Timeline of Karnataka

Add links
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

This article contains Indic text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks or boxes, misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts instead of Indic text.
The Nandhi statue
Nandi statue near Mysore
Bahubali statue in Sharavanabelogola
The Bahubali is the tallest monolith statue in the world and is 57 feet in height

The name Karnataka is derived from Karunadu, meaning 'lofty land' or 'high plateau', due to its location on the Deccan Plateau. The name can also mean 'land of black soil' (kari, 'black'; nadu, - 'area' or 'region') in Kannada. There are other possible roots of the name.[1] The recorded history of Karnataka goes back to the Ramayana and Mahabharata epics. The capital of "Baali" and "Sugriva" referenced in the Ramayana is said to be Hampi.[citation needed] Karnataka is mentioned in the Mahabharata as "Karnata Desha".[2]" Historically, the region was also called "Kuntala Rajya".[3]

Karnataka was also part of the Dakshinapatha (southern region) which is mentioned in many Indian epics. Vatapi, associated with the sage Agastya, is identified with Badami in Bagalkot district.[4]

Deccan plateau. It neighbours Maharashtra and Goa to the north, Andhra Pradesh to the east, Telangana to the northeast, and Tamil Nadu and Kerala
to the south. On the west, it opens out on the Arabian sea.

Prehistory

A Stanza in Kannada of Kavirajamarga praising people for their literary skills

During 4th and 3rd century BCE, Karnataka was part of

Kaveri River in the south and the Godavari River in the north. It also says "Kavya prayoga parinathamathigal" (See Image) which means people in the region are experts in poetry and literature.[5][6][7]

Starting period

Time Period / Era Empire / Dynasty Main Rulers Empire Extent
Starting period Shatavahana Semukha / Gouthamiputhra Deccan comprising present Andhra, Karnataka, Maharashtra
Shringeri
built during Vijaynagar times.

Around 3 BCE the

Shatavahana came to power. The Shatavahanas ruled parts of northern Karnataka. They used Prakrit as the administrative language and they might belong to Karnataka. Semukha and Gouthamiputhra Shatakarni were important rulers.[8] The empire lasted for almost 300 years. With the disintegration of Shatavahana Empire, the Kadambas
came to the power in the north of Karnataka and the Gangas in the south.

Banavasi Kadamba

See also:
Kadamba Dynasty
Time Period / Era Empire / Dynasty Main Rulers Empire Extent
A.D.325 - A.D.540 Banavasi Kadamba Mayura Varma / Kakustha Varma Central, Northern Karnataka, parts of Southern Maharashtra
Kannada Halmidi Inscription
The Halmidi is the oldest available inscription in Kannada dated to c.450 CE

The

Kadambas are considered the earliest indigenous rulers of Karnataka. Its founder was Mayuravarma and its most powerful ruler was Kakusthavarma. The Kadamba name is attributed to the Kadamba tree that was grown near the place where the empire was founded. Kadambas ruled for almost 200 years before Chalukyas took over their empire, but some minor branches of Kadambas ruled Hanagal, Goa and other regions till the 14th century. The details about this old empire are available through inscriptions like Chandravalli, Chandragiri, Halmidi, Talagunda etc.[9]

Gangas of Talakad

See also:
Western Ganga Dynasty and Western Ganga literature
Time Period / Era Empire / Dynasty Main Rulers Empire Extent
CE.325 - CE.999 Gangas of Talakad Avanitha / Durvinitha / Ratchamalla South Karnataka / parts of Andhra and Tamil Nadu
The Emblem of Ganga Empire
The Ganga Emblem - 10th century copper plate

The

Hindu religions. They were also instrumental in laying a strong foundation for the flourishing and development of Kannada literature. They ruled for almost 700 years. During their peak period, the empire included Kodaugu, Tumkur, Bangalore, Mysore districts, parts of Andhra and Tamil Nadu. Durvinitha, Shripurusha and Ratchamalla were famous rulers. The most famous example of Ganga architecture is the Gomateshwara in Shravanabelagola built in c. 983 CE by the Ganga minister "Chavundaraya". The statue is carved out of a single monolith rock and measures 57 feet high. This is the tallest monolith statue in the world, and is so perfect that the fingers of the hand are cut up slightly as a mark of induced imperfection (Drushti Nevarane in Kannada). The statue is naked, and shows the beauty of the human in that form. The statue is the first of its kind in Karnataka and comparable statues were not produced thereafter.[10]

Chalukyas of Badami

See also:
Badami Chalukya Architecture
Time Period / Era Empire / Dynasty Main Rulers Empire Extent
CE.500 - CE.757 Chalukyas of Badami Pulakeshin II / Vikramaditya II Most of Karnataka and Maharashtra, large parts of Andhra Pradesh, parts of Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Orissa
The famous Badami cave temple in Karnataka
Cave 3 in the Badami cave temples is constructed by carving large rock structure and an example of Chalukya architecture.

The

Pallava ruler Narasimhavarman who occupied Badami and called himself "Vatapikonda", which literally means "The one who won Badami". The end of Pulakeshin II remains a mystery. But the empire could last up to 757 CE. Their contribution to architecture includes cave temples of Badami, Aihole, Pattadakal, Mahakoota, etc.[11][12][5]

Rastrakuta of Manyakheta

See also:
Rashtrakuta Dynasty and Rashtrakuta literature
Time Period / Era Empire / Dynasty Main Rulers Empire Extent
CE.757 - CE.973 Rastrakuta of Manyakheta (modern Malkhed) Druva Dharavarsha / Krishna I / Govinda III / Nrupatunga Amoghavarsha I / Indra IV / Krishna III All of Karnataka and Maharashtra, large parts of Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Madhyapradash, extended to Kannauj at their peak.
The Somana Kunitha or dance
The Janapada Art of "Somana Kunitha".

The name Rastrakuta is a formal title like Patela, Gowda, Hegade, Reddy etc. Dantidurga and his son Krishna overtook the empire from

Ellora is an excellent example of their architecture.[13]

Chalukyas of Kalyana

See also:
Western Chalukya Architecture
Time Period / Era Empire / Dynasty Main Rulers Empire Extent
CE.973 - CE.1198 Chalukyas of Kalyana Vikramadithya VI Entire Karnataka and Maharashtra, large areas in Andhra Pradesh, parts of Tamil Nadu and Madhya Pradesh while at their peak
Hoysala stepped temple tank (Kalyani) at Hulikere, Karnataka

After the Rastrakutha came to the Chalukya who ruled from Kalyana. The most famous among them was Vikramadihya 6th. He was responsible for the setting of a new era called "Vikrama shaka". An important event that took place during this period (c. 1150 CE) is the social and religious movement of

Vachanna" in Nadugannada (middle Kannada) which was simple to understand, elegant and effective in reaching the people. The Vachanna form of literature was instrumental in removing the Sanskrit influence to a large extent and thus popularised Kannada as an effective language for literature. The Kashmiri poet Bilhana came to his court and lived there. He wrote "vikramankadevacharita" praising Vikramaditya 6th. The Kalachurya took over their empire and ruled for about 20 years but were ineffective to see the integrity of the empire. Thus the empire got broke up which was shared by Sevunas in the north and Hoysalas in the south.[14]

Sevunas of Devagiri

Time Period / Era Empire / Dynasty Main Rulers Empire Extent
CE.1198 - CE.1312 Sevunas of Devagiri Singana II Northern Karnataka, most of Maharashtra, and parts of Andhra Pradesh
Hoysaleshwara Temple in Halebid
The Hoysaleswara Temple in Halebidu

The Sevunas were from

Alauddin Khilji and his general Malik Kafur
.

Hoysalas of Dwarasamudra

See also:
Literature in the Hoysala Empire, and Hoysala architecture
Time Period / Era Empire / Dynasty Main Rulers Empire Extent
CE.1000 - CE.1346 Hoysalas of Dwarasamudra Vishnuvardhana / Ballala II Southern Karnataka including the coast, parts of Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu
The emblem of Hoysala empire
The Hoysala royal emblem at the Chennakesava Temple in Belur

The

Ramanujacharya established the Cheluvanarayana Temple in Yadugiri (now Melukote, near Mysore). The famous Hoysala king Bittideva (also called Bittiga) was influenced by Ramanujacharya and got converted to Hindu, changing his name to Vishnuvardhana.[15]

The world-famous

Athens, Greece.[16]

Vijayanagara

See also:
Vijayanagara Architecture
Time Period / Era Empire / Dynasty Main Rulers Empire Extent
CE.1336 - CE.1565 Vijayanagara Devaraya II / Krishnadevaraya The whole of South India, encompassing present-day states of
Orissa and Maharashtra
The stone chariot of Vijayanagar
The Stone Chariot near Vittala temple in Hampi

The

Harihara Raya I and due to his work, the empire got firmly established in 1346 CE. He subdued the Madurai Sultanate and helped in bringing back the idol of Sri Ranganatha of Srirangam, that had been shifted to Tirupati during an attack by Delhi Sultanate. His brother Bukka succeeded him, assuming the name of Bukka Raya I
. His successors were able administrators and were successful in blocking Muslim invasion in South India for about 300 years. Italian, Portuguese and Persian visitors (Parsee, Kantae, Abdul Razak) described the Vijayanagar capital
Aliya Rama Raya in the battle of Talikota in c. 1565 CE. These Sultans also sacked Hampi. The Stone Chariot of Vijaya Vitthala Temple (in Hampi) is an excellent example of Vijayanagar architecture.[5][17]

Bahamani

See also: Bahmani Sultanate
Time Period / Era Empire / Dynasty Main Rulers Empire Extent
CE.1347 - CE.1527 Bahumani Sultanate Muhammadshah I / II Deccan area comprising northern Karnataka and Andhra
Jog Falls in Karnataka
The Jog Falls measures 857 feet in height and an important source of electricity in the region.

The Bahumani empire was established due to the conquest of the Muslim rulers in south India. The Muslim raids were so intense that in almost two attacks, four empires of the south were destroyed (

Gulbarga area) Muhammad Gawan was the most famous minister under the Bahumans. They ruled from Bidar. Russian traveller Nikiten visited the empire in c. 1470 CE and described Bidar as a beautiful city.[18]

Sultans of Bijapur

See also:
Bijapur Sultanate
Time Period / Era Empire / Dynasty Main Rulers Empire Extent
CE.1490 - CE.1686 Sultans of Bijapur Yusaf Addil Khan / Ibrahim Addil Shah II Bijapur and adjoining areas
"The Gol Gumbaz in Bijapur
The Gol Gumbaz in Bijapur

Around c. 1490 CE the empire broke into five parts, of which

Mughals, under Aurangzeb finally defeated Sikandar Adil Shah in 1686, while the erstwhile Sultan was imprisoned in Daulatabad Fort
, where he died in 1686, ending the Adil Shahi Dynasty.

Nayakas of Keladi

Time Period / Era Empire / Dynasty Main Rulers Empire Extent
CE.1500 - CE.1763 Nayakas of Keladi Shivappa Nayaka / Rani Channama Coastal and Central Karnataka

The

Hyder Ali of Mysore occupied their kingdom and imprisoned her in Madhugiri
.

Wodeyars of Mysore

See also: Kingdom of Mysore
Time Period / Era Empire / Dynasty Main Rulers Empire Extent
CE.1399 - CE.1761 Wodeyars of Mysore Ranadhira Kantirava / Chikkadevaraja Southern Karnataka, parts of northern Tamil Nadu
The statue of demon Mahishasura
Statue of Mahishasura

The Yeduraya and Krishnadeva of Yadava clan who came from Dwaraka to Mysore were approached for help to contain Marappanayaka. They defeated and killed him. His heir was married to Yeduraya and he came to crown in c.1399 CE. Mysore was previously called "MahishaMandala" which means the region of demon Mahisha. The demon was killed by a goddess in this region and hence got the name Mysore. The small kingdom was made into a mighty empire by RajaWodeyar. They shifted their capital from Mysore to Srirangapattana. Chikkadevaraja. Wodeyar is the most famous ruler among them and got the title "Karnataka Chakravarthy" by defeating Nayakas (Ikkeri), Sultans (Madurai) and Shivaji. By 1686 CE the kingdom included almost all of south India. In 1687 CE they bought the city of Bangalore from Mughal by paying three lakh Rupees. By 1761 CE Hyder Ali who was a normal soldier took over their empire.

Sultanate of Srirangapattana

Time Period / Era Empire / Dynasty Main Rulers Empire Extent
CE.1761 - CE.1799 Sultanate of Srirangapattana HyderAli / Tippu Sultan Most of Karnataka, parts Andhra Pradesh Tamil Nadu and Kerala
Temple architecture of Halebid

Hyder Ali, who overtook the Mysore from the Wodeyars ruled from Srirangapattana. He soon displaced Nanjaraj, the prime minister, and made the Raja a prisoner in his own palace. Tipu Sultan succeeded Hyder Ali. He fought bloody wars against the

Hyderabad Nijamas
in the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War and died on the battlefield in 1799 CE.

Mysore Wodeyars

Time Period / Era Empire / Dynasty Main Rulers Empire Extent
CE.1800 - CE.1831 Mysore Wodeyars Krishna Raja Wodeyar III Old Mysore area
The Tulasi plant is worshipped in Karnataka
The worshipped Tulasi plant.

After the defeat of Tipu, according to the treaty in 1800 CE, the British divided the state in which

Dr. M. Visveswaraya and Sir Mirza Ismail. Around 1824 CE "Rani Channamma" and her general "Sangoli Rayanna" of Kittur
started to fight against British and declared independence. Due to this, in 1831 CE the British took over the empire.

British takeover

Time Period / Era Empire / Dynasty Main Rulers Empire Extent
CE.1831 - CE.1881 British Takeover. Commissioners of British Old Mysore and other areas
Wall Painting
Painting of Mysore style

In 1831 CE the British overtook the empire and appointed the commissioners, who were given the power to rule on behalf of the British empire. Among them,

Madras
provinces, Hyderabad Nijamas and Mysore.

Mysore Wodeyars

Time Period / Era Empire / Dynasty Main Rulers Empire Extent
CE.1881 - CE.1950 Mysore Wodeyars Krishna Raja Wodeyar 4/Jayachamaraja Wodeyar old Mysore area
Hanuman is popular in Karnataka

After a period of British Commissioners' rule, Mysore was given back to the Wodeyars under Jayachamaraja Wodeyar. During this period the urge to independence gained momentum with the result that many leaders were imprisoned. The struggle finally led to the grant of independence to India by the British. The rule of the Wodeyars continued until the Indian independence and finally they merged Mysore with the Indian union which got incorporated into India as a state.

Karnataka State

Time Period / Era Empire / Dynasty Main Rulers Empire Extent
CE.1956 Karnataka State Government Whole of Karnataka

After the

reorganised
based on the linguistic and other criteria and thus the divided areas of Kannada speaking population came together to form the present day Karnataka under the name of Mysore. On 1973 November 1, the name Mysore was changed to Karnataka. The state choose the city of Bangalore as its capital and gave Kannada the status of an administrative language. The Vidhana Soudha build by Kengal Hanumanthya became the state parliament house. The Attara Kachery was made the state high court.

Karnataka state parliament
Vidhana Soudha

Bengaluru City

Rangoli
The Rangoli is a traditional art of Karnataka women.
Rangoli
The Rangoli is also popular throughout India.

In around c.1537 CE an important event occurred that of establishment of

Yalahanka kingdom. According to popular belief, when Kempegowda went to hunting he saw a mola (rabbit) chasing a naayi (dog). He thought this as a good sign and in that place he built a fort which led to the foundation of the city of Bengaluru. Pleased by this, the Vijayanagar
emperor Achutaraya awarded the place around the fort to Kempegowda. Kempegowda used the money of the empire to improve the city and to make the foreign traders and local workers settle down there. He built viewing (watching) towers and his emblems in all the four directions of the city at places like Alasuru, Hebbala, Lalbag, and Kempambudi lake. Even today they can be seen and it remains as his memories. These towers are used as emblems of Bangalore city corporation. Although the extent of the towers was large in those days, today the city has outgrown them.

Summary

The table shows the summary [19]

Time Period / Era Empire / Dynasty Main Rulers Empire Extent
Starting period Shatavahana Semukha, Gouthamiputhra Deccan comprising present Andhra, Karnataka, Maharashtra
CE.325 - CE.540 Banavasi Kadamba Mayura Sharma, Kakusta Varma Central, Western, Northwestern Karnataka
CE.325 - CE.999 Gangas of Talakad Avanitha, Durvinitha, Ratchamalla South Karnataka, parts of Andhra and Tamil Nadu
CE.500 - CE.757 Chalukyas of Badami Mangalesha, Pulakeshin II Parts of Karnataka, Maharashtra, Gujarath, Orrisa, Andhra
CE.757 - CE.973 Rastrakutha of Malakeada Krishna I, Govinda III, Nrupatunga Amoghavarsha I Parts of Karnataka, Andra, Tamil Nadu, Madhyapradash, Maharashtra
CE.973 - CE.1198 Chalukyas of Kalyana Vikramadithya VI Parts of Karnataka, Andra, Tamil Nadu, Madhyapradash, Maharashtra
CE.1198 - CE.1312 Sevunas of Devagiri Singana II Parts of Karnataka, Andra, Maharashtra
CE.1000 - CE.1346 Hoysalas of Dwarasamudra Vishnuvardhana, Ballala II Parts of south and coastal Karnataka, Andra, Tamil Nadu
CE.1336 - CE.1565 Vijayanagara Devaraya II, Krishnadevaraya Most of Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Andhra
CE.1347 - CE.1527 Bahumani Muhammad Shah I, Muhammad Shah II Deccan area
CE.1490 - CE.1686 Sultans of Bijapur Yusaf Addil Khan, Ibrahim Addil Shah II Bijapur and adjoining areas
CE.1500 - CE.1763 Nayakas of Kelaedi Shivappa Nayaka, Rani Channama Parts of Coastal Karnataka
CE.1399 - CE.1761 Wodeyars of Mysore RajaWodeyar, Ranadhira Kantirava, Chikadevaraja Old Mysore region
CE.1588 - CE.1779 Nayakas of Chitradurga Thimmanna Nayaka, Madakari Nayaka Parts of Central Karnataka,Andra
CE.1761 - CE.1799 Sultanate of Srirangapatana HyderAli, Tippu Sultan Parts of Karnataka, Andhra
CE.1800 - CE.1831 Mysore Wodeyars Krishna Raja Wodeyar III Old Mysore area
CE.1831 - CE.1881 British Takeover. Commissioners of British Old Mysore and other areas
CE.1881 - CE.1950 Mysore Wodeyars Krishna Raja Wodeyar IV, Jayachamaraja Wodeyar old Mysore area
CE.1956 Karnataka State Government Whole of Karnataka

Graphical timeline

KarnatakaWodeyar dynastyKalyani ChalukyasBritish RajNayakas of KeladiBahmaniWestern GangasKingdom of MysoreVijaynagarSeuna Yadavas of DevagiriRastrakutasKadamba DynastyWodeyar dynastyWodeyar dynastyAdil Shahi dynastyHoysalasChalukyasSatavahana dynastyKannadaKannadaHalegannadaKannadaKannada

See also

References

  1. ^ "Karnataka: a 50-year-old name, centuries of legacy". The Hindu. 1 November 2022. Retrieved 28 November 2022.
  2. ISSN 0971-751X
    . Retrieved 28 January 2021.
  3. ^ "The Kuntala and its extent in Karnataka".
  4. ^ "Manorama yearbook 2002". Malayalam Manorama. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)
  5. ^ a b c "Timeline".
  6. ^ "Isila and Brahmigiri Excavation Sites". Archived from the original on 17 May 2008.
  7. ^ "Kavirajamarga and Amoghavarsha".
  8. ^ "Satavahana and Prakrit".
  9. ^ "Kadamba Reference". 16 October 2009.
  10. ^ "Sharavanabelogala and Ganga contribution".
  11. ^ "Pulikeshi and his adventures".
  12. ^ "Huen-Tsang visit to India".
  13. ^ "Rastrakutas and their empire".
  14. ^ "Vikrama Shaka and Vikramadithya".
  15. ^ "Bettydeva and VishnuVardhana".
  16. ^ "Hoysaleshwara and furgusen comments".
  17. ^ "Vijayanagar empire and foreign Visitors".
  18. ^ "Russian Traveller to India - Nikitin".
  19. ^ "Timeline of Karnataka".
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Karnataka&oldid=1191180392"