Gandharan monk Marananta arrived in Baekje, in modern-day Korea, and the royal family received the strain of Buddhism he brought. King Asin of Baekje proclaimed, "people should believe in Buddhism and seek happiness."[12] |
399–414 | Fa Xian travels from China to India, then returns to translate Buddhist works into Chinese.
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5th century
Date | Event |
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c. 5th century | The kingdom of Pali inscriptions). Earliest evidence of Buddhism in Indonesian (statues). Earliest reinterpretations of Pali texts. The stupa at Dambulla (Sri Lanka ) is constructed.
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402 | At the request of . |
403 | In China, Hui Yuan argues that Buddhist monks should be exempt from bowing to the emperor.
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405 | Kumarajiva .
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425 | Buddhism reaches Sumatra. |
464 | Buddhabhadra reaches China to preach Buddhism.
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485 | Five monks from Gandhara travel to the country of Fusang (Japan, or possibly the Americas), where they introduce Buddhism. |
495 | The Shaolin temple is built in the name of Buddhabhadra, by edict of emperor Wei Xiao Wen.[13][14] |
6th century
Date | Event |
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527 | Bodhidharma settles into the Shaolin monastery in Henan province of China.[15] |
531–579 | Reign of the Jataka stories into Persian .
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538 or 552 | Buddhism is introduced to Japan via Nihonshoki ; some scholars place this event in 538.
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c. 575 | Zen adherents enter Vietnam from China. |
7th century
Date | Event |
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607 | A Japanese imperial envoy is dispatched to Sui, China to obtain copies of sutras. |
616–634 | Jingwan begins carving sutras onto stone at Fangshan, Yuzhou, 75 km southwest of modern-day Beijing.[16] |
617–649 | Reign of Songtsen Gampo of Tibet, who is traditionally held to be the first Tibetan King to promote the bringing of Buddhism to Tibet.[17] |
627–645 | in China to translate Buddhist scriptures. |
c. 650 | End of sporadic Buddhist rule in the Sindh. |
671 | Chinese Buddhist pilgrim , and reports over 1000 Buddhist monks in residence. |
671 | Hwaeom school.
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8th century
Date | Event |
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c. 8th century | Buddhist Kalilag and Damnag. An account of Buddha's life is translated into Greek by John of Damascus and widely circulated among Christians as the story of Barlaam and Josaphat. By the 14th century, this story of Josaphat becomes so popular that he is made a Catholic saint .
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736 | Kegon tradition in the Tōdai-ji temple.
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743–754 | The Chinese monk Jianzhen attempts to reach Japan eleven times, succeeding in 754 to establish the Japanese Ritsu school, which specialises in the vinaya (monastic rules). |
760–830 | Construction is begun on Borobodur , the famous Indonesian Buddhist structure. It is completed as a Buddhist monument in 830, after about 50 years of work.
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9th century
Date | Event |
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804 | Under the reign of tradition. |
838 to 841 | Langdarma rules in Tibet, and persecutes Buddhism |
838–847 | Wutaishan and the Chinese capital, Chang'an , keeping a detailed diary that is a primary source for this period of Chinese history, including the Buddhist persecution.
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841–846 | Emperor Great Anti-Buddhist Persecution , permanently weakening the institutional structure of Buddhism in China.
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859 | The Caodong school of Zen is founded by Dongshan Liangjie and his disciples in southern China.
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10th century
Date | Event |
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c. 10th century | Buddhist temple construction commences at Bagan, Myanmar. |
c. 10th century | In Tibet, a strong Buddhist revival is begun. |
971 | Chinese Song dynasty commissions Chengdu woodcarvers to carve the entire Buddhist canon for printing. Work is completed in 983; 130,000 blocks are produced, in total. |
911 | A printed copy of the Song dynasty Buddhist canon arrives in Korea, impressing the government. |
11th century
Date | Event |
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c. 11th century | Sarma lineages into Tibet.
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1009 | Vietnam's Lý dynasty begins, which is partly brought about by an alliance with the Buddhist monkhood. Ly emperors patronize Mahayana Buddhism, in addition to traditional spirits. |
1010 | Korea begins carving its own woodblock print edition of the Buddhist canon. No completion date is known; the canon is continuously expanded, with the arrival of new texts from China. |
1017 | In Southeast Asia, and especially in Burma .
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1025 | Jambi-Melayu .
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1056 | King Anawrahta of Pagan Kingdom converts to Theravada Buddhism. |
1057 | Anawrahta captures Thaton Lower Burma, strengthening Theravada Buddhism in the country. |
1063 | A copy of the Khitans' printed canon arrives in Korea from mainland China. |
1070 | Bhikkhus from Pagan arrive in Polonnaruwa, Sri Lanka to reinstate the Theravada ordination line. |
1084–1112 | In chakravartin, a bodhisattva, and dharmaraja .
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12th century
Date | Event |
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1100–1125 | Huizong reigns during the Chinese Song dynasty and outlaws Buddhism to promote the Dao . He is one of three Chinese emperors to have prohibited Buddhism.
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1133–1212 | Pure Land Buddhism as an independent sect in Japan.
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1164 | Polonnaruwa, Sri Lanka destroyed by foreign invasion. With the guidance of two forest monks – Ven. Mahākassapa Thera and Ven. Sāriputta Thera, Parakramabahu I reunites all bhikkhus in Sri Lanka into the Mahavihara sect. |
1171 | Vijayabahu I of Ceylon sends monks and scriptures to restart Buddhism in the island kingdom.
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1181 | The self-styled bodhisattva Jayavarman VII, a devout follower of Mahayana Buddhism (though he also patronised Hinduism), assumes control of the Khmer kingdom. He constructs the Bayon, the most prominent Buddhist structure in the Angkor temple complex. This sets the stage for the later conversion of the Khmer people to Theravada Buddhism. |
1190 | King Sithu II of Pagan realigns Burmese Buddhism with the Mahavihara school of Ceylon. |
13th century
Date | Event |
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c. 1200 | The great Buddhist educational centre at Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khilji .
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1222 | Birth of Nichiren Daishonin (1222–1282), the Japanese founder of Nichiren Buddhism.
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1227 | sect. |
1236 | Bhikkhus from Kañcipuram, India, arrive in Sri Lanka to revive the Theravada ordination line. |
1238 | The Sukhothai is established, with Theravada Buddhism as the state religion.
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1244 | Dogen Zenji .
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c. 1250 | Theravada overtakes Mahayana—previously practised alongside Hinduism—as the dominant form of Buddhism in Cambodia; Sri Lanka is an influence in this change. |
1260–1270 | Sakya Imperial Preceptors .
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1279–1298 | Burma), and parts of the Malay Peninsula , thus giving rise to Sukhothai artistic tradition. After Ram Khamhaeng's death, Sukhothai loses control of its territories as its vassals become independent.
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1285 | Arghun makes the Ilkhanate a Buddhist state. |
1287 | The Pagan Empire, the largest Theravada kingdom of Southeast Asia, falls due to Mongol invasions .
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1295 | Tantric Buddhist leaders.
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14th century
Date | Event |
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c. 1300 | In Arabic translation, amongst which the Sukhavati-vyuha and Karanda-vyuha Sutras are recognizable. Portions of the Samyutta and Anguttara-Nikayas, along with parts of the Maitreya-vyakarana, are identified in this collection.
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1305–1316 | Buddhists in Persia attempt to convert Uldjaitu Khan .
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1312 | In the Mahayana tradition during the 13th century, the Japanese Mugai Nyodai became the first female abbess and thus the first ordained female Zen master.[18] |
1321 | Sojiji Soto Zen Temple and Monastery established by Keizan Zenji .
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1351 | In Ramathibodi .
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1391–1474 | Gyalwa Gendun Drubpa, first Dalai Lama of Tibet. |
15th century
Date | Event |
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1405–1431 | The Chinese eunuch admiral seven voyages in this period, through southeast Asia, India, the Persian Gulf, East Africa, and Egypt . At the time, Buddhism is well-established in China, so visited peoples may have had exposure to Chinese Buddhism.
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16th century
Date | Event |
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1578 | Tümed gives the title of Dalai Lama to Sonam Gyatso (later known as the third Dalai Lama).
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17th century
Date | Event |
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c. 1600-1700s | When Vietnam divides during this period, the Nguyễn rulers of the south choose to support Mahayana Buddhism as an integrative ideology for the ethnically plural society of their kingdom, which is also populated by Chams and other minorities. |
1614 | The Toyotomi family rebuilds a great image of Buddha at the Temple of Hōkōji in Kyōtō .
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1615 | The Geluk school of Tibetan Buddhism.
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1635 | In Zanabazar, the first Khalkha .
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1642 | Khoshuud donates the sovereignty of Tibet to the fifth Dalai Lama.
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18th century
Date | Event |
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1753 | Sri Lanka reinstatement of monks ordination from Thailand – the Siyam Nikaya lineage. |
19th century
Date | Event |
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1802–1820 | Confucianist orthodox state and is eager to limit the competing influence of Buddhism. He forbids adult men to attend Buddhist ceremonies.
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1820–1841 | Minh Mạng reigns in Vietnam, further restricting Buddhism. He insists that all monks be assigned to cloisters and carry identification documents. He also places new restrictions on printed material and begins the persecution of Catholic missionaries and converts that his successors (not without provocation) continue. |
1851–1868 | In Thailand, King Mongkut—himself a former monk—conducts a campaign to reform and modernise the monkhood, a movement that has continued in the present century under the inspiration of several great ascetic monks from the northeast part of the country. |
1860 | In Sri Lanka, against all expectations, the monastic and lay communities bring about a major revival in Buddhism, a movement that goes hand in hand with growing nationalism; the revival follows a period of persecution by foreign powers. Since then, Buddhism has flourished, and Sri Lankan monks and expatriate lay people have been prominent in spreading Theravada Buddhism in Asia, the West, and even in Africa. |
1879 | A council is convened under the patronage of King Pali canon. The king has the texts engraved on 729 stones, which are then set upright on the grounds of a monastery near Mandalay .
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1880 | Colonel Olcott became the first Westerners to receive the refuges and precepts, the ceremony by which one traditionally becomes a Buddhist; thus Blavatsky was the first Western woman to do so.[19]
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1882 | Jade Buddha Temple is founded in Shanghai, China, with two Jade Buddha statues imported from Burma. |
1884 | Irish-born Burma; first named but not first known western bhikkhu .
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1893 | The attend. |
1896 | Using . |
1899 | Gordon Douglas is ordained in Myanmar; until recently thought to be the first Westerner to be ordained in the Theravada tradition. |
20th century
Date | Event |
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1902 | Charles Henry Allan Bennett a British national ordains as a Theravada monk in Ceylon as Bhikkhu Ananda Metteyya. |
1903 | Formation of the International Buddhist Society known as Buddhasāsana Samāgama which went on to gain official representatives in Austria, Burma, Ceylon, China, Germany, Italy, America, and England. |
1903 | First publication of periodical Buddhism: An Illustrated Review, goes on to appear on 500 to 600 reading tables of libraries across Europe. |
1904 | First continental European, Anton Walther Florus Gueth, was accepted into the Sangha as Ñāṇatiloka Bhikkhu. Ñāṇatiloka went on to become the father of western monks in Ceylon. |
1907 | The Buddhist Society of Great Britain and Ireland forms. |
1908 | Charles Henry Allan Bennett a British national previously ordained as a Theravada monk as Bhikkhu Ananda Metteyya in Burma leads the First Buddhist Mission to the West. |
1909 | Release of the periodical The Buddhist Review (1909 to 1922) by The Buddhist Society of Great Britain and Ireland. |
1911 | Burma .
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1912 | The German monk Nyanatiloka founded the first monastery for Western Theravada monks, the Island Hermitage, in Sri Lanka. |
1922 | Zenshuji Soto Mission is founded as the first Soto Zen temple in North America.
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1926 | Officially The Buddhist Society of Great Britain and Ireland dissolved in 1925 and superseded by the Buddhist Lodge in London, in 1926. |
1930 | Soka Gakkai is founded in Japan. |
1949 | Mahabodhi Temple in Bodh Gaya is returned to partial Buddhist control. |
1950 | World Fellowship of Buddhists is founded in Colombo, Sri Lanka. |
1952 | German Dharmaduta Society founded by Asoka Weeraratna in Colombo, Sri Lanka on September 21, 1952, to spread Buddhism in Germany and other western countries.It was originally known as Lanka Dhammaduta Society. |
1953 | The Buddhist Lodge had changed its name and was known as the Buddhist Society. It had relocated to its current address in Eccleston Square. Notably its journals have been Buddhism and The Middle Way and Christmas Humphreys was its president from 1926 until his death 1983. |
1954 | The Sixth Buddhist Council is held in Rangoon, Burma, organized by U Nu . It ends in time for the 2500th anniversary of the passing of the Buddha according to the Burmese reckoning.
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1955 | The Buddhist Society of India is founded in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. |
1956 | the father of the Neo-Buddhist movement .
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1956 | The D.T. Suzuki .
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1957 | First Theravada Buddhist Mission to Germany from Sri Lanka sponsored by the German Dharmaduta Society founded by Asoka Weeraratna. The Mission comprised Ven. Soma, Ven. Kheminde and Ven. Vinitha of the Vajiraramaya Temple in Colombo, and was accompanied by Asoka Weeraratna. |
1957 | Establishment of the Berlin Buddhist Vihara in Berlin – Frohnau, Germany with residential monks from Sri Lanka, by the German Dharmaduta Society upon purchase of Das Buddhistische Haus founded by Dr. Paul Dahlke in 1924. This is the first Theravada Buddhist Vihara in continental Europe. |
1957 | Caves near the summit of Pai-tai mountain, Fangshan district, 75 km southwest of Beijing, are reopened, revealing thousands of Buddhist sutras that had been carved onto stone since the 7th century. Seven sets of rubbings are made, and the stones are numbered, in work that continues until 1959. |
1959 | The 14th Dalai Lama flees Tibet amidst unrest and establishes an exile community in India. Monasteries that participated in or sheltered agents of partisan violence were damaged, burned, or destroyed in the fighting. |
1962 | The nuns .
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1962 | The Shunryu Suzuki .
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1963 | Thích Quảng Đức immolates himself to protest the oppression of the Buddhist religion by Ngo Dinh Diem. |
1965 | The Burmese government arrests over 700 monks in Hmawbi, near Rangoon , for refusing to accept government rule.
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1965 | The Johnstone House Trust was formed with the objectives "to make available to the public facilities for study and meditation based on Buddhist and other religious teaching leading to mental and spiritual well-being, and to provide guidance for those in need of such help and in particular the utilisation of the property known as Johnstone House, Eskdalemuir, for such purposes." In 1967, the Johnstone House facilities were offered to Tibetan Buddhist lamas led by Kagyu Samyé Ling Tibetan Buddhist monastery became the first, and swiftly grew to become the largest, Tibetan Buddhist centre in Europe.
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1966 | The Walpola Rahula are approved unanimously.
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1966 | Freda Bedi, a British woman, becomes the first Western woman to take ordination in Tibetan Buddhism.[20] |
1967 | Friends of the Western Sangha (later Friends of the Western Buddhist Order) founded by Urgyen Sangharakshita
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1968 | August. First ordinations into the Western Buddhist Order (Founder: Urgyen Sangharakshita )
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1968 | The Bhikshunis are ordained in the Chinese tradition including the oldest still-in-robes American Bhikshuni nun Heng Chr .
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1970s | Indonesian Archaeological Service and Borobodur .
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1974 | Wat Pah Nanachat, the first monastery dedicated to providing training and support for western Buddhist monks in the Thai Forest Tradition is founded by Venerable Ajahn Chah in Thailand. The monks trained here would later establish branch monasteries throughout the world. |
1974 | The Naropa Institute (now Naropa University) is founded in Boulder, Colorado. |
1974 | In Burma, during demonstrations at U Thant 's funeral, 600 monks are arrested and several are bayoneted by government forces.
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1975 | Communist rulers attempt to change attitudes to religion—in particular, calling on monks to work, not beg. This causes many to return to lay life, but Buddhism remains popular.
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1975 | The Insight Meditation Society is established in Barre, Massachusetts. |
1975–1979 | Cambodian Communists under Pol Pot try to completely destroy Buddhism, and very nearly succeed. By the time of the Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia in 1978, nearly every monk and religious intellectual has been either murdered or driven into exile, and nearly every temple and Buddhist library has been destroyed. |
1976 | Shramana Heng Sure observed a practice of total silence .
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1976 | Following a demonstration in Burma, the government seeks to discredit the critical monk La Ba by claiming that he is a cannibal and a murderer.
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1978 | In Burma, more monks and novices are arrested, disrobed, and imprisoned by the government. Monasteries are closed and property seized. The critical monk U Nayaka is arrested and dies, the government claiming it is suicide. |
1980 | The Burmese military government asserts authority over the sangha , and violence against monks continues through the decade.
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1982 | The Chan Khong, two Vietnamese monastics, under the Plum Village Tradition .
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1983 | The Shanghai Institute of Buddhism is established at Jade Buddha Temple, under the Shanghai Buddhist Association. |
1988 | During the 1988 uprising, SPDC troops gun down monks. After the uprising, U Nyanissara, a senior monk, records a tape that discusses democracy in Buddhist precepts; the tape is banned.
In Estonia, the first political opposition party, Estonian National Independence Party was founded by the head of Estonian Buddhist Brotherhood,Vello Vaartnou. |
1990 | August 27 – Over 7000 monks meet in Burma, to call for a boycott of the military. They refuse to accept alms from military families or perform services for them. The military government seizes monasteries and arrests hundreds of monks, including senior monks U Sumangala and U Yewata . The monks face long-term imprisonment, and all boycotting monks are disrobed; some monks are tortured during interrogation.
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1992 | The Husain Sagar Lake. It is made of white granite, finely sculptured and stands majestically amidst the shimmering waters of the lake. It is later consecrated by Dalai Lama .
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1996 | Subhana Barzagi Roshi became the Diamond Sangha's first female roshi (Zen teacher) when she received transmission on March 9, 1996, in Australia. In the ceremony Subhanna also became the first female roshi in the lineage of Robert Aitken Roshi.[21] |
1996 | A Bhikkhuni (Buddhist nuns) Order and lineage is revived in Sarnath, India through the efforts of Sakyadhita , an International Buddhist Women Association. The revival is done with some resistance from some of the more literal interpreters of the Buddhist Vinaya (monastic code) and lauded by others in the community.
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1998 | January 25 – Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam ( LTTE) terrorists commit a deadly suicide attack on Sri Lanka's most sacred Buddhist site and a UNESCO World Heritage centre: the Temple of the Tooth , where Buddha's tooth relic is enshrined. Eight civilians are killed and 25 others are injured and significant damage is done to the temple structure, which was first constructed in 1592.
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1998 | Sherry Chayat, born in Brooklyn, became the first American woman to receive transmission in the Rinzai school of Buddhism.[22] |
21st century
Date | Event |
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2001 | May – Two of the world's tallest ancient Buddha statues, the Bamyan, Afghanistan .
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2002 | Khenmo Drolma, an American woman, became the first bhikkhuni in the Drikung Kagyu lineage of Buddhism, getting ordained in Taiwan in 2002.[23][24] |
2003 | Ayya Sudhamma Bhikkhuni became the first American-born woman to gain bhikkhuni ordination in the Theravada school in Sri Lanka.[25][26][27] |
2004 | The Eight Garudhammas.[28]
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2004 | April – In Jaathika Hela Urumaya party win nine seats in elections.
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2006 | April – The Government of the People's Republic of China sponsors the First World Buddhist Forum in Mount Putuo, Zhejiang Province. Notably absent was the Dalai Lama. |
2006 | Merle Kodo Boyd, born in Texas, became the first African–American woman ever to receive Dharma transmission in Zen Buddhism.[29] |
2006 | For the first time in American history, a Buddhist ordination was held where an American woman (Sister Khanti-Khema) took the Samaneri (novice) vows with an American monk (Bhante Vimalaramsi) presiding. This was done for the Buddhist American Forest Tradition at the Dhamma Sukha Meditation Center in Missouri.[30]
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2007 | Myokei Caine-Barrett, born and ordained in Japan, became the first female Nichiren priest in her affiliated Nichiren Order of North America.[31] |
2008 | After a 10-year process of advanced training culminating in a ceremony called shitsugo (literally "room-name"), Sherry Chayat received the title of roshi and the name Shinge ("Heart/Mind Flowering") from Eido Roshi, which was the first time that this ceremony was held in the United States.[32] |
2010 | Western Buddhist Order (Founder: Urgyen Sangharakshita) changes name to Triratna Buddhist Order and Friends of the Western Buddhist Order to Triratna Buddhist Community .
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2010 | The first Tibetan Buddhist nunnery in America (Vajra Dakini Nunnery in Vermont) was officially consecrated. It offers novice ordination and follows the The Eight Garudhammas.[28]
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2010 | In Northern California, 4 novice nuns were given the full bhikkhuni ordination in the Thai Bhante Gunaratana and other monks and nuns were in attendance. It was the first such ordination ever in the Western hemisphere.[33] The following month, more bhikkhuni ordinations were completed in Southern California, led by Walpola Piyananda and other monks and nuns. The bhikkhunis ordained in Southern California were Lakshapathiye Samadhi (born in Sri Lanka), Cariyapanna, Susila, Sammasati (all three born in Vietnam), and Uttamanyana (born in Myanmar).[34]
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2010 | The Soto Zen Buddhist Association (SZBA) approves a document honoring the women ancestors in the Zen tradition at its biannual meeting on October 8, 2010. Female ancestors, dating back 2,500 years from India, China, and Japan, may now be included in the curriculum, ritual, and training offered to Western Zen students.[35] |
2011 | The |
2013 | Tibetan women were able to take the geshe exams for the first time.[38] |
2014 | Nalanda, Bihar, India. It has been established in a bid to revive the ancient seat of learning. The university has acquired 455 acres of land for its campus and has been allotted ₹2727 crores (around $454M) by the Indian government.[39] It is also being funded by the governments of China, Singapore, Australia, Thailand, and others.[40]
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2016 | Twenty Tibetan Buddhist nuns became the first Tibetan women to earn geshe degrees.[41][42] |
2018 | Sumedhārāma Buddhist Monastery[43] is established in Portugal, a branch monastery of the Thai Forest Tradition in the lineage of Venerable Ajahn Chah, being the first Theravāda monastery on the Iberian Peninsula. |
See also
- History of Buddhism
- History of Hinduism
- Ordination of women in Buddhism
- Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
- Timeline of Jainism
- Timeline of Zen Buddhism in the United States
References
- ^ a b Cousins 1996, pp. 57–63.
- ^ Schumann 2003, p. 10–13.
- ^ Prebish 2008, p. 2.
- ^ Harvey, Peter (2013). An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices (2nd ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 88–90. Noting the date of seventy years after the passing of the Buddha, which, in the short chronology, would place the second council around 330 +/-20 years.
- ^ Skilton, Andrew. A Concise History of Buddhism. 2004. p. 48
- ^ Raychaudhuri, H. C.; Mukherjee, B. N. (1996), Political History of Ancient India: From the Accession of Parikshit to the Extinction of the Gupta Dynasty, Oxford University Press, pp. 204–209.
- ^ Narain, A.K. (1957). The Indo-Greeks. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 124
- ISBN 9781400866328.
- ^ R.K. Sen (1895). "Origin of the Maurya of Magadha and of Chanakya". Journal of the Buddhist Text Society of India. The Society. pp. 26–32.
- ^ Geiger 1912.
- ^ Baldev Kumar (1973). Exact source needed!
- ^ ISBN 0824814274.
- ^ "A brief History of Kung Fu". Archived from the original on October 6, 2014.
- ^ Canzonieri, Salvatore (February–March 1998). "History of Chinese Martial Arts: Jin Dynasty to the Period of Disunity". Han Wei Wushu. 3 (9).
- ^ [1] The Art of Shaolin Kung Fu: The Secrets of Kung Fu for Self-Defense, Health and Enlightenment by Grandmaster Wong Kiew Kit
- ^ Lagerwey, John (2004). Religion and Chinese Society. Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press. p. xviii.
- ^ Anne-Marie Blondeau, Yonten Gyatso, 'Lhasa, Legend and History,' in Françoise Pommaret(ed.) Lhasa in the seventeenth century: the capital of the Dalai Lamas, Brill Tibetan Studies Library, 3, Brill 2003, pp. 15–38.
- ^ "Abbess Nyodai's 700th Memorial". Institute for Medieval Japanese Studies. Archived from the original on March 21, 2012. Retrieved April 10, 2012.
- ^ Current Perspectives in Buddhism: Buddhism today : issues & global dimensions, Madhusudan Sakya, Cyber Tech Publications, 2011, p. 244
- ISBN 978-1-61180-425-6. Retrieved 2017-06-10.
- ^ Subhana Barzaghi Roshi Archived 2012-04-02 at the Wayback Machine
- ISBN 978-81-208-1087-7.
- ^ a b c d "Women Making History". Vajradakininunnery.org. Archived from the original on 2010-06-01. Retrieved 2010-11-19.
- ^ a b "Khenmo Drolma". Vajradakininunnery.org. Archived from the original on 2010-06-01. Retrieved 2010-11-19.
- ^ The Outstanding Women in Buddhism Awards (2006) Archived 2011-01-14 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Carolina Buddhist Vihara (n.d.) Archived September 7, 2010, at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Bhāvanā Society Forest Monastery (2007), p. 165.
- ^ a b "Vajra Dakini Nunnery". Vajra Dakini Nunnery. Retrieved 2010-11-19.
- ^ Zen master who?: a guide to the people and stories of Zen By James Ishmael Ford
- ^ Background story for Sister Khema Archived 2013-11-12 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Zen T.C. Zheng. "Cultivating her faith: Buddhist order's first female priest tends to diverse congregation". Chron.com. Retrieved 2010-11-19.
- ^ "Dharma Connections 2008 p.9" (PDF). Zen Center of Syracuse. Retrieved 2010-10-05.
- ^ Boorstein, Sylvia (2011-05-25). "Ordination of Bhikkhunis in the Theravada Tradition". Huffington Post.
- ^ "Bhikkhuni Ordination in Los Angeles". Asian Tribune. Retrieved 1 March 2015.
- ^ "Chanting Names Once Forgotten: The Zen Women Ancestors Document". Lion's Roar. February 18, 2014. Retrieved October 4, 2016.
- ^ "2,500 Years After The Buddha, Tibetan Buddhists Acknowledge Women". Huffington Post. 18 May 2011.
- ^ "Geshe Kelsang Wangmo, An Interview with the World's First Female Geshe". Foundation for the Preservation of the Mahayana Tradition. September 11, 2012. Retrieved October 4, 2016.
- ^ "Buddhist nun professors or none?". onfaith. June 7, 2013. Archived from the original on October 5, 2016. Retrieved October 4, 2016.
{{cite news}}
: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^ "Sushma Swaraj inaugurates Nalanda University". Economic Times. 19 September 2014. Retrieved 19 September 2014.
- ^ "Nalanda University reopens". Times of India. 1 September 2014. Retrieved 10 September 2014.
- ^ Nuns, Tibetan (2016-07-14). "Tibetan Buddhist Nuns Make History: Congratulations Geshema Nuns!". The Tibetan Nuns Project – Tnp.org. Retrieved 2016-10-04.
- ^ "Twenty Tibetan Buddhist nuns are first ever to earn Geshema degrees". Lionsroar.com. 2016-07-15. Retrieved 2016-10-04.
- ^ "Mosteiro Budista Sumedhārāma". 2018-07-28. Retrieved 2023-12-13.
Sources
Printed sources
- Cousins, L. S. (1996), "The dating of the historical Buddha: a review article", Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, Third Series, 6 (1): 57–63, S2CID 162929573
- Geiger, Wilhelm (1912), The Mahawamsa or Great Chronicle of Ceylon, Oxford University Press (for the Pali Text Society)
- Prebish, Charles S. (2008), "Cooking the Buddhist Books: The Implications of the New Dating of the Buddha for the History of Early Indian Buddhism" (PDF), Journal of Buddhist Ethics, 15: 1–21, archived from the original on January 28, 2012
{{citation}}
: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - Samuel, Geoffrey (2010), The Origins of Yoga and Tantra. Indic Religions to the Thirteenth Century, Cambridge University Press
- Schumann, Hans Wolfgang (2003), The Historical Buddha: The Times, Life, and Teachings of the Founder of Buddhism, Motilal Banarsidass Press, ISBN 8120818172
- Wayman, Alex (1997), Untying the Knots in Buddhism: Selected Essays, Motilal Banarsidass Publ., ISBN 8120813219
Web-sources
External links
- Theravada Buddhist Chronology
- Asakawa, K and Lodge, Henry Cabot (Ed.). Japan From the Japanese Government History. (In Progress at Project Gutenberg)
- Buddhist Bark Texts Found, BuddhaNet.
- A Buddhist Time-line
- Rock cut canon in China
- First Sri Lankan Buddhist mission to Germany 1957