Timeline of Eastern Orthodoxy in Greece (1453–1821)

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This article is about Orthodoxy in Greece from 1453 AD to 1821 AD. For other years, see Eastern Orthodoxy in Greece.

Part of a series on the
Eastern Orthodox Church
Christ Pantocrator (Deesis mosaic detail)
Mosaic of Christ Pantocrator, Hagia Sophia
Overview
Background
Organization
Autocephalous jurisdictions
Autocephalous Churches who are officially part of the communion:

Autocephaly recognized by some autocephalous Churches de jure:

Autocephaly and canonicity recognized by Constantinople and 3 other autocephalous Churches:

Spiritual independence recognized by Georgian Orthodox Church:


Autonomous jurisdictions

Semi-Autonomous:

Episcopal assemblies
Noncanonical jurisdictions
Ecumenical councils
  • Other possible ecumenical councils:
  • Other important councils:
History
Theology
Liturgy and worship
Liturgical calendar
  • The four fasting periods:
Major figures
Other topics

This is a timeline of the presence of Eastern Orthodoxy in Greece. The history of Greece traditionally encompasses the study of the Greek people, the areas they ruled historically, as well as the territory now composing the modern state of Greece.

Ottoman rule (1453–1821)

Main article: Ottoman Greece
"The fifteenth-century Ottoman Empire
Hellenism throughout the dark centuries, without the moral force of Hellenism Orthodoxy itself might have withered.[6]
Patriarch Gennadios Scholarius with Mehmet II.
St. Maximos the Greek, monk, publicist, writer, scholar, humanist and translator active in Russia.
Stavronikita monastery
, Mount Athos).
The Divine Liturgy. Michael Damaskinos, 16th century.
Venerable David of Euboea, Wonderworker († c. 1589).
Hieromartyr Cyril Loukaris (†1638), Abp. of Constantinople and New Rome.[note 24]
  • 1625 Confession of Faith by Metrophanes Kritopoulos written, while he was a student at the University of Helmstedt in Germany.[79][note 25]
  • 1627 Hieromonk Nicodemos Metaxas (1585–1646) founded the first Greek printing press in Constantinople, becoming involved in printing refutations of Roman Catholic theology, since the Roman Catholic campaign for the conversion of the Greeks was then at a great activity.[80][81][note 26]
  • 1629 Confession of Cyril Lucaris is published under his name in Geneva (Lucarian Confession), being Calvinistic in doctrine, composed by Calvinist theologians who submitted their draft to the Patriarch for his signature in order to promulgate their novel doctrines.[83][84][note 27]
  • 1638 First translation into Modern Greek of the New Testament, by the Greek hieromonk Maximos Rodios of Gallipoli (Kallioupolitis);[85] martyrdom of Patr. Cyril Loukaris, one of the most important personalities of the Turkish period,[note 28] though controversial, martyred by the Ottoman Turks at the instigation of the Roman Catholic Church via the religious and political influence of the Jesuits and Capuchins of Constantinople, and the French and Austrian ambassadors.[87][note 29][note 30][note 31]
Dositheos Notaras who convened the Synod of Jerusalem
.
Ilias Miniatis, Greek prelate who was among the most important ecclesiastical orators under Ottoman rule († 1714).
New Martyr Theocharis of Neapolis, Cappadocia († 1740).
  • 1728 The
    Creation Era (AM) calendar, in use for over 1000 years, with the Christian Era (AD).[131]
Eugenios Voulgaris, eminent 18th-century theologian, scholar, "Teacher of the Nation", and Archbishop of Cherson, Ukraine.
Kosmas Aitolos, New Hieromartyr and Equal to the Apostles
(† 1779).
Saint Nicodemus of the Holy Mountain.
St. Makarios of Corinth.
  • 1800
    The Rudder (Greek: Πηδάλιον) published and printed in Athens; death of Hieromonk Nikephoros Theotokis, "Teacher of the Nation".[181]

See also

History

Church Fathers

Notes

  1. Dervishes; finally, there were forced conversions and neo-martyrs, and these seem to have been somewhat more widespread than has hitherto been thought."[3]
  2. ^ "Be Patriarch, and good fortune be with you. Count on our friendship in whatever you will, possessing all those privileges which the Patriarchs enjoyed before you."[8]
  3. ^ "The ruling millet within the empire was made up of the Muslims. Next in importance was the Orthodox Christian millet-i Rūm, or "Greek" millet, as it was known. There was also an Armenian, a Jewish, a Roman Catholic, and even, in the 19th century, a Protestant millet. Although its head, the ecumenical patriarch, was invariably of Greek origin, the term "Greek" millet was something of a misnomer, for it included, besides the Greeks, Romanians, Bulgarians, Serbs, Albanians, Vlachs, and substantial Arab populations."[9] By the recognition of the privileges of the Constantinople Patriarchate there was created within the framework of the Ottoman Empire, a para-state body, the Orthodox Church-State of the Greek nation.[10] Note that although the powers of the ecumenical patriarch were indeed extensive, there is uncertainty as to the precise nature of the privileges granted by Sultan Mehmed II to the man whom he elevated to the highest office in the church.[9]
  4. Ottoman social system."[11]
  5. ^ Since the Fall of Constantinople in 1453, the Patriarchal churches have been:
    • The Church of the Twelve Apostles (location of today's Fatih Mosque), 1453–1456.
    • The
      Fethiye Mosque
      ), 1456–1587.
    • The Church of the Virgin Mary of Vlahseraion in the Phanar, 1587–1597.
    • The Church of St. Dimitrios in Xyloporta (
      Ayvansaray
      ), 1597–1600.
    • The
      Church of St. George in the Phanar, from 1601.[14]
  6. ^ While the circumstances of its destruction remain murky, it has been argued that the demolition of the church was subsumed into the rhetoric of conflict as Mehmet conquered Venetian territory along the Adriatic, and as Pope Pius II tried to stir enthusiasm for a crusade in 1464.[21]
  7. ^ Through Sophia Palaiologina's influence, along with the members of the great Byzantine families, churchmen and intellectuals who sought refuge in Russia, the ceremonious etiquette of Constantinople along with the imperial Double-headed eagle and all that it implied was adopted by the court of Moscow, and Russia was laid wide open to Greek influence.[24]
  8. proselytization by the Roman Catholics, which were intensified after the eruption of the Protestant movement.[25]
  9. ^ "There was no official interference with Greek religion. In many cases the Greeks preferred the tolerance of Turkish rule to the proselytising Catholicism of the Venetians. Greece was spared the religious conflicts that racked much of Europe: the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre of Huguenots in France, the Inquisition in Spain."[30]
  10. Timar holders who served the state. Therefore the Timar holders were given the authority to control arable lands, vacant land, or land possessed by peasants, as well as wastelands, fruit trees, forests or waters within their Timar territory. This system thus guaranteed an appreciable amount of local self-determination, as long as the taxes were paid.
    However by the end of the sixteenth century the Timar system of land tenure had begun its unrecoverable decline. And by the early decades of the seventeenth century Timars would not be reassigned, but were brought under imperial domain. With no new land to be divided up, the more powerful military commanders began to turn on the Ottoman Empire and its head of state, the Sultan, and they carved up the Empire into private land holdings called Chifliks, which became hereditary. The chiflik system marked the period when the Empire began to collapse, with a commensurate growing intolerance of Orthodox Christians. Some chiflik rulers like Ali Pasha of Ioannina
    ruled autonomous kingdoms inside the Empire.
  11. ^ "Already from the seventies of the fifteenth century, men of note had begun to arrive in the Kingdom of Naples as refugees from Greece, especially from the Peloponnese. Owing to their origin and to the political ties between Greece and the country in which they had found hospitality, these exiles in Naples were particularly active in helping the various movements of revolt against Ottoman rule. The Greek church in Naples was founded in 1518."[35]
  12. Janissaries who had been present when the conquering Sultan entered Constantinople. They swore on the Koran that they had seen a number of notables from the city come to the Sultan as he was waiting to make his entrance and offer him the keys of their respective districts. In return he promised them that they could retain their churches. Sultan Selim accepted this evidence and even allowed the Christians to reopen some of their churches which his officials had closed. All the same, several more churches were annexed during his reign.[36]
  13. people of the book' .[25]
  14. ^ In its administration of justice the Church based itself on canon and Byzantine law, including the Hexabiblos of Harmenopoulos (1345), and the Nomocanon of Manuel Malaxos (1561). See: British Library – Digitised Manuscripts. Harley MS 5554 – Nomocanon of Manuel Malaxos in 291 chapters. Date: 14 Dec 1675).
  15. ^ "The conquest of the island by the Ottomans in 1571 resulted in radical changes in the legal position of the different churches existing in Cyprus. The period of Ottoman rule lasted for more than 300 years, until 1878, and marked the first appearance of adherents of the Islamic faith in Cyprus. The Sheri (Sharia) Law, namely the interpretation of the Qurani Law, was not only the personal law of the Moslems of Cyprus, but also the state law, thus replacing the law of the Assizes, which had been the state law during the period of Frankish and Venetian rule. The Sheri Law was applied by the Sheri courts, which were the competent courts for the legal affairs of all people living in the island, irrespective of their religion."[47]
  16. ^ "Though most of the students came from Catholic families in the Aegean Islands, the Jesuits at Constantinople were able to persuade some Orthodox parents there to send their sons to it. Not all of them were converted to Catholicism in the course of their studies; but almost all of them returned with a kindlier feeling towards Rome and a readiness to work for some sort of union."[55]
  17. ^ He was elected as the Metropolitan of Philadelphia in July 1577, however he never went to his see, but went to Venice instead to oversee the Greek community there.[56]
  18. ^ "To this day, the local Arab Orthodox Christians commemorate this event with a tumultuous procession, proclaiming the victory of their religion over those who would have stolen the Holy Fire from its rightful custodians."[59]
  19. Jeremiah issued a Sigillion (signed also by Sylvester of Alexandria and Sophronius of Jerusalem) formally repudiating "the newly invested Paschalion and Menologion of the Pope's atheist astronomers" (i.e., the Gregorian calendar), condemning any as "rotten members" who accepted the various teachings and practices of the Roman Church."[60]
  20. ^ "This dramatic action was echoed in the provinces, where Ottoman governors sought to imitate the example of Istanbul and apply it to Christian churches located within their respective jurisdictions. Worried about the grave implications that this kind of action would have for Muslim-Christian relations in the Ottoman empire as a whole, the Ottoman Sultan, in a firman of 4 October 1587, warned his representatives in the provinces to refrain from fulfilling their aims."[61]
  21. Calvinists as well as Roman Catholics occasionally made overtures to its religious and political leaders. Of much greater significance to Eastern European Christianity than the Reformation was the establishment of the independence of the Russian Church by the creation of the patriarchy of Moscow in 1589 and the subsequent shifting of the center of gravity of Greek Orthodoxy from Constantinople to Moscow."[62]
  22. ^ The document shows that membership in the Church of God was seen as essentially conditioned by communion with the Pope of Rome. Those who do not belong to the Roman-Catholic Church cannot be saved because they are not members of the Church of God as such. Membership in the Roman Catholic Church was thus thought of as the only possible way of attaining salvation.[68]
  23. ^ According to K. Th. Dimaras:
    "For nearly two hundred years Korydallism was the basis of modern Hellenism's philosophical education. His works were considered a great improvement on the Byzantine handbooks which had preceded them. He was universally praised; his works filled every Greek library. Important scholars summarized them, commented on them, and translated them. But as Moisiodax observed, they are in the strictest scholastic tradition and ultimately hindered the development of learning in Greece."[73] A secular Hellenic rational spirit had been cultivated for some time by some eminent Greeks, among whom Theophilos Korydalleus (1563–1646) is considered as a precursor of free thought in modern Greece. But the most prominent amongst them, by common acknowledgement, was Adamantios Korais (1743–1833).[74]
  24. Patriarchate of Alexandria on 6 October 2009, and his memory is commemorated on 27 June.[77][78]
  25. Dositheos of Jerusalem (1672)).[73]
  26. ^ "In 1627 a wealthy monk and patriot called Nikodemos Metaxas (1585–1646) carried his printing press on a British merchant vessel from London to Kyrillos Loukaris, in Constantinople. Under a surety provided by the British Ambassador to the Turkish authorities, Nikodemos reprinted an essay by Patriarch Loukaris against Jewish dogma. One of the first books printed by a Greek in Greece, it included sermons by Maximos Margounios. The second book from his printery contained a series of anti-Papist tracts, which gave rise to a Jesuit plot that nearly cost his life."[82]
  27. ^ According to Greek theologian Professor John N. Karmiris, "the Confession was composed in Geneva by Calvinist theologians working under Diodat and then adapted and reshaped in a more Orthodox manner in Constantinople by the Calvinist theologian Anthony Leger and the Patriarch Cyril Loukaris himself. The patriarch claimed authorship under Protestant pressure in view of the many dangers surrounding him. The Calvinists submitted their draft of the Confession to the patriarch and demanded his signature in recompense for the great services they had rendered him."[84]
  28. ^ "In the bold policy of this Patriarch...we find mixed and mingled many of the conflicting trends which distracted the Greek community of the seventeenth century with a multitude of warring influences – conservatism against reform; Orthodox mysticism against the materialistic rationalism of the West; traditional Byzantinism against the emerging spirit of the new Greece. Buffeted between the Ottoman authorities on the one side and the Western powers on the other, battling against the infiltration of Roman Catholicism, Cyril Loukaris gave his own original reply to the problem of relations between Orthodoxy and Western Christianity. In doing so he "crystallized and translated into action the confused aspirations of a Greece which was just beginning to collect its thoughts with a view to making contact with Western civilization." His attempted reform of the clergy, his introduction of a calendar dated from the Nativity of Christ in place of the old Byzantine chronology dated from the Creation, the establishment by Nicodemus Metaxas, at Constantinople, of the first Greek press in the East (1627), the translation of the New Testament into popular Greek (Geneva, 1638) "are works of mark, witnessing to the breadth of view and the bold initiative of this great reformer"."[86]
  29. Holy Inquisition. Eventually the Austrian ambassador and Kontares persuaded the Sublime Porte to eliminate the patriarch and he was strangled on 27 June, 1638."[88]
  30. Papism. It was THIS anti-Latin Loukaris who supported Protestant opposition to Papism, who perhaps allowed his views to be restated and published by his Calvinist contacts in Geneva, and who earned the enduring hatred of the Papacy, which has played an essential role – if one reads the intellectual history surrounding this issue – in perpetuating the idea that the "Confessio" was the direct work of Kyrillos and that he was a Protestant in his thinking.[89]
  31. ^ "Στις 27 Ιουνίου του 1638 Λατίνοι και εβραίοι εξαγόρασαν με 4.000 τάλληρα τον Μέγα Βεζύρη Βαϊράμ Πασά και με διαταγή του συνελήφθη και εξετελέσθη ο Κύριλλος Λούκαρις με την κατηγορία ότι προπαρασκεύαζε εθνική επανάσταση των Ελλήνων με την βοήθεια των Ορθοδόξων Κοζάκων."[90]
  32. ^ "But against these instances of infidelity in high places the Greek Church could set many martyrs from the humbler ranks of society, known in the calendar as Neo-Martyrs, among them men who had voluntarily or involuntarily accepted Islam, often in childhood, but who subsequently recanted at the cost of their lives and deliberately sought death by public confession."[91]
  33. Cretan War, voluntary conversion to Islam resulted in the formation of an important Muslim community on the island, which nonetheless continued to be dominated by the Orthodox Christian majority."[98]
  34. ^ (in Greek) Ενδιαφέρθηκε πολύ για του Αγίους Τόπους και από τη θέση του μεγάλου διερμηνέα πέτυχε την έκδοση ενός χάτι-σερίφ (φιρμάνι γραμμένο από τον ίδιο τον σουλτάνο) με το οποίο επιδικάζονταν τα ιερά προσκυνήματα στους ορθοδόξους.
    See: (in Greek): Παναγιώτης Νικούσιος. Βικιπαίδεια. (Greek Wikipedia).
  35. ^ The firman was accompanied by a formal legal opinion (fatwa) that questioned the authenticity and sanctity of the Nativity site and denounced those Muslims who adored it in vain.[104]
  36. ^ In 1680 a large number of women and young girls entered into the fortress of Ali (later called "Kızkalesi" – "Maiden's castle"), in order to escape being taken and enslaved. After being besieged for 48 days, some of them lost their senses, others died of hunger and thirst, and others escaped secretly and surrendered to the forces of the derebey, since they could no longer withstand the hardships. However one group of 30-40 young girls, unwilling to be captured, climbed to the highest summit of the fortress, from where they fell and committed suicide. After these events took place in the region of Pafra, an uprising of a number of courageous Greeks took place who climbed the surrounding mountains and armed themselves, making reprisals on the forces of the derebey, undertaking an unequal but virtuous struggle against the Turkish oppressors. A Greek dance that was danced in Pafra in order to commemorate the 30-40 young girls from the village of Hazar is variously known as the:
    • 'Thanati Laggeman' (Θανατί Λάγγεμαν) – "Death Jump"; or
    • 'Kizlar Choplamasi' (Κιζλάρ Χοπλαμασί) – which in Turkish means "The Girls' Jump"; or
    • 'Kizlar Kaïtesi' (Κιζλάρ Καϊτεσί) – "the musical purpose of the girls";
    The dance portrays the movements of the girls as they jumped into the void to meet death on the steep and sharp rocks. The musical instruments that were used were the flute (ζουρνάς) with the Davul (νταούλι), and the Lyre (λύρα) to a lesser extent.[108]
  37. Levantine empire. The peninsula was expected to replace in strategic and economic importance the great island of Crete, where the Turks had only recently ended the long Venetian dominion (1205–1669)."[116]
  38. Greek Orthodox students to come to Oxford, part of a scheme to make ecumenical links with the Church of England.[119]
    This was active from 1699 to 1705, although only 15 Greeks are recorded as members.
  39. ^ But this appears to have been the last attempt of the Ottomans to hold the child levy in Greece.[121]
  40. ^ The date of his death is also given as 1735.[123]
  41. ^ (in Greek) Αρχικά ξεκίνησε ως ένα μικρό σχολείο με το όνομα "Σχολείο του Χριστού" το 1717 όταν διευθυντής του ήταν ο Ιθακήσιος Ιερόθεος Δενδρινός.
  42. ^ In 1923 his relics were translated to Thessaloniki and were placed in the Church of Saint Catherine, Thessaloniki.[136]
  43. State organisation of the Ottoman Empire#Provincial governance (civil administration)
    .
  44. ^ Emerging liberalism was strongly connected with the proliferation of freemasonry, leading the Ecumenical Patriarchate to repeatedly condemn the freemasons. In the Ionian islands, Freemasonry was instituted in 1740, while foreign Freemasons existed as early as 1743 in the principalities, and the first Romanian lodge was founded in Jassy in 1772 (Gedeon 1976:104; Georgescu 1971:32 n.3). The fact that both Greek Orthodox and Western merchants were enrolled accelerated the process of acquainting the new Greek Orthodox aristocracy with Western liberalism.[141]
  45. Sunday of Orthodoxy
    he experienced a majestic vision by which several prophecies were foretold him. These were copied by an Italian monk in Messina in 1555, then translated into Latin by Theoklitos Polyidis, who distributed them around northern Europe, and then translated into Modern Greek in 1751 and printed in various editions in Venice.
  46. ^ Vikentios Damodos was conscious of the Western-style transformation of Orthodox theology, and sought to differentiate himself from Westerners in his Dogmatics by denouncing their errors, mentioning "false scholastic reasoning" and "the most erroneous and impious doctrines of the Lutherans and Calvinists"; being the only modern Greek theological writer who unequivocally attributes heresies to Augustine. Yet, he remained trapped in the Western theological assumptions which dominated his age. His Dogmatics was based on the Dogmatica Theologica of the French Jesuit, Denys Petau (1583–1652). Certain of his theses were severely critical of Petau, but Damodos retained his themes and analytical method. Even the title Dogmatic Theology, now established in Orthodox theological writing, comes from Petau. Damodos' Dogmatics became the model for all later Orthodox handbooks, such as Eugenios Voulgaris' Theologikon, Athanasios Parios' Epitome (1806), A. Moschopoulos' Epitome of Dogmatic and Moral Theology (1857), and the modern dogmatic works of Zikos Rosis (1903), Christos Androutsos (1907), and Panayiotis Trembelas (1959–1963).[144]
  47. ^ "In 1753 the Greek reformer Eugenius Bulgaris founded the Athonite Academy where students were able to study secular philosophy and science and become exposed to western ideas."[146]
  48. Kallistos of Diokleia succinctly points out, throughout the Turkish period the traditions of Hesychasm remained alive, particularly on Mount Athos. Here during the second half of the 18th century there arose an important movement of spiritual renewal, whose effects can still be felt today. Its members, known as the Kollyvades, were alarmed at the way in which all too many of their fellow Greeks were falling under the influence of the Western Enlightenment. The Kollyvades were convinced that a regeneration of the Greek nation would come, not through embracing the secular ideas fashionable in the west, but only through a return to the true roots of Orthodox Christianity – through a rediscovery of Patristic theology and Orthodox liturgical life. In particular, they advocated frequent communion – if possible, daily – although at this time most Orthodox communicated only three or four times a year. For this the Kollyvades were fiercely attacked on the Holy Mountain and elsewhere.[148]
  49. Antioch
    .
  50. Russo-Turkish wars of the eighteenth century when the danger of Greek disaffection became more serious as foreign propaganda, and consequent hopes of foreign liberation, grew and Turkish policy was therefore more interested in conversion than it had been."[91]
  51. ^ (in Greek) "Ας δουμε και μερικες αλλες αλλαξοπιστιες Αρβανιτων. Ανατολικα της Πρεμετης υπαρχουν 36 χωρια που εχουν την κοινη ονομασια Καραμουραταδες. Τα χωρια αυτα υπαγονταν στην επισκοπη Πωγωνιανης και το 1760,βλεποντας τους συμπατριωτες τους μωαμεθανους να καλοπερνουν ενω αυτοι δυστυχουσαν,μηνυσαν στον Επισκοπο πως θα προσευχονταν και θα νηστευαν πιστα ολη τη Σαρακοστη,ωστε να αλλαξει η μοιρα τους.Σε εναντια περιπτωση θα γινονταν μουσουλμανοι.Ο Επισκοπος τους απειλουσε και τους εξορκιζε να μην ασεβουν προς το Θειον,αλλα αυτοι ειχαν παρει τις αποφασεις τους.Τηρησαν σχολαστικα τις νηστειες και τις προσευχες και οταν ηλθε η μερα της Αναστασης και η μοιρα τους δεν ελεγε ν'αλλαξει,εδιωξαν τους Παπαδες και τον Δεσποτη και αλλαξοπιστησαν σχεδον ολοι. Και τα 36 χωρια! Το πατριαρχειο καταθορυβηθηκε και οι Τουρκοι καταχαρηκαν.Μα οι Καραμουρατιωτες,μολις εγιναν μουσουλμανοι και αποχτησαν δικαιωματα ορμησαν στους Τουρκους των κοντινων περιοχων που τοσα χρονια τους καταπιεζαν,και τους περασαν «δια στοματος μαχαιρας»,ωστε να ισοφαρισουν τα δεινα που τους ειχαν αυτοι προξενησει.(Πουκεβιλλ σελ. 206-208,«Voyage en Grece»)."[154]
  52. Treaty of Kuchuk-Kainarji.
    From the Greek point of view, the affair was a failure which cost a huge number of lives, both in battle, and in the Turkish reprisals that followed. The Ottoman government (Divani) proposed a general massacre of the Greeks, regardless of sex and age. All agreed except Admiral Hasan Cezayirli, who finally managed to impose his views with the compelling argument: "If we massacre all the Greeks, who will pay the taxes?"[157]
  53. ^ Large parts of the monodic chant sung in several current traditions of Orthodox Chant are transcriptions of his compositions, which he had written down as a teacher of the "New Music School of the Patriarchate".
  54. Optina Elders
    .
  55. ^ The only remaining link with the Jerusalem Patriarchate is that the abbot, who is elected by an assembly of senior monks, must be ordained a bishop by the Jerusalem Patriarch, who is also commemorated in the monastery’s liturgy.[51]
  56. Olbia
    (Ὀλβία).
  57. Odessa became important centers for Greek culture and trade, and the Philiki Etairia (the movement that played a major role in the Greek fight for liberation from the Turks) was founded in Odessa.[173]
  58. ^ The Dhidhaskalia Patriki or Paternal Teaching, attributed to the Patriarch Anthimos of Jerusalem, and published in Istanbul in 1798, described the attitude of the Orthodox hierarchy during the late eighteenth century to the influence of Western ideas in the Greek world. The Dhidhaskalia Patriki has in fact achieved a certain notoriety among historians as one of the more extreme examples of ecclesiastical anti-Westernism, and its significance was not lost on contemporaries.
  59. Hellenism, thus romanticizing them. This is evident for example in the 1806 pamphlet Hellenic Nomarchy
    , written by an anonymous Greek author.
  60. ^ See: (in Greek) Κωνσταντίνος Κούμας. Βικιπαίδεια. (Greek Wikipedia).
  61. Patriarch Gregory V wrote to the monks of the Holy Mountain declaring that Communion should not be received at certain set times, but whenever one felt himself ready for it, following confession and other necessary preparation."[199]

References

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  2. ^ G. G. Arnakis. Book review of: "[Relations between Greeks and Turks from the Eleventh Century to 1821, I: The Wars of the Turks to Conquer the Greek Lands, 1071–1571]", by Constantine J. Amantos. Speculum, Vol. 32, No. 1 (Jan., 1957), pp. 143-144.
  3. ^ a b Speros Vryonis, Jr. "The Byzantine Legacy and Ottoman Forms." Dumbarton Oaks Papers, Vol. 23/24 (1969/1970), pp. 299-300.
  4. ^
    ISBN 9780631153603
  5. ISBN 9780631153603
  6. ^ Sir Steven Runciman. The Great Church in Captivity. Cambridge University Press, 1968. p. 410.
  7. ^ Manousakas, Manousos I. (1960). Ἡ ἐν Κρήτῃ συνωμοσία τοῦ Σήφη Βλαστοῦ (1453-1454) καὶ ἡ νέα συνωμοτικὴ κίνησις τοῦ 1460-1462 [The Conspiracy of Sēphēs Vlastos in Crete (1453-1454) and the New Conspiratorial Attempt of 1460-1462] (PhD thesis). Athens: National and Kapodistrian University of Athens.
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  10. ISBN 9780631153603
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  13. ISBN 9780691010786
  14. ^ a b The Patriarchal Church of Saint George Archived 31 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine. The Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople. Retrieved: 25 May 2013.
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  20. ^ Venerable Matrona of Chios. OCA – Lives of the Saints.
  21. ^ a b Janna Israel. "A History Built on Ruins: Venice and the Destruction of the Church of the Holy Apostles in Constantinople." Future Anterior. 9.1 (Summer 2012): p106.
  22. New International Encyclopedia
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  23. ^ Schaff, Philip (1819–1893). History of the Christian Church, Volume VI: The Middle Ages. A.D. 1294–1517. Grand Rapids, MI: Christian CLassics Ethereal Library. p. 151. Retrieved: 25 May 2013.
  24. ^
    ISBN 9780631153603
  25. ^ a b c d e Vrasidas Karalis. "Greek Christianity After 1453." In: Ken Parry (Ed.). The Blackwell Companion to Eastern Christianity. Blackwell Publishing Ltd., 2007. p. 158.
  26. ^ Dr. William Mallinson. CYPRUS: A HISTORICAL OVERVIEW. Press and Information Office, Republic of Cyprus. 2011-12-19. Retrieved; 25 July 2019. p. 38.
  27. ISBN 9780631153603
  28. ^ a b c d e f g Treasures from Mount Athos. CHRONOLOGICAL LIST OF IMPORTANT EVENTS. Hellenic Resources Network (HR-Net). Retrieved: 23 May 2013.
  29. ^ Gabor Agoston and Bruce Masters. Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire. Facts on File, Inc., 2009. pp. xxxv–xxxvi.
  30. ^ a b David Brewer. On the Road to EU: The Tourkokratia – Was it Really That Bad?-Part 3A. Hellenic Communication Service, L.L.C. 2000. Retrieved: 13 September 2014.
  31. ^ Great Synaxaristes (in Greek): Ὁ Ὅσιος Ἰωσὴφ ὁ Ἡγιασμένος ὁ ἐν Κρήτῃ. 22 Ιανουαρίου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.
  32. ISBN 9780631153603
  33. ^ (in Greek) Δόμνα Ιορδανίδου. Ελληνική Διασπορά Στην Ιταλική Χερσόνησο: Βενετία, Ρώμη, Αγκόνα, Νάπολη (μέσα 15ου-17ος αι.). In: 2ος Θεματικός Άξονας: Κοινωνική, Θρησκευτική, Πολιτιστική και Πολιτική Οργάνωση των Παροικιών. Ιστορία της Νεοελληνικής Διασποράς: Έρευνα και Διδασκαλία – Μέρος Δεύτερο: Ιστορική Διασπορά. Πανεπιστημιούπολη Ρεθύμνου, 4–6 Ιουλίου 2003. p.204.
  34. ^ (in Greek) Άγγελος Σακκέτος. Η Μεγάλη Ελλάδα!.. (4). 04/03/2012.
  35. ^
    ISBN 9780631153603
  36. ^ a b Sir Steven Runciman. The Great Church in Captivity. Cambridge University Press, 1968. pp. 189-190.
  37. ^ "Septuagint." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica 2009 Ultimate Reference Suite. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, 2009.
  38. ^ Great Synaxaristes (in Greek): Ὁ Ἅγιος Ἰωάννης ὁ Νεομάρτυρας ὁ Ράπτης ἐξ Ἰωαννίνων. 18 Απριλίου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.
  39. ^ Great Synaxaristes (in Greek): Μνήμη Θαύματος τῆς σεβασμίας εἰκόνος τῆς Ὑπεραγίας Θεοτόκου. 8 Μαΐου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.
  40. ^ Great Synaxaristes (in Greek): Ὁ Ἅγιος Νικόλαος ὁ Νεομάρτυρας ὁ ἐξ Ἰχθύος τῆς Κορινθίας. 14 Φεβρουαρίου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.
  41. ^ Great Synaxaristes (in Greek): Ὁ Ὅσιος Μάξιμος ὁ Γραικός. 21 Ιανουαρίου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.
  42. ^ Venerable Maximus the Greek. OCA – Lives of the Saints.
  43. ^ (in Greek) Ἰωάσαφ Β´. ΟΙΚΟΥΜΕΝΙΚΟΝ ΠΑΤΡΙΑΡΧΕΙΟΝ. Retrieved: 25 May 2013.
  44. ISBN 9781444359978
  45. ISBN 9780631153603
  46. ISBN 9780631153603
  47. ISBN 9789041134387
  48. ISBN 9780631153603
  49. ^ a b The Greek Orthodox Cathedral of San Giorgio dei Greci: A Brief Historical Note Archived 25 June 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople – Archdiocese of Italy and Malta. Retrieved: 29 May 2013.
  50. ^
    ISBN 9780631153603
  51. ^ a b c The Orthodox Church of Mount Sinai. Catholic Near East Welfare Association (CNEWA). 29 June 2007. Retrieved: 5 September 2014.
  52. ^ The Three Answers of Patriarch Jeremiah II: A Commentary on Modern Ecumenical Dialogue With the Heterodox. Orthodox Christian Information Center. Retrieved: 29 May 2013.
  53. ^ Chorbishop John D. Faris. Profiles: The Italo-Byzantine Catholic Church. CNEWA Canada. Retrieved: 28 May 2013.
  54. ^ (in German) Walter Buchowiecki. Handbuch der Kirchen Roms. 1. Bd., Verlag Brüder Hollinek, Wien 1967. S. 422.
  55. ^ Sir Steven Runciman. The Great Church in Captivity. Cambridge University Press, 1968. p. 231.
  56. ^ (in Greek) "Ὁ Σεβῆρος". Θρησκευτική και Ηθική Εγκυκλοπαίδεια (ΘΗΕ). Τόμος Τεταρτος (04): Βυζαντιον-Διοκλης. Εκδ. Μαρτίνος Αθαν., Αθήνα 1966, σελ. 117-119.
  57. ^ Great Synaxaristes (in Greek): Ὁ Ὅσιος Γεράσιμος ὁ νέος ἀσκητής ὁ ἐν Κεφαλληνίᾳ. 16 Αυγούστου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.
  58. ^ Venerable Gerasimus the New Ascetic of Cephalonia. OCA – Lives of the Saints.
  59. ^
    ISBN 0-963-4692-0-7
    .
  60. ^ a b Siecienski 2010, pp. 180.
  61. ^ a b Oded Peri. Islamic Law and Christian Holy Sites: Jerusalem and Its Vicinity in Early Ottoman Times. Islamic Law and Society, Vol. 6, No. 1 (1999), pp. 97-111. p. 99.
  62. ^ Harold J. Grimm. The Reformation Era, 1500–1650. 2nd Edition. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co. Inc., 1973. p. 343.
  63. ^ Great Synaxaristes (in Greek): Ἡ Ἁγία Φιλοθέη ἡ Ὁσιομάρτυς ἡ Ἀθηναία. 19 Φεβρουαρίου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.
  64. ^ Martyr Philothea the Monastic. OCA – Lives of the Saints.
  65. ^ Great Synaxaristes: (in Greek) Ὁ Ὅσιος Δαβὶδ ὁ ἐν Εὐβοίᾳ. 1 Νοεμβρίου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.
  66. ^ Great Synaxaristes (in Greek): Ὁ Ὅσιος Τιμόθεος Ἐπίσκοπος Εὐρίπου κτίτορας τῆς Ἱερᾶς Μονῆς Πεντέλης. 16 Αυγούστου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.
  67. ^ Charles Stewart. Who Owns the Rotonda?: Church vs. State in Greece. ANTHROPOLOGY TODAY Vol 14 No 5, October 1998. p. 4.
  68. ^ Wacław Hryniewicz. The Challenge of Our Hope: Christian Faith in Dialogue. Volume 32 of Cultural Heritage and Contemporary Change. CRVP, 2007. p. 227.
  69. ^ Vrasidas Karalis. "Greek Christianity After 1453." In: Ken Parry (Ed.). The Blackwell Companion to Eastern Christianity. Blackwell Publishing Ltd., 2007. pp. 158, 1601-161.
  70. ^ Great Synaxaristes (in Greek): Ὁ Ἅγιος Σεραφεὶμ ὁ Νέος Ἱερομάρτυρας. 4 Δεκεμβρίου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.
  71. ^ Hieromonk Seraphim, Bishop of the Phanar. OCA – Lives of the Saints.
  72. ^ Great Synaxaristes (in Greek): Ὁ Ὅσιος Σεραφείμ. 6 Μαΐου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.
  73. ^ a b Christos Yannaras. Orthodoxy and the West: Hellenic Self-Identity in the Modern Age. Transl. Peter Chamberas and Norman Russell. Brookline: Holy Cross Orthodox Press, 2006. p. 64.
  74. ^ Nikos Kokosalakis and Iordanis Psimennos (Centre for Social Morphology and Social Policy (KEKMOKOP), Panteion University, Athens). Modern Greece: A Profile of Identity and Nationalism Archived 11 November 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Prepared for the EURONAT Project (Athens, January 2002). State of the Art and Historical Report: Representations of Europe and the Nation in Current and Prospective Member-States: Media, Elites and Civil Society. April 2002. p. 6
  75. ISBN 1-880971-51-8
  76. ^ Great Synaxaristes (in Greek): Ὁ Ἅγιος Διονύσιος ὁ Θαυματουργός ὁ ἐκ Ζακύνθου, Ἀρχιεπίσκοπος Αἰγίνης. 17 Δεκεμβρίου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.
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  78. ^ FIRST DAY OF THE DELIBERATIONS OF THE HOLY SYNOD OF THE ALEXANDRIAN PATRIARCHATE. Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria and All Africa. 06/10/2009.
  79. ^ "Metrophanes Kritopoulos." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica 2009 Ultimate Reference Suite. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, 2009.
  80. ^
    ISBN 9780631153603
  81. ^ R.J. Roberts. The Greek Press at Constantinople in 1627 and its Antecedents. Library (1967) s5-XXII (1): 13-43.
  82. ISBN 9780313308130
  83. ^ Cyril I Lucaris. Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople. Accessed: 19 October 2013.
  84. ^ a b Christos Yannaras. Orthodoxy and the West: Hellenic Self-Identity in the Modern Age. Transl. Peter Chamberas and Norman Russell. Brookline: Holy Cross Orthodox Press, 2006. p. 80.
  85. ^ Michael Angold. Cambridge History of Christianity: Volume 5, Eastern Christianity. Cambridge University Press, 2006. p. 200.
  86. ISBN 9780631153603
  87. ^ Christos Yannaras. Orthodoxy and the West: Hellenic Self-Identity in the Modern Age. Transl. Peter Chamberas and Norman Russell. Brookline: Holy Cross Orthodox Press, 2006. p. 79.
  88. ^ Patrinelis, Christos (1975a). "Antagonismos ton ideon Metarrythmiseos kai Antimetarrythmiseos" [Conflict between the Ideas of Reform and Counterreform]. In: Istoria tou Ellinikou Ethnous. 1, 130. Athens: Ekdotiki Athinon.
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  89. ^ Archbishop Chrysostomos of Etna. The Myth of the "Calvinist Patriarch". Orthodox Christian Information Center. Retrieved 19 October 2013.
  90. ^ (in Greek) Κύριλλος Λούκαρις. ΑΛΗΘΗΣ ΛΟΓΟΣ. 5 JULY 2009.
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    ISBN 9780631153603
  92. ^ (in Greek) Η ΚΑΘΗΜΕΡΙΝΗ ΖΩΗ ΤΩΝ ΕΛΛΗΝΩΝ ΣΤΗΝ ΤΟΥΡΚΟΚΡΑΤΙΑ. ΑΝΤΙΑΙΡΕΤΙΚΟΝ ΕΓΚΟΛΠΙΟΝ: ΟΡΘΟΔΟΞΙΑ και ΠΑΡΑΘΡΗΣΚΕΙΕΣ: ΚΡΙΡΙΚΗ – ΔΟΓΜΑ – ΜΑΡΤΥΡΙΕΣ. Retrieved: 24 August 2013.
  93. ISBN 0-88946-207-0
    .
    (Chandler defined a city as a continuously built-up area (urban) with suburbs but without farmland inside the municipality.)
  94. ^ Great Synaxaristes (in Greek): Ὁ Ὅσιος Νεῖλος ὁ Μυροβλύτης. 12 Νοεμβρίου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.
  95. ^ Venerable Nilus the Myrrhgusher of Mt Athos. OCA – Lives of the Saints.
  96. ^ "New Hieromartyr Parthenius, Patriarch of Constantinople." In: Leonidas J. Papadopulos, Georgia Lizardos et al (Transl.). New Martyrs of the Turkish Yoke. Seattle: St. Nectarios Press, 1985. pp.122–124.
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  98. ^ Elias Kolovos. "Cretan War." In: Gábor Ágoston and Bruce Alan Masters. Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire. Facts on File Library of World History. Infobase Publishing, 2009. pp. 157-158.
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  100. ^ (in Greek) Συναξαριστής. 8 Απριλίου. ECCLESIA.GR. (H ΕΚΚΛΗΣΙΑ ΤΗΣ ΕΛΛΑΔΟΣ).
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  104. ^ a b Oded Peri. Islamic Law and Christian Holy Sites: Jerusalem and Its Vicinity in Early Ottoman Times. Islamic Law and Society, Vol. 6, No. 1 (1999), pp. 97-111. pp. 105-106.
  105. ISBN 9781442698796
  106. ^ a b Sir Steven Runciman. The Great Church in Captivity. Cambridge University Press, 1968. pp. 296-297.
  107. ^ See also: Dance of Zalongo, a female mass suicide at Zalongo (1803)
  108. ^ a b (in Greek) KIZLAR KAITESI! Το άγνωστο “Ζάλογγο” του ΠΟΝΤΟΥ!!! Greveniotis.gr (Newspaper). 30 October 2013. Retrieved: 13 August 2014.
  109. ^ Great Synaxaristes: (in Greek) Ὁ Ἅγιος Εὐθύμιος ὁ Ἱερομάρτυρας Ἐπίσκοπος Ζήλων. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ. 29 Μαΐου.
  110. ^ Sir Steven Runciman. The Great Church in Captivity. Cambridge University Press, 1968. p. 299.
  111. ^ John Richardson. The Annals of London: A Year-by-year Record of a Thousand Years of History. University of California Press, 2000. p. 157.
  112. ^ "New Hieromartyr Zacharias, Bishop of Corinth." In: Leonidas J. Papadopulos, Georgia Lizardos et al (Transl.). New Martyrs of the Turkish Yoke. Seattle: St. Nectarios Press, 1985. pp.124–125.
  113. ^ Great Synaxaristes (in Greek): Ὁ Ἅγιος Ζαχαρίας ὁ Ἱερομάρτυρας Ἐπίσκοπος Κορίνθου. 30 Μαρτίου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.
  114. ^ (in Russian) ЛИХУДЫ. Новая философская энциклопедия. Под редакцией В. С. Стёпина. 2001. Retrieved: 8 September 2015.
  115. ^ Dr. Evangelia Balta. "Venetians and Ottomans in the Southeast Peloponnese (15th–18th Century)." In: Halil İnalcık Armağanı -I. Tarih Araştırmaları. Ankara: Doğu Batı, 2009. pp. 168–204.
  116. ^ Peter Topping. PREMODERN PELOPONNESUS: THE LAND AND THE PEOPLE UNDER VENETIAN RULE (1685–1715). Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. Volume 268, Regional Variation in Modern Greece and Cyprus: Toward a Perspective on the Ethnography of Greece. Pages 92–108, February 1976. Volume 268, Issue 1, Article first published online: 16 December 2006.
  117. ^ Troy Lennon (History Editor). Religious architecture often a casualty of war. The Daily Telegraph (Australia). 26 April 2013. p. 102.
  118. ^ Great Synaxaristes (in Greek): Ὁ Ἅγιος Ρωμανὸς ὁ Λακεδαίμονας. 6 Ιανουαρίου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.
  119. ^
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  120. ^ Sir Steven Runciman. The Great Church in Captivity. Cambridge University Press, 1968. p. 191.
  121. ^
    ISBN 9780631153603
  122. ^ Great Synaxaristes (in Greek): Ὁ Ἅγιος Ἀθανάσιος Ἀρχιεπίσκοπος Χριστιανουπόλεως. 17 Μαΐου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.
  123. ^ 17/30 May Archived 6 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Orthodox Calendar (PRAVOSLAVIE.RU).
  124. ^ (in Greek) Άγιος Σοφιανός επίσκοπος Δρυϊνουπόλεως καί Αργυροκάστρου. Ορθόδοξος Συναξαριστής. 26 November 2013.
  125. ^ Holy Patriarchal Monasteries: The Patmias Ecclesiastical School. Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople. Retrieved: 29 May 2013.
  126. ^ (in Greek) Άγιος Μακάριος ο Καλογεράς. Ορθόδοξος Συναξαριστής. 19 January 2013.
  127. ^ "The Miracle of Saint Spyridon the Wonderworker Against the Turkish Invasion of Kerkira." In: Leonidas J. Papadopulos, Georgia Lizardos et al (Transl.). New Martyrs of the Turkish Yoke. Seattle: St. Nectarios Press, 1985. pp.258–260.
  128. ^ THE HOLY MONASTERY OF ZOODOCHOS PIGI. Poros.com.gr (Poros Island). Retrieved: 16 May 2013.
  129. ^ Fr. George Dragas. The Manner of Reception of Roman Catholic Converts into the Orthodox Church. Myriobiblos Library. Retrieved: 9 May 2014.
  130. ^ Andrew of Dryinoupolis, Pogoniani and Konitsa, and, Seraphim of Piraeus and Faliro. A Letter to Pope Francis Concerning His Past, the Abysmal State of Papism, and a Plea to Return to Holy Orthodoxy. HOLY AUTOCEPHALOUS ORTHODOX CATHOLIC CHURCH OF GREECE (THE HOLY METROPOLIS OF DRYINOUPOLIS, POGONIANI AND KONITSA, and, THE HOLY METROPOLIS OF PIRAEUS AND FALIRO). 10 April 2014. p. 4.
  131. ^ (in Greek) "Οικουμενικόν Πατριαρχείον". Θρησκευτική και Ηθική Εγκυκλοπαίδεια (ΘΗΕ). τόμ. 09, εκδ. Μαρτίνος Αθ., Αθήνα 1966, στ. 778.
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  132. ^ Great Synaxaristes (in Greek): Ὁ Ὅσιος Ἰωάννης ὁ Ρῶσος. 27 Μαΐου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.
  133. ^ St John the Russian and Confessor, whose relics are on the island of Euboia. OCA – Lives of the Saints.
  134. ^
    ISBN 978-0-333-31580-4
    .
  135. ^ Leonidas J. Papadopulos, Georgia Lizardos, et al (Transl.). "The Miracle of Saint John Baptist in Chios." In: New Martyrs of the Turkish Yoke. Seattle: St. Nectarios Press, 1985. pp.8-11.
  136. ^ a b Great Synaxaristes: (in Greek) Ὁ Ἅγιος Θεοχάρης ὁ Μάρτυρας ὁ Νεαπολίτης. 20 Αυγούστου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.
  137. ^ Theodore H. Papadopoulos. Studies and Documents Relating to the History of the Greek Church and People Under Turkish Domination. 2nd ed. Variorum, Hampshire, Great Britain, 1990. p.51.
  138. ^ a b Dr. Maria Tsikaloudaki. The Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople and the Tanzimat Reforms: The National Regulations of 1860. Paper presented at the Conference: The Greek Orthodox Church in the Modern Era. Program of Modern Hellenic Studies, Haifa University, 2004. pp.6–7. [dead link]
  139. ^ Diocese of Nicaea (Οttoman period). Encyclopedia of the Hellenic World, Asia Minor. Retrieved: 30 January 2013.
  140. ^ "New Hieromartyr Anastasios of Ioannina." In: Leonidas J. Papadopulos, Georgia Lizardos et al (Transl.). New Martyrs of the Turkish Yoke. Seattle: St. Nectarios Press, 1985. pp. 238–240.
  141. ^ a b Victor Roudometof. From Rum Millet to Greek Nation: Enlightenment, Secularization, and National Identity in Ottoman Balkan Society, 1453–1821 Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Journal of Modern Greek Studies, Volume 16, 1998. pp. 27,36.
  142. ^ Victor Roudometof. From Rum Millet to Greek Nation: Enlightenment, Secularization, and National Identity in Ottoman Balkan Society, 1453–1821 Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Journal of Modern Greek Studies, Volume 16, 1998. pp. 17-18.
  143. ^ Great Synaxaristes (in Greek): Ἡ Ἁγία Κυράννα ἡ Νεομάρτυς. 28 Φεβρουαρίου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.
  144. ^ a b Christos Yannaras. Orthodoxy and the West: Hellenic Self-Identity in the Modern Age. Transl. Peter Chamberas and Norman Russell. Brookline: Holy Cross Orthodox Press, 2006. pp. 100-102.
  145. ^ Christos Yannaras. Orthodoxy and the West: Hellenic Self-Identity in the Modern Age. Transl. Peter Chamberas and Norman Russell. Brookline: Holy Cross Orthodox Press, 2006. p. 102.
  146. John Anthony McGuckin. The Encyclopedia of Eastern Orthodox Christianity
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  147. ^ The Kollyvades Movement and the Advocacy of Frequent Communion. In: Hieromonk Patapios and Archbishop Chrysostomos. Manna from Athos: The Issue of Frequent Communion on the Holy Mountain in the Late Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries. Vol. II in the Byzantine and Neohellenic Studies series. Ed. Rev. Professor Andrew Louth and Professor David Ricks. Oxford: Peter Lang, 2006.
  148. ^ Timothy Ware. The Orthodox Church. 2nd ed. New York: Penguin Books, 1993. pp. 99–100.
  149. ^ Great Synaxaristes: (in Greek) Οἱ Ἅγιοι Ἀδριανός, Πολύευκτος, Πλάτων καὶ Γεώργιος οἱ Μάρτυρες ἐν Μεγάροις. 1 Φεβρουαρίου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.
  150. ^ MYSTAGOGY (Weblog). The Newly-Revealed Four Martyrs of Megara. 1 February 2010.
  151. ^ a b Stavros L. K. Markou. An Orthodox Christian Historical Timeline. Retrieved 5 February 2013.
  152. ^ Fr. George Dragas. The Manner of Reception of Roman Catholic Converts into the Orthodox Church: With Special Reference to the Decisions of the Synods of 1484 (Constantinople), 1755 (Constantinople), and 1667 (Moscow). Prepared for and read at the Orthodox/Roman Catholic Dialogue (US), 1998. p. 9.
  153. ^ Michael Angold. Cambridge History of Christianity: Volume 5, Eastern Christianity. Cambridge University Press, 2006. pp. 204.
  154. ^ (in Greek) Η ΑΝΕΞΙΘΡΗΣΚΕΙΑ ΤΩΝ ΑΡΒΑΝΙΤΩΝ (2). ΕΛΛΗΝΕΣ-ΑΛΒΑΝΟΙ. Τρίτη, 4 Αυγούστου 2009. Retrieved: 25 August 2013.
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  156. ^ Towards the Greek Revolution: The Rebellion of 1770. Foundation of the Hellenic World (FHW). Retrieved: 13 September 2014.
  157. ^ (in Greek) Constantine Sathas. Greece under Turkish occupation. Athens, 1869. p. 523.
  158. ^ (in Greek) Detorakis, Theocharis. "Η Τουρκοκρατία στην Κρήτη. In: (in Greek) Panagiotakis, Nikolaos M. Crete, History and Civilization. II. Vikelea Library, Association of Regional Associations of Regional Municipalities, 1988. p.360.
  159. ^ Slav Rubel. History. Blacksea-Crimea.com LLC. Accessed: 19 October 2013.
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  161. ^ Dimitri Conomos. "Petros Peloponnesios". Grove Music Online.
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  163. ^ Repose of the New-Hieromartyr Cosmas of Aitolia, Equal of the Apostles. OCA – Feasts and Saints.
  164. ^ Christos Yannaras. Orthodoxy and the West: Hellenic Self-Identity in the Modern Age. Transl. Peter Chamberas and Norman Russell. Brookline: Holy Cross Orthodox Press, 2006. p. 124.
  165. ^ "New Martyr Zacharius of Patrai in Morea." In: Leonidas J. Papadopulos, Georgia Lizardos et al (Transl.). New Martyrs of the Turkish Yoke. Seattle: St. Nectarios Press, 1985. pp. 25–30.
  166. ^ (in Greek) Θεολογικῆ Σχολῆ τοῦ Σταυροῦ. Πατριαρχεῖον Ἱεροσολύμων. (jerusalem-patriarchate.info). Retrieved: 27 August 2013. Archived 12 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  167. ^ "Great New Martyr Polydorus of Cyprus." In: Leonidas J. Papadopulos, Georgia Lizardos et al (Transl.). New Martyrs of the Turkish Yoke. Seattle: St. Nectarios Press, 1985. pp.272–281.
  168. ^ History of Church of Paphos. Holy Metropolis of Paphos. Retrieved: 16 May 2015.
  169. ^ Great Synaxaristes (in Greek): Ὁ Ἅγιος Πανάρετος Ἐπίσκοπος Πάφου. 1 Μαΐου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.
  170. ^ "Holy New Martyr Alexander the Former Dervish." In: Leonidas J. Papadopulos, Georgia Lizardos et al (Transl.). New Martyrs of the Turkish Yoke. Seattle: St. Nectarios Press, 1985. pp.188–193.
  171. ^ Great Synaxaristes (in Greek): Ὁ Ἅγιος Ἀλέξανδρος ὁ Νεομάρτυρας ὁ Δερβίσης. 26 Μαΐου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.
  172. ^ Basil (Essey), Bishop of Wichita. Exomologetarion (A Manual of Confession). Orthodox Christian Information Centre. 14 July 2005. Retrieved: 29 July 2013.
  173. ^ a b Zinovieff, Sofka. "Greeks." Encyclopedia of World Cultures, 1996. Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved: 19 September 2014.
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  175. ^ Great Synaxaristes: (in Greek) Ὁ Ἅγιος Θεόδωρος ὁ Νεομάρτυρας ὁ Βυζαντινὸς. 17 Φεβρουαρίου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.
  176. ^ Nikodēmos (Hagioreitēs) (Ed.). Unseen Warfare: The Spiritual Combat and Path to Paradise of Lorenzo Scupoli. As Edited by Nicodemus of the Holy Mountain and revised by Theophan the Recluse. St Vladimir's Seminary Press, 1987. p. 45.
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  178. ^ Great Synaxaristes: (in Greek) Ὁ Ἅγιος Γεώργιος ὁ νέος Ἱερομάρτυρας, ὁ Νεαπολίτης. 3 Νοεμβρίου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.
  179. ^ "Greece, history of." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica 2009 Ultimate Reference Suite. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, 2009.
  180. ^ Richard Clogg. The 'Dhidhaskalia Patriki' (1798): An Orthodox Reaction to French Revolutionary Propaganda. Middle Eastern Studies, Vol.5, No.2 (May, 1969), pp. 87-115.
  181. ^ (in Russian) Последние годы жизни архиепископа Никифора в должности управляющего Московским Даниловым монастырем.
    (Archbishop Nikephoros' last years of life and his service as the abbot of Moscow's Danilov Monastery). A conference paper by the Abbot of Moscow's Danilov Monastery Archimandrit Alexy, at the Conference on the life and work of Eugenios Voulgaris and Nikephoros Theotokis. (Corfu, 27 June 2006).
  182. ^ "Venerable Martyr Luke." In: Leonidas J. Papadopulos, Georgia Lizardos et al (Transl.). New Martyrs of the Turkish Yoke. Seattle: St. Nectarios Press, 1985. pp.97–121.
  183. ^ Royal Society of Canada. Mémoires de la Société Royale du Canada. Ottawa, Canada: Royal Society of Canada, 1943. p. 100.
  184. ^ Great Synaxaristes (in Greek): Ὁ Ἅγιος Μακάριος Ἀρχιεπίσκοπος Κορίνθου. 17 Απριλίου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.
  185. ^ April 17/30. Orthodox Calendar (Pravoslavie.ru).
  186. ^ a b Gabriel Rombotis. The Klephts in Modern Greek Poetry; An Inquiry Into a Graeco-Turkish Cultural Conflict. Part of Thesis (PhD). University of Chicago, 1932. p. 770.
  187. ^ John Christos Alexander. Brigandage and Public Order in the Morea, 1685–1806. Imago, 1985. 169 pp.
  188. ^ "The Suffering of the Holy Hieromartyr Nicetas." In: Leonidas J. Papadopulos, Georgia Lizardos et al (Transl.). New Martyrs of the Turkish Yoke. Seattle: St. Nectarios Press, 1985. pp.136–144.
  189. ^ Great Synaxaristes (in Greek): Ὁ Ὅσιος Νικόδημος ὁ Ἁγιορείτης ὁ σοφὸς διδάσκαλος τῆς Ἐκκλησίας. 14 Ιουλίου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ/
  190. ^ Repose of the Venerable Nicodemus the Hagiorite. OCA – Lives of the Saints. Retrieved: 11 July 2013.
  191. ^ "New Hieromartyr Nicetas, the Hagiorite, of Epirus." In: Leonidas J. Papadopulos, Georgia Lizardos et al (Transl.). New Martyrs of the Turkish Yoke. Seattle: St. Nectarios Press, 1985. pp.79–80.
  192. ^ Great Synaxaristes (in Greek): Ὁ Ὅσιος Ἀθανάσιος ὁ Πάριος. 24 Ιουνίου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.
  193. ^ St Athanasius Parios. OCA – Lives of the Saints.
  194. ^ New Martyr Euthymius of Mt Athos. OCA – Lives of the Saints. Retrieved: 10 July 2013.
  195. ^ New Martyr Ignatius the Martyr of Mt Athos. OCA – Lives of the Saints. Retrieved: 10 July 2013.
  196. ^ New Martyr Acacius the Martyr of Mt Athos and Seres. OCA – Lives of the Saints. Retrieved: 10 July 2013.
  197. ^ Great Synaxaristes (in Greek): Ὁ Ἅγιος Ἀκάκιος ὁ Ὁσιομάρτυρας. 1 Μαΐου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.
  198. ^ Fr. Harry Linsinbigler. On the Church’s Guidelines for Holy Communion. Modified from several issues of the Ukrainian Orthodox Word. 31 August 2007. Retrieved 25 October 2011.
  199. ^ Constantine Cavarnos, Athanasios Parios. St. Macarios of Corinth: Archbishop of Corinth...an account of his life, character, and message, together with selections from three of his publications. Volume 2 of Modern Orthodox saints. Institute for Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies, 1977. p.21.

Bibliography

  • Apostolos E. Vacalopoulos. The Greek Nation, 1453–1669: The Cultural and Economic Background of Modern Greek Society. Transl. from Greek. Rutgers University Press, 1975.
(One of the few scholarly studies in English of this period)
(Focuses on the intellectual revival preceding the War of Independence in 1821)
(Very comprehensive, masterpiece of scholarship)
  • Steven Runciman. The Great Church in Captivity: A Study of the Patriarchate of Constantinople from the Eve of the Turkish Conquest to the Greek War of Independence. Cambridge University Press,1986.
  • Theodore H. Papadopoulos. Studies and Documents Relating to the History of the Greek Church and People Under Turkish Domination. 2nd ed. Variorum, Hampshire, Great Britain, 1990.
(Scholarly, includes source texts in Greek)
Articles
  • Elizabeth A. Zachariadou. The Great Church in captivity 1453–1586. Eastern Christianity. Ed. Michael Angold. Cambridge University Press, 2006. Cambridge Histories Online.
  • Elizabeth A. Zachariadou. Mount Athos and the Ottomans c. 1350–1550. Eastern Christianity. Ed. Michael Angold. Cambridge University Press, 2006. Cambridge Histories Online.
  • I. K. Hassiotis. From the 'Refledging' to the 'Illumination of the Nation': Aspects of Political Ideology in the Greek Church Under Ottoman Domination. Balkan Studies 1999 40(1): 41–55.
  • Socrates D. Petmezas. Christian Communities in Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Century Ottoman Greece: Their Fiscal Functions. Princeton Papers: Interdisciplinary Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 2005 12: 71–127.
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