Timeline of Eastern Orthodoxy in Greece (33–717)

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Timeline of Orthodoxy in Greece (33–717)
)

This is a timeline of the presence of

Greek people, the areas they ruled historically, as well as the territory now composing the modern state of Greece
.

Overview

Christianity was first brought to the geographical area corresponding to modern Greece by the

Christ. Towards the end of the 2nd century the early apostolic bishoprics had developed into metropolitan sees in the most important cities. Such were the sees of Thessaloniki, Corinth, Nicopolis, Philippi and Athens.[1]

By the 4th century almost the entire Balkan peninsula constituted the

Ecumenical Patriarchate, the church remained under its jurisdiction until Greek independence.[1] Under Ottoman rule, up to "6,000 Greek clergymen, ca. 100 Bishops, and 11 Patriarchs knew the Ottoman sword".[2][3][note 2]

The

Endemousa Synod in Constantinople declared the Church of Greece autocephalous
.

The cultural roots of both Byzantine and modern Greece cannot be separated from Orthodoxy. Therefore, it was natural that in all Greek Constitutions the Orthodox Church was accorded the status of the prevailing religion.[9][note 3]

In the 20th century, during much of the period of communism, the Church of Greece saw itself as a guardian of Orthodoxy. It cherishes its place as the cradle of the primitive church and the Greek clergy are still present in the historic places of

Cyprus.[10] The autocephalous Church of Greece is organised into 81 dioceses, however 35 of these – known as the Metropolises of the New Lands – are nominally under the jurisdiction of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople but are administered as part of the Church of Greece; although the dioceses of Crete, the Dodecanese, and Mount Athos are under the direct jurisdiction of the Patriarchate of Constantinople.[11][note 4]

The Archbishop of Athens and All Greece presides over both a standing synod of twelve metropolitans (six from the new territories and six from southern Greece), who participate in the synod in rotation and on an annual basis, and a synod of the hierarchy (in which all ruling metropolitans participate), which meets once a year.[1]

The

Dormition of the Theotokos and Christmas.[12]

Among the current concerns of the Church of Greece are the Christian response to globalization, to interreligious dialogue, and a common Christian voice within the framework of the European Union.[1]

The population of Greece is 11.4 million (2011),[13][note 5] of which 95%[16][17][note 6] to 98%[18] are Greek Orthodox.

The early church in Greece (33–325)

Apostolic era (33–100)

Apostle Paul
, Apostle of Greece and Cyprus.
Apostle Andrew, considered the founder and first bishop of the Church of Byzantium
.

Ante-Nicene era (100–325)

John the Theologian receiving the Apocalypse on the isle of Patmos
(16th century)
St. Marina the Great-Martyr (†286).
Map of the Roman Empire showing the Dioceses created by Diocletian, c. 293 AD., and the four Tetrarchs' zones of influence.
A coin of Constantine (c.337) showing a depiction of his Labarum standard spearing a serpent.

Patriarchate of the Roman era (325–732)

Nicene era (325–451)

First Ecumenical Council
in Nicaea, AD 325.
  • 325
    Paschalion, and issuing the first version of the Nicene Creed, also establishing the supremacy of honor of the Apostolic Sees as Rome, followed by Alexandria, Antioch, and Jerusalem.[105]
  • 326 Church of
    Helen, during her pilgrimage to the Holy Land.[106]
Equal-to-the-Apostles
(†337).
St. Spyridon, Bishop of Trimythous.
The Three Holy Hierarchs, Basil the Great (Basil of Caesarea), Gregory the Theologian (Gregory of Nazianzus) and John Chrysostom.
The division of the Empire after the death of Theodosius I, c. 395 AD superimposed on modern borders.
  Western Roman Empire
  Eastern Roman Empire
St. John Chrysostom, Abp. of Constantinople (398–404).
  • 395 Re-division of Empire with death of Emperor Theodosius the Great, by which time Christianity was definitely the state religion;[131] Theodosius I divided the prefecture of Macedonia into the provinces of Creta, Achaea, Thessalia, Epirus Vetus, Epirus Nova, and Macedonia; the Aegean islands formed the province of Insulae in the prefecture of Asiana; the placing of the cincture (sash) of the Most Holy Theotokos in the Church of the Virgin in Halkoprateia-Constantinople (395–408).[135][136]
  • 398 John Chrysostom becomes Abp. of Constantinople.
  • 399 Death of
    Isaac of Nineveh, Symeon the New Theologian, and Gregory Palamas, among others.[126][137]
Map of the Roman Empire with its Dioceses, in 400 AD. The Prefecture of "Eastern Illyricum" (Illyricum Orientale) consisted of the Dioceses of Dacia and Macedonia.

Early Byzantine era (451–843)

Propontis
(Sea of Marmara).
Eastern Roman Empire c. 477, showing the extent of Koine Greek.
Romanos
' vision of the Virgin Mary.
  • 519 Eastern and Western churches reconciled with end of
    Acacian Schism
    .
An interior view of Hagia Sophia today.
The Byzantine Empire during its greatest territorial extent under Justinian. c. 550.
The Holy Virgin Blachernitissa, divine protectress of the Byzantine Empire (7th century).
Byzantine Empire by 650; by this year it lost all of its southern provinces except the Exarchate of Carthage.
Pentarchy
, with almost all of modern Greece under Rome.
Byzantine-Arab naval struggles, c. AD 717–1025.
  • 705 Long period of fighting begins between Trebizond in eastern Asia Minor and the Arabs.
  • 706 Greek replaced by Arabic as administrative language in Egypt.[217]
  • 707 Byzantines lose Balearic Islands to Moors;
  • 710 Pope Constantine makes last papal visit to Constantinople before 1967.
  • 712 Death of
    hymnographer.[218][219][note 40]

See also

History

Church Fathers

Notes

  1. Great Lavra Monastery
    .
  2. Ecumenical Patriarchs of Constantinople, nearly 100 bishops, and several thousands of priests, deacons and monks (Bompolines, 1952;[4] Paparounis, no date;[5] Perantones, 1972;[6] Pouqueville, 1824;[7] Vaporis, 2000.[8])."[3]
  3. military dictatorship
    ; and article 3 of the 1975 Constitution; (as well as article 9 of the 1925 and 1926 Constitutions, which were never enforced).
    [9]
  4. ^ "Codified in the 1928 Patriarchal and Synodical Act, the "New Lands" were entrusted to the temporary stewardship of the Church of Greece, provided that the Church respected the terms of the Act. The Act subsequently has been incorporated into several pieces of Greek legislation (Laws 3615/1928, 5438/1932, 599/1977, and Article 3, paragraph 1 of the current Greek Constitution), thereby recognizing the ecclesiastical agreement between the two sides."
  5. 2011 Greek Census, the total enumerated population was 10,787,690.[15]
  6. ^ According to a December 2011 nationwide survey conducted by Metron Analysis (one of the biggest independent market research and public opinion survey companies in Greece), 95% of those polled reported that they were Orthodox Christians, while 1.5% said that they belong to some other religion, and 2.8% of the population said that they were irreligious or atheist, which is among the lowest figures in Europe.[16]
  7. Diocese of Moesia."[40]
  8. Jerome and Origen speak in its praise. Origen incorporated it in his Hexapla.[45]
  9. Irenæus' "Adversus Hæreses"; i.e., before 177."[46]
  10. ^ "If, indeed, we could rely on Epiphanius, the doubt would be solved, for he confidently asserts that Theodotion issued his version in 'the reign of the second Commodus' (i.e. 180–192)...On his authority the Paschal Chronicle sets in down as 184."[51]
  11. Dionysius of Corinth. Dionysius wrote to Pinitus, "not to impose on the brethren, without necessity, too severe a burden in regard to purity, but to pay regard to the infirmity of the great bulk of the people." To which Pinitus, writing in reply, said that he admired and applauded Dionysius, but exhorted him, at the same time, to impart some time or other food which was stronger to his flock, and to feed them with writings abounding in more perfect doctrine, so that they might not remain constantly imbibing the mere milk of doctrine, and grow old under a discipline calculated for children. "In this epistle also, the correct views which Pinitus cherished, and his solicitude for those committed to his care, also his learning and intelligence in divine matters, appear evidently.""[54]
  12. Nestorian heresy. As St. Gregory of Nazianzus stated in AD 379, "If someone does not uphold that the holy Mary is Theotokos, he is separated from divinity" (Letter 101, PG 37, 177C). Early Christians recognized the Theotokos as a powerful intercessor
    for those who are suffering and in need of protection. Christians have been seeking her intercessions from the time of the ancient Church and well over a thousand years up to this very day. The prayer reads:
  13. Asia Minor. Similar expeditions repeated themselves year after year."[69]
  14. ^ "Herennius Dexippus went out against them with a small force of 2000 Athenians – that was all the city could throw into the field – and defeated one of their armies."[69]
  15. ^ The Great Synaxaristes records her birth in the year 270AD, and her martyrdom at the age of 15.[73] The Vatican suppressed her cult in 1969.[74]
  16. ^ "Originally the Rotonda formed part of a larger complex of buildings including a triumphal arch over the Via Egnatia, a hippodrome, an octagonal building and several palaces built by Galerius. The Rotonda, as it is called in Greek (with an 'o'), is one of the largest, covered, round Roman buildings still standing today and it is a valuable historical monument on architectural grounds alone. The Pantheon in Rome is a comparable structure... ...Between the 10th and the 12th centuries, and again between 1525 and 1591, the Rotonda served as the main cathedral of Thessaloniki... ...In 1962 the Greek government declared the Rotonda a 'historical conservation monument (istoriko diatiriteo mnimeio) and an archaeological space'. And in 1986 UNESCO included it in its catalogue of international heritage monuments."[91]
  17. Greek culture. Once more, thanks to Constantine, the political and cultural primacy shifted from the West to the East."[92]
  18. Galerius' edict of toleration in 311, "by the raising, in a formal juristic manner, of each individual church, and therefore the whole, the universal Church, to the level of a full juristic personality: this was the acknowledgement of the Church as a corpus in a juristic sense." "[97]
  19. ^ He decreed that all work should cease on Sunday, except that farmers could work if necessary. This law, aimed at providing time for worship, was followed later in the same century and in subsequent centuries by further restrictions on Sunday activities.[103]
  20. in this sign thou shalt conquer" and used it as a talisman in battle. Dating of the labarum is attested by coins issued at Constantinople (now Istanbul) after Constantine's victory over Licinius in 324."[104]
  21. Hellenic Culture, Christian faith, and Roman principles of administration and law. Precisely when this blend passed into the style called Byzantine is a much argued point. The inception certainly was the building of Constantinople early in the 4th century. Yet as late as the reign of Justinian the language of the court was still officially Latin; Justinian himself directed the great compilation in Latin of the Corpis iuris civilis, the form in which later ages knew Roman law. Justnian, however, closed the pagan philosophical schools of Athens and abolished the consulate in 541 as a meaningless survival; from this period on, arts and letters entered ever more into the distinctive Byzantine world."[110]
  22. ^
    • The First Appearance of the Cross occurred on October12, 312: Emperor Constantine the Great had a vision of the cross in broad daylight, with the inscription "En Touto Nika" ("In this sign you will conquer").
    • The Second Appearance of the Cross occurred on 7 May 346: View in Jerusalem in the time of Patriarch Cyril. All the people saw the Cross of divine light spreading from Golgotha to the Mount of Olives.[118]
    • The Third Appearance of the Cross occurred on 14 September 1925: Appearance of the Sign of the Cross over the church of St. John the Theologian at Mount Hymettus in suburban Athens, on the eve of the feast of the Exaltation of the All-Honourable and Life-giving Cross.[119]
  23. ^ Basil established guidelines for monastic life which focus on community life, liturgical prayer, and manual labour. Together with Pachomius he is remembered as a father of communal monasticism in Eastern Christianity.
  24. ^ "Their secrecy notwithstanding, the mysteries of Eleusis are more extensively documented than any other single Greek cult...From the earliest testimony, the Eleusinian section of the Homeric Hymn to Demeter, to the proscription of the cult by Theodosius and the destruction of the sanctuary by the Goths about 400 AD [396 AD], we survey a period of a thousand years. During this time the cult drew men and women from all of Greece and later from the whole of the Roman Empire."[132]
  25. ^ The church was constructed directly upon the ruins of The Marneion, the temple sacred to Zeus Marnas, who was the local Hellenistic incarnation of Dagon. It was the last surviving great cult center of paganism, and was burned by order of the Roman emperor in 402 AD. After the Muslim conquest in the 7th century, the Church of St. Porphyrios (Eudoxiana) in Gaza City, founded as a Byzantine Church in 407 AD, was transformed into the Great Mosque of Gaza.
  26. ^ (in Greek) "Κατάφερε δὲ ὁ Ἅγιος τὰ κατεδαφιστεῖ τὸ Μαρνεῖον, ὁ περίφημος ναὸς τῶν Ἐθνικῶν Γαζαίων, ποὺ εἶχε ἱδρυθεῖ ἀπὸ τὸν αὐτοκράτορα Ἀδριανὸ τὸ ἔτος 129 μ.Χ. Στὴν θέση του ἀνοικοδομήθηκε περικαλλὴς ναὸς μὲ χορηγία τῆς αὐτοκράτειρας Εὐδοξίας, ἡ ὁποία ἀπέστειλε γιὰ τὸν σκοπὸ αὐτὸ στὴν Γάζα τὸν Ἀντιοχέα ἀρχιτέκτονα Ρουφίνο. Ὁ ναὸς αὐτός, ποὺ ὀνομάστηκε Εὐδοξιανός, εἶχε 32 μεγάλους κίονες ἀπὸ καρυστινὸ μάρμαρο καὶ τὰ ἐγκαίνιά του ἔγιναν τὸ Πάσχα τοῦ 407 μ.Χ."
  27. ^ (in Greek): "Μετὰ 194 χρόνια, ἐπὶ Θεοδοσίου τοῦ Μικροῦ, στὴν Ἔφεσο κάποια αἵρεση διακήρυττε ὅτι δὲν ὑπάρχει ἀνάσταση νεκρῶν. Ἐκείνη, λοιπόν, τὴν ἐποχή, κάποιο παιδὶ στὴν ἀγορὰ τῆς Ἐφέσου ψώνισε ψωμὶ μὲ τὸ νόμισμα τῆς ἐποχῆς τοῦ Δεκίου. Αὐτὸ προκάλεσε ἔκπληξη. Πῆραν, λοιπὸν τὸ παιδὶ καὶ τὸ ἀνέκριναν. Κατόπιν, πῆγαν στὴ σπηλιὰ καὶ βρῆκαν ζωντανὰ καὶ τὰ ὑπόλοιπα παιδιά."[145]
  28. East Syrians."[154]
  29. ^ "PATAPIUS, solitary of Constantinople, native of Thebes, the subject of three homilies written upon him by ANDREAS CRETENSIS. He lived before the 8th century: his feast is 8 Dec.."[157]
  30. ^ After the fall of the Western Empire, the terms "Greek East" and "Latin West" are applied to areas that were formerly part of the Eastern or Western Empires, and also to areas that fell under the Greek or Latin cultural sphere but which had never been part of the Roman Empire. In this sense, particular attention is given to differences in Christianity in the two parts, specifically between Western Christianity and Eastern Christianity.
  31. ^ "In Greece the Justinian era forms the decisive break. In 529 A.D. Justinian prohibited instruction under heathen teachers, deprived the professors of the old religion of their income, and confiscated the endowed wealth belonging to the University of Athens. With this gesture he drew the line under the history of education for an entire millennium."[162]
  32. ^ "From 678 to 752, or until after Ravenna had fallen before the Lombards, out of thirteen popes, eleven were orientals... ...in the later seventh and early eighth centuries the Orientals actually formed a majority of the Roman clergy and presumably of the more influential laity as well - a thesis which seems amply substantiated by the remains of the Rome of that period."[166]
  33. ^ Also known as: Gregentios of Taphar;[172] Gregentios of Ethiopia;[170] Gregentius of Himyar;[173] Gregentius Tephrensis;[174] Grigentius of Omir;[175] Gregory of Omiritia;[171] or Gregory of Omirits.[176]
  34. ^ Thessalonica, the most important city in the Balkans except for the imperial capital, Constantinople, was besieged by the Avars and their Slavic auxiliaries for seven days, as described in the Miracles of Saint Demetrius, a collection of miracles attributed to the city's patron saint in two books, one written c. 610 and the other around 680.[186][187]
    "Like
    Demetrius' prayers over the activities of the angels. When, for example, during the Avar-Slav siege of September 586, the city was about to fall, John related that a high-ranking civilian dreamt that he saw two angels dressed as imperial guardsmen enter Demetrius' shrine and demand that he quit the city because God had ordered Thessalonica's destruction. But the saint resisted, telling the angels that the city's fate would be his: either God would relent when he heard the Saint's prayers, or he would 'perish' with the city. Shortly thereafter the city was saved and the efficacy of Demetrius' intercessions manifested. Indeed, the man who had the dream was certain that it was Demetrius who had saved the city because the figure he saw in the vision matched exactly 'the form in which he is represented in his ancient images'."[188]
  35. ^ "Some modern writers maintain that the Parthenon was converted into a Christian sanctuary during the reign of Justinian (527–65)...But there is no evidence to support this in the ancient sources. The existing evidence suggests that the Parthenon was converted into a Christian basilica in the last decade of the sixth century."[189]
  36. ^ According to various scholars, the Hymn is the product of other sieges of Constantinople that took place on later dates: at 860 by the Russians, 820 by the Slovaks, or at 671 and 717–718 by the Moslems. Still others relate it to the "Revolt of Nicas" in 539. Most scholars, however, place the Hymn on the victory of August 626 against the Persians. And since Patriarch Sergios’ name is closely associated with it, many researchers believe that he was the author of the Hymn.[195] The Akathist Hymn (which in its present form was added to by many Ecclesiastical Hymnographers), existed for the most part even before it was formally accepted by the Church in 626 AD.
  37. ^ One-fourth of the bishops were (as indicated by their names) likely of Eastern ethnicity or origin and thus probably Greek-speaking.[210][211]
  38. ^ "From 614 onward the Levant suffered a series of fearful convulsions any one of which would have forced thousands of refugees across the sea. The first disaster was the Persian invasion under Khusrau II... ...the migration to the Occident in the seventh century seems to have included almost no Coptic or Syriac speaking refugees; it was a purely Hellenic movement... ...Mohammedan histories show that a large proportion of the Greeks left the conquered regions, but it is difficult to distinguish the refugees in the Occident who retreated before the armies of Islam, from those who had previously sought safety from the Persians, and the persecution of Heraclius."[212]
  39. Aelia Pulcheria. But such images of Christ were far from popular until many years later.[216]
  40. ^ A list of forty of his discourses, together with twenty-one edited sermons, is given in Patrologia Graeca, XCVII, 801-1304.

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  59. ^ Hieromartyr Hippolytus the Pope of Rome. OCA – Feasts and Saints.
  60. ^ Great Synaxaristes (in Greek): Ὁ Ἅγιος Ἱππόλυτος ὁ Ἱερομάρτυρας καὶ οἱ σὺν αὐτῷ Μάρτυρες. 30 Ιανουαρίου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.
  61. ^ Dr. Kathryn Tsai. A Timeline of Eastern Church History. Divine Ascent Press, Point Reyes Station, CA, 2004. p.37.
  62. ^ David Bentley Hart. The Story of Christianity: An Illustrated History of 2000 Years of the Christian Faith. London: Quercus Editions Ltd. 2011 edition. p. 44.
  63. ^ Great Synaxaristes (in Greek): Ὁ Ἅγιος Χριστοφόρος ὁ Μεγαλομάρτυρας. 9 Μαΐου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.
  64. ^ Great Synaxaristes (in Greek): Οἱ Ἅγιοι Κυπριανὸς καὶ Ἰουστίνη. 2 Οκτωβρίου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.
  65. ^ Hieromartyr Cyprian of Nicomedia. OCA – Feasts and Saints.
  66. ^ Great Synaxaristes (in Greek): Ὁ Ἅγιος Λεωνίδης Ἐπίσκοπος Ἀθηνῶν. 15 Απριλίου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.
  67. ^ a b Trisagion Films. The earliest known prayer to the Theotokos. Orthodox Outlet for Dogmatic Enquiries. 9 September 2014. Retrieved: 28 January 2015.
  68. ^ Great Synaxaristes (in Greek): Ὁ Ἅγιος Ἰσίδωρος ὁ Μάρτυρας ἐν Χίῳ. 14 Μαΐου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.
  69. ^ a b c d Hermann Bengtson. History of Greece: From the Beginnings to the Byzantine Era. Translated and Updated by Edmund F. Bloedow. University of Ottawa Press, 1988. pp. 343–344.
  70. ^ Great Synaxaristes (in Greek): Ὁ Ἅγιος Γρηγόριος ὁ Θαυματουργός ὁ Νεοκαισαρείας. 17 Νοεμβρίου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.
  71. ^ St Gregory the Wonderworker of Neocaesarea. OCA – Feasts and Saints.
  72. ^ (in Greek) Π. Κωνσταντίνος Φιοράκης. Βίος Αγίας Μαρίνας. Ιερός Ναός Κοιμήσεως Θεοτόκου - Αγίας Μαρίνας Εκάλης (Ιερά Μητρόπολις Κηφισίας, Αμαρουσίου και Ωρωπού). Retrieved: 4 June 2015.
  73. ^ a b Great Synaxaristes (in Greek): Ἡ Ἁγία Μαρίνα ἡ Μεγαλομάρτυς. 17 Ιουλίου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.
  74. ^ Mary Clayton and Hugh Magennis. The Old English Lives of St. Margaret. Volume 9 of Cambridge Studies in Anglo-Saxon England. Cambridge University Press, 1994. p. 3.
  75. ^ Martyr Timothy the Reader and his wife in Egypt. OCA – Feasts and Saints.
  76. ^ Great Synaxaristes (in Greek): Οἱ Ἅγιοι Τιμόθεος καὶ Μαύρα οἱ Μάρτυρες. 3 Μαΐου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.
  77. ^ Barnes, Timothy D. Constantine and Eusebius. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1981. pp. 8–9.
  78. ^ Southern, Pat. The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine. New York: Routledge, 2001. p. 145.
  79. ^ 20,000 Martyrs of Nicomedia. OCA – Feasts and Saints.
  80. ^ Great Synaxaristes (in Greek) Οἱ Ἅγιοι Δισμύριοι (20.000) Μάρτυρες οἱ ἐν Νικομηδείᾳ καέντες. 28 Δεκεμβρίου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.
  81. ^ Great Synaxaristes (in Greek): Ὁ Ἅγιος Παντελεήμων ὁ Μεγαλομάρτυρας καὶ Ἰαματικός. 27 Ιουλίου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.
  82. ^ Greatmartyr and Healer Panteleimon. OCA – Feasts and Saints.
  83. ^ Great Synaxaristes (in Greek): Ὁ Ἅγιος Γεώργιος ὁ Μεγαλομάρτυρας ὁ Τροπαιοφόρος. 23 Απριλίου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.
  84. ^ Greatmartyr, Victory-bearer and Wonderworker George. OCA – Feasts and Saints.
  85. ^ Virginmartyr Anysia at Thessalonica. OCA – Feasts and Saints.
  86. ^ Great Synaxaristes (in Greek): Ἡ Ἁγία Ἀνυσία ἡ Ὁσιομάρτυς. 30 Δεκεμβρίου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.
  87. ^ Great Synaxaristes (in Greek): Ὁ Ἅγιος Δημήτριος ὁ Μεγαλομάρτυρας ὁ Μυροβλύτης. 26 Οκτωβρίου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.
  88. ^ Holy, Glorious Demetrius the Myrrhgusher of Thessalonica. OCA – Feasts and Saints.
  89. ^ Great Synaxaristes (in Greek): Ἡ Ἁγία Βαρβάρα ἡ Μεγαλομάρτυς. 4 Δεκεμβρίου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.
  90. ^ Greatmartyr Barbara at Heliopolis, in Syria. OCA – Feasts and Saints.
  91. ^ Charles Stewart. Who Owns the Rotonda?: Church vs. State in Greece. ANTHROPOLOGY TODAY Vol 14 No 5, October 1998. pp. 3-4.
  92. ^ a b Hermann Bengtson. History of Greece: From the Beginnings to the Byzantine Era. Translated and Updated by Edmund F. Bloedow. University of Ottawa Press, 1988. pp. 345–346.
  93. ^ Great Synaxaristes (in Greek): Ὁ Ἅγιος Μεθόδιος ὁ Ἱερομάρτυρας Ἐπίσκοπος Ὀλύμπου. 20 Ιουνίου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.
  94. ^ Hieromartyr Methodius the Bishop of Patara. OCA – Feasts and Saints.
  95. ^ Dr. Kathryn Tsai. A Timeline of Eastern Church History. Divine Ascent Press, Point Reyes Station, CA, 2004. pp.53–54.
  96. ^ T. G. Elliott. The Christianity of Constantine the Great. Scranton: University of Scranton Press, 1996. p. 119.
  97. ^ Schaff, Philip (1819–1893). The Council of Ancyra. A.D. 314. NPNF2-14. The Seven Ecumenical Councils. Edinburgh: T&T Clark., 1900.
  98. ^ Great Synaxaristes (in Greek): Ὁ Ἅγιος Βλάσιος ὁ Ἱερομάρτυρας Ἀρχιεπίσκοπος Σεβαστείας. 11 Φεβρουαρίου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.
  99. ^ Hieromartyr Blaise the Bishop of Sebaste. OCA – Feasts and Saints.
  100. ^ Greatmartyr Theodore Stratelates "the General". OCA – Feasts and Saints.
  101. ^ Great Synaxaristes (in Greek): Ὁ Ἅγιος Θεόδωρος ὁ Μεγαλομάρτυρας ὁ Στρατηλάτης. Φεβρουαρίου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.
  102. ^ a b "Sunday." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica 2009 Ultimate Reference Suite. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, 2009.
  103. ^ a b "labarum." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica 2009 Ultimate Reference Suite. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, 2009.
  104. ^ Dr. Kathryn Tsai. A Timeline of Eastern Church History. Divine Ascent Press, Point Reyes Station, CA, 2004. pp.57–58.
  105. ^ Great Synaxaristes (in Greek): Μνήμη ἐγκαινίων τῆς Κωνσταντινουπόλεως. 11 Μαΐου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.
  106. ^ Commemoration of the Founding of Constantinople. OCA – Feasts and Saints.
  107. ^ Chester G. Starr. A History of the Ancient World. 4th ed. New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991. pp. 704-705.
  108. ^ Great Synaxaristes (in Greek): Ὁ Ὅσιος Παρθένιος Ἐπίσκοπος Λαμψάκου. 7 Φεβρουαρίου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.
  109. ^ St Parthenius the Bishop of Lampsacus on the Hellespont. OCA – Feasts and Saints.
  110. .
    (Chandler defined a city as a continuously built-up area (urban) with suburbs but without farmland inside the municipality.)
  111. ^ Great Synaxaristes (in Greek): Ὁ Ἅγιος Νικόλαος ὁ Θαυματουργός Ἀρχιεπίσκοπος Μύρων τῆς Λυκίας. 6 Δεκεμβρίου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.
  112. ^ St Nicholas the Wonderworker and Archbishop of Myra in Lycia. OCA – Feasts and Saints.
  113. ^ Carol Myers and Jim Rosenthal. Who is St. Nicholas?. St. Nicholas Center. Retrieved: 11 September 2012.
  114. ^ a b Great Synaxaristes: (in Greek) Μνήμη τοῦ ἐν τῷ οὐρανῷ φανέντος σημείου τοῦ Τιμίου Σταυροῦ ἐπὶ Κωνσταντίου. 7 Μαΐου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.
  115. ^ The Appearance of the Sign of the Cross Near Athens in 1925. Orthodox Christian Information Center. Retrieved: 15 July 2015.
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  116. ^ Great Synaxaristes (in Greek): Ὁ Ἅγιος Σπυρίδων ὁ Θαυματουργός Ἐπίσκοπος Τριμυθοῦντος Κύπρου. 12 Δεκεμβρίου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.
  117. ^ St Spyridon the Wonderworker and Bishop of Tremithus. OCA – Feasts and Saints.
  118. ^ Dr. Kathryn Tsai. A Timeline of Eastern Church History. Divine Ascent Press, Point Reyes Station, CA, 2004. p.65.
  119. ^ Fortescue, Adrian. "Eastern Monasticism." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 10. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911.
  120. ^ Dr. Kathryn Tsai. A Timeline of Eastern Church History. Divine Ascent Press, Point Reyes Station, CA, 2004. pp.66–67.
  121. ^ Dr. Kathryn Tsai. A Timeline of Eastern Church History. Divine Ascent Press, Point Reyes Station, CA, 2004. p.67.
  122. ^ a b David Bentley Hart. The Story of Christianity: An Illustrated History of 2000 Years of the Christian Faith. London: Quercus Editions Ltd. 2011 edition. p. 57.
  123. ^ Dr. Kathryn Tsai. A Timeline of Eastern Church History. Divine Ascent Press, Point Reyes Station, CA, 2004. p.71.
  124. ^ Dr. Kathryn Tsai. A Timeline of Eastern Church History. Divine Ascent Press, Point Reyes Station, CA, 2004. p.73.
  125. ^ Great Synaxaristes (in Greek): Ὁ Ἅγιος Γρηγόριος ὁ Θεολόγος Ἀρχιεπίσκοπος Κωνσταντινουπόλεως. 25 Ιανουαρίου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.
  126. ^ St Gregory the Theologian the Archbishop of Constantinople. OCA – Feasts and Saints.
  127. ^ a b Chester G. Starr. A History of the Ancient World. 4th ed. New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991. p. 680.
  128. ^ Walter Burkert. Greek Religion, Archaic and Classical. Transl. John Raffan. Basil Blackwell, 1985. p. 285.
  129. ^ "Gregory of Nyssa, Saint." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica 2009 Ultimate Reference Suite. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, 2009.
  130. ^ Great Synaxaristes (in Greek): Ὁ Ἅγιος Γρηγόριος Ἐπίσκοπος Νύσσης. 10 Ιανουαρίου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.
  131. ^ Great Synaxaristes: (in Greek) Κατάθεσις Τιμίας Ζώνης τῆς Θεοτόκου. 31 Αυγούστου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.
  132. ^ The Placing of the Cincture (Sash) of the Most Holy Mother of God. OCA - Lives of the Saints.
  133. ^ Dr. Kathryn Tsai. A Timeline of Eastern Church History. Divine Ascent Press, Point Reyes Station, CA, 2004. p.77.
  134. ^ a b "Severian Of Gabala." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica 2009 Ultimate Reference Suite. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, 2009.
  135. ^ a b Great Synaxaristes: (in Greek) Ὁ Ἅγιος Πορφύριος Ἐπίσκοπος Γάζης. 26 Φεβρουαρίου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.
  136. ^ Great Synaxaristes (in Greek): Ὁ Ὅσιος Ἀλέξιος ὁ ἄνθρωπος τοῦ Θεοῦ. 17 Μαρτίου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.
  137. ^ Venerable Alexis the Man of God. OCA – Feasts and Saints.
  138. ^ Dr. Kathryn Tsai. A Timeline of Eastern Church History. Divine Ascent Press, Point Reyes Station, CA, 2004. p.82.
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  142. ^ 7 Holy Youths "Seven Sleepers" of Ephesus. OCA – Feasts and Saints.
  143. ^ Great Synaxaristes: (in Greek) Μνήμη τοῦ μεγάλου σεισμοῦ. 25 Σεπτεμβρίου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.
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  145. ^ (in French) Janin, Raymond (1953). La Géographie ecclésiastique de l'Empire byzantin. 1. Part: Le Siège de Constantinople et le Patriarcat Oecuménique. 3rd Vol. : Les Églises et les Monastères. Paris: Institut Français d'Etudes Byzantines. p.232.
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  148. ^ First and second finding of the Honorable Head of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner, and Baptist of the Lord, John. OCA - Lives of the Saints.
  149. ^ Great Synaxaristes (in Greek): Εὕρεσις Τιμίας κεφαλῆς τοῦ Ἁγίου Προφήτου, προδρόμου καὶ βαπτιστοῦ Ἰωάννη. 24 Φεβρουαρίου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.
  150. ^ a b Dr. Kathryn Tsai. A Timeline of Eastern Church History. Divine Ascent Press, Point Reyes Station, CA, 2004. pp. 90–91.
  151. ^ Saint Patapios of Thebes and His Monastery in Loutraki. Mystagogy - Weblog (Holy Synod in Resistance - source document). 9 December 2009.
  152. ^ Venerable Patapius of Thebes. OCA - Lives of the Saints.
  153. ^ Rev. James Gammack, (M.A., LL.D., Aberdeen). "PATAPIUS." In: William Smith and Henry Wace. A Dictionary of Christian Biography, Literature, Sects and Doctrines. Volume IV: Naamanes—Zuntfredus. London: John Murray, 1887. p. 198.
  154. ^ James William Ermatinger. The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2004. p. xxii.
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  156. ^ Dr. Kathryn Tsai. A Timeline of Eastern Church History. Divine Ascent Press, Point Reyes Station, CA, 2004. p.103.
  157. ^ Rev. A. H. Hore. Eighteen centuries of the Orthodox Greek Church. London: James Parker & Co. 1899. p.284.
  158. ^ Hermann Bengtson. History of Greece: From the Beginnings to the Byzantine Era. Translated and Updated by Edmund F. Bloedow. University of Ottawa Press, 1988. pp. 349.
  159. ^ Marshall Cavendish Corporation. World and Its Peoples. Volume 6 of Italy, Malta, and San Marino. Marshall Cavendish, 2010. p. 843.
  160. ^ Eamon Duffy. Saints & Sinners: A History of the Popes. Yale University Press, 1997. pp.72–85.
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  163. ^ Great Synaxaristes (in Greek) Ὁ Ὅσιος Δαβὶδ ἐν Θεσσαλονίκη. 26 Ιουνίου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.
  164. ^ Monkmartyr David of Thessalonica. OCA – Feasts and Saints.
  165. ^ . 19 Δεκεμβρίου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.
  166. ^ a b Sainted Gregory, Bishop of Omiritia (Himyaritia). HOLY TRINITY RUSSIAN ORTHODOX CHURCH (A parish of the Patriarchate of Moscow).
  167. ^ Saint Gregentius, Bishop of Himyar. Macedonian Orthodox Church – Archdiocese of Ohrid.
  168. ^ Gregentius Tephrensis. Disputatio cum Herbano Judaeo, Graece edita, cum Interpretatione ... N.K. Nic. Gulonij .... 1603.
  169. Nikolai Velimirovic. Saint Gregory (Grigentius), Bishop of Omir. The Prologue from Ohrid. Serbian Orthodox Church Diocese of Western America. Archived 22 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine
  170. ^ St Gregory the Archbishop of Omirits. OCA – Lives of the Saints.
  171. ^ Sergew Hable-Selassie. Gregentius, fl. 6th century, Orthodox. Dictionary of African Christian Biography.
  172. ^ Brief History of Malta. Hill Museum & Manuscript Library (HMML). Retrieved: 28 August 2013. Archived 10 August 2013 at the Wayback Machine
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  174. ^ September 29/October 12. Orthodox Calendar (PRAVOSLAVIE.RU).
  175. ^ Venerable Cyriacus the Hermit of Palestine. OCA - Lives of the Saints.
  176. ^ Great Synaxaristes (in Greek): Ὁ Ὅσιος Κυριακὸς ὁ Ἀναχωρητὴς. 29 Σεπτεμβρίου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.
  177. ^ Great Synaxaristes: (in Greek): Μνήμη Ἐγκαινίων τῆς Ἁγίας Σοφίας (562 μ.Χ.). 23 Δεκεμβρίου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.
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  192. ^ Great Synaxaristes (in Greek): Ὁ Ἅγιος Μοδεστὸς Ἀρχιεπίσκοπος Ἱεροσολύμων. 18 Δεκεμβρίου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.
  193. ^ St Modestus the Archbishop of Jerusalem. OCA – Feasts and Saints.
  194. ^ a b Dr. Kathryn Tsai. A Timeline of Eastern Church History. Divine Ascent Press, Point Reyes Station, CA, 2004. pp. 126–127.
  195. ^ St Christopher of Gazara. OCA – Feasts and Saints.
  196. ^ Great Synaxaristes (in Greek): Οἱ Ὅσιοι Βαρνάβας, Σωφρόνιος καὶ Χριστόφορος. 18 Αυγούστου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.
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  199. ^ a b Ekonomou, Andrew J. Byzantine Rome and the Greek Popes: Eastern influences on Rome and the papacy from Gregory the Great to Zacharias, A.D. 590-752. Lexington Books, 2007. p. 113.
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  205. ^ Edward Banning, (Special to The Globe and Mail). Byzantine Coins Led Way In Using Christ's Image. The Globe and Mail. Saturday 18 April 1987, Page C20.
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  207. ^ Great Synaxaristes (in Greek): Ὁ Ἅγιος Ἀνδρέας ὁ Ἱεροσολυμίτης, Ἀρχιεπίσκοπος Κρήτης. 4 Ιουλίου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.
  208. ^ St Andrew the Archbishop of Crete. OCA – Feasts and Saints.
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