Timeline of Paris

Coordinates: 48°51′24″N 2°21′07″E / 48.85667°N 2.35194°E / 48.85667; 2.35194
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

See also: History of Paris
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Carte de France dressée pour l'usage du Roy. Delisle Guillaume (1721)
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The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Paris, France.

Prehistory

Cabinet des Médailles
, Paris)
Reconstruction of the Pillar of the Boatmen put up by the sailors of Lutetia (14-37 CE), now in the Musée de Cluny
  • 9000-5000 BCE
    • First known settlements in Paris during Mesolithic era, located near rue Henri-Farman in the 15th arrondissement.[1]

The Parisii and the Roman Lutetia

The Middle Ages

Frankish Paris

Panthéon
Abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Prés (Louvre
)
The coronation of Hugh Capet, the Count of Paris, as King of the Franks in 987. He died in Paris in 996 and was buried in the Basilica of Saint-Denis.(Illustration from the 14th century, in the National Library of France)

11th century

Abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Prés
(nave built in 1014).
  • c. 1014
    • Construction of a new nave of the church of the Abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Prés, begun by Abbot Morard.
  • 1021
    • Students begin arriving in Paris to study at the episcopal school of Notre-Dame.[10]
  • 1060

12th century

Héloïse begin a legendary Paris romance in about 1116. Illustration of the couple in a manuscript of the Roman de la Rose
(14th century)
Basilica of St-Denis, rebuilt by Suger in the new style of Gothic architecture
, flooding the church with light.(Consecrated in 1144)
Notre Dame de Paris
, begun 1163 and completed in 1345
The Louvre begun in 1190, as it appeared in 1412–1416 in the Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry (October)
  • 1100s The Holy Innocents' Cemetery in Paris is established, becoming home to mass graves.
  • 1100
    • The celebrated scholar
      Abélard
      begins teaching at the school of Notre-Dame.
  • 1112
    • King Louis VI gives special privileges to the Basilica of Saint-Denis, raising the status of Paris over Orléans as the capital of the Capetian Kings.[11]
  • 1113
    • Construction begins of a new Grand Pont, later called the pont au Change, completed in 1116. The Petit Pont is also rebuilt.
  • 1116
    • The scholar
      Héloïse
      in about 1116. In 1117 is punished for his relationship by castration. He retires to the monastery of Saint-Denis and then to Saint-Ayoul, but later returns to Paris and to Héloïse.
  • c. 1120
    • Teachers and students begin taking up residence on the left bank, around the montagne Sainte-Geneviève, since the cloister of Notre-Dame is not large enough to house them all. This is the beginning of the Latin Quarter and the future University of Paris.[11]
  • 1131
    • 13 October – Death of Philippe, the eldest son of king Louis VI, who died the day after being thrown from his horse, which panicked when he encountered a pig. As a result, it is forbidden to let pigs go freely on the city streets.[11]
  • 1132
    • The Bishop of Paris punishes the teachers and students on the montagne Sainte-Geneviève for the growing number of conflicts between the students and the townspeople.
    • Abbot Suger begins the reconstruction of the Basilica of Saint-Denis in the new Gothic style. The new Basilica is consecrated on 11 June 1144, and becomes a model for cathedrals and churches across Europe.
  • 1134
    • King Louis VI grants to the merchants of Paris the right to seize the property of their debtors and to form associations, the first steps toward a municipality.[12]
  • 1137
    • A new market is installed at Champeaux, which gradually replaces the market on the place de Grève and becomes the central market of Les Halles.
  • 1139
    • Establishment of the
      Saint-Gervais
      .
  • 1146
    • First mention in documents of the corporation of butchers in the city.
  • 1147
    • The Templars occupy their new building in Paris, in the presence of king Louis VII and of the Pope. When he departs for the Crusades, the king leaves the royal treasury in the care of the Templars, and the regency with Abbot Suger of Saint-Denis.
    • 21 April – Pope Eugene III consecrates the new church of Saint-Pierre-de-Montmartre.
  • 1163
  • 1170
    • King Louis VII confirms the privileges of the corporation of water merchants, whose water-bearers carry water from the Seine to residences.
  • 1176
    • First mention in documents of the Fair of Saint-Germain. Half of the profits were reserved for King Louis VII.
  • 1180
    • Founding of the collège des Dix-Huit by Messire Josse de Londres, an Englishman. This was the first college in Paris, established for eighteen poor clerical students in a room within the Hôtel-Dieu.[14][15]
    • 5 February – King Philip Augustus (Philippe Auguste) arrests the leaders of the Jewish community, and requires them to pay 15,000 silver marcs.
  • 1182
    • Philip Augustus expels the Jews from the Île de la Cité, and their synagogue is turned into a church. They are allowed to return in 1198, in return for paying heavy taxes.[16]
    • 19 May – Consecration of the altar of the cathedral of
      Notre Dame.[17]
  • 1183
  • 1186
    • Philip Augustus orders the paving of the major streets of the city with cobblestones (pavés).
  • 1190
    • Philip Augustus departs for the Third Crusade. Six Paris merchants are assigned to act as a council of the regency in his absence, each with a key to the treasury. Before departing, he orders the construction of the first wall around the entire city. The wall on the right bank is finished in 1208, and on the left bank between 1209 and 1213. He also begins construction of the fortress of the Louvre on the right bank.[18]
  • 1197
    • March – A flood destroys all the bridges over the Seine; the King is forced to abandon his palace on the Île de la Citè and move to the hill of Sainte-Geneviève.

13th century

Amaury de Chartres, in the presence of King Philip Augustus. (1210) The tower of the Knights Templar and the gibbet of Montfaucon, where the bodies of executed prisoners were hung, can be seen in the background. Painting by Jean Fouquet
in the 15th century.
Sainte-Chapelle, the masterpiece of flamboyant Gothic architecture, consecrated in 1248.
  • 1200
    • Battles between the sergeants of the Provost of Paris and students, which cause the death of five students. When the Paris students threaten to leave the city, Philip Augustus grants the students the right to be judged exclusively by the tribunal of the Bishop of Paris. This marks the beginning of the legal status of the University of Paris.
  • 1202
    • Completion of the Louvre fortress.
    • The Abbot of Saint-Geneviève purchases the clos Garlande on the Left Bank and builds houses in the neighborhood for students.
  • 1207
    • Pope Innocent III limits the number of chairs of theology at the University to eight, to maintain control over the University.
  • 1209
    • The second college of the University is founded; the Collège des pauvres écoliers de Saint-Honoré, for thirteen students without funds.
  • 1210
    • Pope Innocent III permits the teachers of the University to form a corporation, and in 1212 gives them a degree of independence from the authority of the Bishop of Paris.[19]
    • Ten Amauriciens, students of the scholar
      Amaury de Chartres, are condemned for heresy and burned at the stake outside of Paris, beyond the rampart gate porte des Champeaux, for making too much of the works of Aristotle.[19]
  • 1215 – The University of Paris is chartered by Pope Innocent III.[20][21]
  • 1219
    • 16 November – Pope Innocent III prohibits the teaching of Roman, or civil law, at the University; only canon law can be taught.
    • December – Conflicts between the Bishop of Paris and the University, which is supported by the new Pope,
      Honorius III
      .
  • 1229
    • 26 February – More street battles between students and the sergeants of the Provost of Paris. On 15 April the University temporarily leaves the city in protest, and some of the teachers depart for Oxford and Cambridge.
  • 1230
    • Paris scriptoria producing illuminated manuscripts flourish. The style of the Paris school is copied throughout France.
  • 1231
    • Draining of the marshes
      Le Marais
       begins.
  • c. 1240
    • For the first time, the ringing of the bells of the churches of Paris is regulated by clocks, so that all sound at about the same time. The time of day becomes an important feature in regulating the work and life of the city.[22]
  • 1246
    • The University of Paris is granted financial and judicial autonomy, and its own seal.
    • Founding of the
      Cistercian monks
      who have come to Paris to study theology.
  • 1248
    • Saint Bonaventure
      begins to teach at the University of Paris.
    • 26 April – Consecration of Sainte-Chapelle, built to house sacred relics from the Holy Land purchased by Louis IX (Saint Louis).
  • c. 1250
    • Founding of the Parlement of Paris (Curia Regis), to advise the King on legal matters and later to make judicial decisions.
  • 1252
    • Saint Thomas Aquinas begins to teach at the University of Paris, and remains until 1259. He returns between 1269 and 1272.[22]
  • 1254
    • June – Alphonse de Poitiers, brother of Louis IX, moves into his recently built townhouse (hôtel d'Hosteriche) near the Louvre. Following his example, other princes of the blood and members of the high aristocracy built princely residences in the same neighborhood.[22]
  • 1256
    • 10 June – First stone laid for the Abbaye royale de Longchamp, the royal convent of Longchamp, by
      Isabelle
      , Louis IX's sister.
  • 1257
  • 1260
    • Geoffroy de Courfraud is named the first chevalier de guet, or knight of the watchmen, responsible for security in the city.
    • Corporation of surgeons and corporation of barbers are organized.
  • 1261
    • Étienne Boileau is named the first prévôt, or provost of Paris, the royal administrator of the city.
    • A new college is organized for students of the
      Abbey of Cluny
      .
  • 1263
    • Évroïn de Valenciennes becomes the first recorded provost of the merchants of Paris, a position which gradually becomes equivalent to that of mayor.
  • 1280
    • December – A major flood washes away two arches of the Grand Pont and one arch of the Petit Pont, and encircles the city on the right bank.
  • 1291
    • May – King Philip IV, ("Philip the Fair"), expels the money-lenders, or Lombards, from the city.
  • 1292
    • First written mention of the Paris concierges, who serve as doormen and guardians at palaces, convents and private mansions.[23]
  • 1296
    • The fortifications of the Palais de la Cité are demolished and the palace is enlarged, so that by 1314 it houses all of the royal administration.
    • The Conseil de Ville, or city council, is organized, made up of twenty-four leading citizens.
  • 1299
    • First mention of the construction of a clock tower in Paris (installation of clock will take place in 1370).

14th century

Boccaccio
(French National Library)
The towers of the Château de Vincennes (begun in 1337, completed in about 1410) as shown in the Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry (December), in about 1412.

15th century – the Burgundians and English in Paris

The Palais de la Cité as it appeared between 1412 and 1416, as illustrated in the Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry (June).
The Tour Jean-sans-Peur, last vestige of the Burgundian occupation (15th century), at 20 rue Étienne Marcel in 2nd arrondissement.
  • 1404
    • 18 July – Louis, Duke of Orléans, highly unpopular with the Parisians, flees Paris, taking with him the infant Dauphin of France, the future Charles VII of France.
    • 19 July –
      Jean Sans Peur
      , Duke of Burgundy, makes a triumphant return into Paris.
  • 1407
    • First officially sanctioned dissection of a cadaver at the faculty of medicine of the university.[29]
    • 23 November – Murder of the Duke of Orléans on the rue Vielle-du-Temple, by assassins sent by Jean Sans Peur.
  • 1408
    • 31 January – The breakup of the ice on the Seine destroys the Petit pont and the Grand pont.
    • 28 June – Jean Sans Peur enters Paris at the head of a small army. He is welcomed by the Parisians, and departs in July.
  • 1411
  • 1413
  • 1418
    • 29 May – The Armagnacs have become increasingly unpopular in Paris. During the night of May 29, the merchants of Paris open the porte Saint-Germain-des Prés to the Burgundian soldiers. Bernard VII, Count of Armagnac, and the other leaders of the Armagnacs are arrested in their beds and massacred on 12 June.
    • 14 July – Jean Sans Peur and Queen Isabeau enter Paris by the Porte Saint-Antoine. The fifteen-year-old Dauphin, the future Charles VII of France, escapes the city.[30]
  • 1419
    • 10 September – Jean Sans Peur goes to meet the Dauphin at the bridge of Montereau, and is killed by the Dauphin's supporters (the Armagnacs).
  • 1420
    • 30 May – Philip the Good (Philippe le Bon), the new Duke of Burgundy and ruler of Paris, forms an alliance with the English and persuades King Charles the Mad (Charles le Fol) and leaders of university and the merchants of Paris take an oath to accept Henry V of England as the heir to the French throne.
    • 1 December – King Henry V of England arrives in Paris and takes residence at the Louvre, while King Charles VI the Mad is moved to the hôtel Saint-Pol.[30]
  • 1422
    • 31 August – Death of Henry V of England, followed on 21 October by the death of Charles VI of France. Thereafter the kings of France spend very little time in Paris, until 1528, when François I returns there with the court.[31]
  • 1423
    • February – The leaders of Paris take an oath of allegiance to the Duke of Bedford, representing Henry VI of England, who is in England and just one year old.
      Joan of Arc unsuccessfully lays siege to Paris, held by the Burgundians, and is wounded – Illustration from the Vigile du roi Charles VII (1429)
  • 1427
    • First record of the arrival of the Romani people, or gypsies, in Paris.
  • 1429
    • 8 September – Joan of Arc, fighting for King Charles VII (Charles le Victorieux), tries and fails to retake Paris. She is wounded outside the Porte Saint-Honoré.
  • 1430
    • May – Joan of Arc, captured by the Burgundians in 1429, is handed over to the English in Rouen and brought to trial for heresy. The case against her is prepared by the Bishop Pierre Cauchon. At Cauchon's request, the faculty of the University of Paris endorses the charge of heresy against her. She is convicted and burned at the stake.
  • 1431
    • 16 December. Henry VI of England, nine years old, comes to Paris for a month and is crowned King of France at the Cathedral of Notre Dame by his uncle, the Cardinal of Winchester.
  • 1432
    • March to 8 April – Floods submerge
      Le Marais from the porte Saint-Antoine to the porte Saint-Martin.[31]
  • 1436
    • 28 February – After a series of victories, the army of Charles VII surrounds Paris. Charles VII promises amnesty to the Parisians who supported the Burgundians and English.
    • 13 April – Uprising within the city against the English and Burgundians; the soldiers of Charles VII enter the city through the porte Saint-Jacques.
    • 15 April – The English soldiers are allowed to depart by boat on the Seine for Rouen.
  • 1437
  • 1438
  • 1446
    • 26 March – The university has its independence limited, and is put under the authority of the Parlement of Paris.
  • 1447
    • Establishment of the tapestry workshop of the Gobelins family beside the Bièvre River in the faubourg Saint-Marcel.[32]
  • 1450
    • 26 July – Ordinance sets the procedure for the election of the Provost of the merchants and the échevins, or municipal magistrates.[32]
  • 1464
    • Performance in Paris of
      La Farce de Maistre Pierre Pathelin
      , the first notable French comedy.
  • 1465
    • 7 July – The
      Louis XI
      (Louis le Prudent) and attack Paris, but are repelled.
    • Louis XI takes sanctuary in Paris and asks the support of the merchants, university and clergy, whose franchises he abolished in 1461. The siege of Paris by the league continues until 29 October, when a treaty is signed with Louis XI.
  • 1467
    • The neighborhood militias are abolished, and replaced by sixty-one detachments of professional soldiers, reviewed by Louis XI on 14 September.
      Gasparin de Bergame
      .
  • 1469
    • The first French printing-press was set up in the Sorbonne.[5]
  • 1470
    • Gasparin de Bergame.[33]
  • 1474
  • 1476
    • Printing of the first Bible in Paris.
  • 1477
    • Establishment of royal postal service with couriers on horseback.
  • 1485
    • Construction begins of the
      Hôtel de Cluny
      for the Abbots of the Cluny Monastery, finished in 1510. It is now the museum of the Middle Ages.
  • 1494
    • The municipality of Paris refuses to loan King Charles VIII (Charles l'Affable) 100,000 écus for a military expedition to Italy, which it considers useless.
    • 15 March – Founding of the
      Minimes at Chaillot
      .
  • 1496
    • First recorded case of syphilis in Paris, brought from Italy by soldiers of Charles VIII. Foreigners in the city with the disease are expelled from the city on 6 March 1497.
  • 1497
    • A flood of the Seine reaches the place de Grève, place Maubert and the rue Saint-André-des-Arts.
  • 1499
    • October 25 – A flood of the Seine causes the collapse of the wooden pont Notre-Dame.

16th century – The wars of religion

See also: Paris in the 16th century
  • 1500
    • 6 July – Reconstruction begins of the Pont Notre-Dame in stone, replacing the wooden bridge which collapsed on 25 October 1499. The new bridge is finished in 1514.[24][34]
  • 1504
    • July – Ordinance of the Parlement de Paris for the lighting of Paris streets; at nine in the evening Parisians are required to put a candle in a lantern in their window. The ordinance is not widely obeyed, and is repeated in 1524, 1526, 1551, and later.[35]
  • 1505
    • Publication of the first printed
      Book of Hours
      in Roman letters. The use of Gothic script gradually disappears.
    • 5 April – The direction of the Hôtel-Dieu hospital is transferred from the chanoines of Notre-Dame cathedral to eight laymen governors selected among the business leaders of Paris by the City Assembly,
  • 1521
  • 1523
    • First French translation of the New Testament of the Bible published. In 1525, alarmed by this unauthorized text, the theology faculty of the University of Paris forbids further translations of the Bible.
    • March – The city police force of 120 archers and sixty arbaletriers is reinforced with one hundred arquebusiers,
    • 8 August – The Augustine monk Jean Vallière is burned at the stake for proclaiming that
      Jesus Christ
      was born like other humans.
  • 1527
    • 15 March – Letters of patent issued to construct the quai du Louvre.
  • 1528
    • King François I begins construction of a large hunting lodge, the Château de Madrid, in the Bois de Boulogne.
    • 28 February – In order to turn the Louvre into a palatial residence, demolition of its great central tower begins.
    • 15 March – François I formally announces that he plans to make Paris his principal residence.
  • 1529
    • 19 August – Miles Regnault, secretary of the Bishop of Paris, who had converted to Lutheranism, is condemned and burned at the stake on the Place de Grève.
  • 1530
    • March – François I founds the Collège des lecteurs royaux, or Collège de France, to offer lectures in subjects not taught at the College of Sorbonne, including Hebrew, Ancient Greek, and mathematics.
  • 1531
    • December – New outbreak of bubonic plague. The Holy Innocents' Cemetery is completely filled, so a new cemetery for plague victims is created on the plain of Grenelle, facing the hill of Chaillot.
  • 1532
  • 1533
    • April – The Ordinance of Fontainebleau orders the demolition of the gates on the right bank of the wall built by Philippe-Auguste.
    • 1 November – At the opening of the academic year, the rector of the university, Nicolas Cop, causes a scandal by giving a lecture inspired by
      Jean Calvin
      .
  • 1534
    • 15 August –
      Jesuit order.[37]
    • 17–18 October – Calvinists put up anti catholic posters in the streets of Paris and several towns in France, including on the door of king François Ier's bedroom in Amboise. The Parliament of Paris orders the arrest of two hundred suspected Calvinists, six of whom are burned on the night of 18 October, and many others before the end of the year.[37]
    • 17 November – The printer Antoine Augerau becomes the first printer to be burned at the stake, at Place Maubert, for publishing a book criticizing the sister of the King, Marguerite de Navarre, for her alleged sins.
  • 1535
    • 23 January – First woman heretic, Marie la Catelle, a schoolteacher, burned at the stake for reading the New Testament in French to her pupils.
    • 15 February – The printer Etienne de La Forge is burned at the stake for printing copies of the New Testament and distributing them to the poor.
      The Lescot wing in the Cour Carrée, the oldest existing façade of the Louvre Palace is begun in 1546
  • 1540
  • 1544
    • 19 August – The Sorbonne publishes the first Index, or list of forbidden books.
    • 7 November – François I creates the Grand Bureau des Pauvres, responsible for assisting the indigent, beggars and vagabonds, under the authority of the Bureau de la Ville, or city administration.[38]
  • 1545
    • Construction begins of the
      Museum of the History of Paris
      .
  • 1546
    • 2 August – Letters of patent from François I approve the reconstruction of the west wing of the Louvre, to be done by the architect Pierre Lescot with decoration by sculptor Jean Goujon.
    • 3 August – The printer Étienne Dolet is burned at the stake on Place Maubert. Two other printers are burned that summer, Michel Vincent (19 August) and Pierre Gresteau (13 September).
  • 1547
    • 31 March – Death of King François I, who is succeeded by his son, Henry II.
    • 22 April – For the first time, a large shipment of firewood is made by floating the logs down the river in a raft from the Nivernais region to Paris.
    • 8 October – The Parlement de Paris creates a commission, called the Chambre ardente, to prosecute Protestants.
    • December – The
      Philibert Delorme is commissioned to build a new bridge.[39]
  • 1548
  • 1549
  • 1550
    • 8 September – King Henry II signs letters of patent to build a new wall around the faubourgs of the left bank.
  • 1552
  • 1553
    • Introduction of frozen sorbets to Paris by Italian limonadiers, or lemonade-makers.
    • February – First performance of a French tragedy, Cléopâtre captive, by Étienne Jodelle. Henry II attends the performance.
  • 1554
    • 7 February – The Parliament of Paris forbids secret schools which provide religious instruction.
    • 12 July – First stone placed for a new city gate, called the Porte Neuve and then the Porte de la Conférence, at the western edge of the
      Jardin des Tuileries
      .
  • 1557
    • 11 August – Many Parisians flee the city after a Spanish army advancing from Flanders defeats the French at Saint-Quentin. Queen Catherine de' Medici remains in the city and helps re-establish confidence.
  • 1558
    • 13 May – Gathering of thousands of Protestants at the Pré-aux-Clercs for an open-air service, despite threats from the city authorities.
Burning at the stake, after hanging, of Anne du Bourg, member of the Paris Parliament, for heresy (23 December 1559)
Admiral Coligny's body hanging out of a window at the rear to the right. To the left rear, Catherine de' Medici is shown emerging from the Louvre Palace to inspect a heap of bodies.[44]
  • 1573
  • 1574
  • 1576
    • Founding by Nicolas Houel of the first school of pharmacy in France.
    • 19 June – First performance of the Italian theater troupe I Gelosi in the hall of the Petit-Bourbon, with great success.[45]
  • 1577
    • A commission is named to study projects for a new bridge over the Seine. On 15 February 1578, Henry III chooses the project for a bridge across the western end of the Île-de-la-Cité, the future Pont Neuf.
  • 1578
  • 1581
    • 24 September – First performance of a ballet at the French court: Circé by Balthazar de Beaujoyeux, performed at the Louvre.
  • 1582
    • The Gregorian calendar is introduced in Paris, with the elimination of ten days; 9 December is followed by 20 December.
  • 1587
    • The teaching of Arabic is introduced at the Collège de France.
  • 1588
    • 9 May – Henry I, Duke of Guise, leader of the ultra-Catholic faction, makes a triumphal entry into Paris, cheered by the Parisians.
    • 12 May – Day of the Barricades. The Duke of Guise leads an insurrection against Henry III. The King flees Paris for the Loire Valley on 13 May.
    • 18–20 May – the Holy League, the Catholic party, takes charge of the administration of Paris. The Duke of Guise is named lieutenant-general of the armies.
    • 25 December – After the murder of the Duke of Guise and
      Château de Blois
      , the Sorbonne declares that the French owe no more allegiance to King Henry III. A new city council of forty members, dominated by supporters of the Holy League, is chosen.
  • 1589
    • 13 March – The league proclaims the cardinal de Bourbon is the new king, under the name Charles X.
    • 1 August – Henry III is murdered at the Château de Saint-Cloud by a Dominican friar, Jacques Clément.
    • 2 August – Henry III of Navarre becomes Henry IV, king of France,
    • 1 November Henry IV tries to capture Paris by a surprise attack on the walls around the left bank, but fails.
  • 1590
    • 7 May – Henry IV attacks the city again, this time at the faubourgs Saint-Denis and Saint-Martin, but the attack fails.
    • 14 May – The Catholic League holds a large procession in the city to keep up the morale of the catholic Parisians.
    • 8 August – Popular revolt within Paris against the Catholic League, demanding either bread or peace. The rebellion is harshly suppressed.
    • 10–11 September – Night attack on the city by Henry IV between the gates of Saint-Jacques and Saint-Marcel. The attack is unsuccessful. Henry IV lifts the siege when he learns that a Spanish army is approaching to aid the Catholic League.
  • 1591
    • 2 September – The ruling council of the Catholic League, called the Seize ("Sixteen"), offers the crown of France to Philip II of Spain.
    • 15 November – Growing tensions between the Seize and the Parliament of Paris. Three leaders of Parliament are arrested, tried and hanged.
    • 4 December – The Seize are arrested by Charles de Mayenne, military commander of the Catholic League, and four members are hung at the Louvre. Growing discontent in Paris against the league.
Henry IV enters Paris (March 22, 1594)

17th century

See also: Paris in the 17th century

The Paris of Henry IV and Louis XIII

King Henry IV crosses the Pont Neuf to inaugurate the bridge, (20 June 1603).
  • 1600
    • 28 September – New statutes of the University of Paris published which increase royal authority and reduce power of students.
  • 1602
    • Tapestry weavers from Brussels introduce Flemish techniques at what later became the Gobelins Manufactory.[48]
    • 2 January – Construction begins La Samaritaine, a giant pump, located at the Pont Neuf, to raise drinking water from the Seine and to irrigate the Tuileries gardens. It began working 3 October 1608. A department store of the same name is built next to the site of the pump in the 19th century.
    • 12 November – Maximilien de Béthune, Duke of Sully becomes superintendent of buildings to Henry IV, and is put in charge of the works of the Louvre and Tuileries Palace.
  • 1603
    • 20 June – King Henry IV crosses the Pont Neuf to inaugurate the bridge, though work is not finished until July 1606. It is the first Paris bridge with sidewalks and without buildings[48]
  • 1604
    • 29 June – Convent of the
      Capucines
      founded on rue Saint-Honoré.
  • 1605
Building of the Place Royale approved by king Henry IV (1605).

The Paris of Louis XIV

Theater production at the Hôtel de Bourgogne in 1643
  • 1643
    • 14 May – Death of
      Louis XIV, his four-and-a-half-year-old son, becomes king, under the regency of his mother, Anne of Austria, and the influence of Cardinal Mazarin
      .
    • 30 June – Molière, Madeleine Béjart and several others found the Illustre Théâtre on rue de la Perle, in the Marais.
    • 7 October – The young king and his court move from the Louvre to the Palais-Royal.
    • First coffee house or café opens in Paris, but is not profitable and closes. The first successful café does not arrive until 1672.[54]
    • 11 October – Cardinal Mazarin moves into the Hôtel Tubeuf on rue des Petits-Champs, next to the Palais-Royal, and opens his personal library to scholars. In 1682, he donated his library to the Collège des Quatre-Nations, where it remains today as the Bibliothèque Mazarine ("Mazarine Library").[56]
  • 1644
  • 1645
    • 28 February – First performance of an opera in Paris, La Finita Panza by Marco Marazzoli, in the hall of the Palais-Royal.
  • 1646
    • 20 February – Construction begins of the church of
      Saint-Sulpice
      , not completed until 1788.
  • 1647
    • Fronde
      , (2 July 1652). Anonymous, (Château de Versailles)
  • 1648
    • 27 January – Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture founded by Charles Le Brun and Eustache Le Sueur.[58]
    • 26 August – Cardinal Mazarin has the leaders of the Parlement, or law courts, of Paris arrested, because they have refused to enforce his edicts on fiscal policy and taxes. This begins the insurrection of Paris against the royal government known as the
      Fronde parlementaire
      (1648–1649).
    • 27 August – The Day of the Barricades. More than twelve hundred barricades erected in Paris against the royal authorities, and prisoners seized by Mazarin are liberated on the 29th.
    • 13 September – King Louis XIV, the Regent Queen Mother and Mazarin leave Paris for Rueil, then Saint-Germain-en-Laye. After negotiations with the Parlement, they accept the Parlement's propositions and return to Paris on 30 October.
  • 1649
    • 5–6 January – The King and Queen Mother flee Paris again to Saint-Germain-en-Laye.
    • 11 January – The leaders of the Fronde take an oath to end the rule of Cardinal Mazarin. The royal army led by Condé, blockades Paris.
    • 14 January – A major flood inundates Paris; the Marais and faubourg Saint-Antoine, Saint-Germain, and Île Saint-Louis are under water.
    • 11 March – Under the Paix de Rueil, the King and court are allowed to return to Paris, in exchange for amnesty for the Frondeurs.
    • 19 September – City hall runs out of funds. City workers go unpaid, and riots break out sporadically through the end of year.
    • 27 August – The Day of the Barricades. More than twelve hundred barricades erected in Paris streets against the royal authorities, and prisoners seized by Mazarin are liberated on the 29th.
    • 13 September – The King, Queen Mother and Mazarin leave Paris for Rueil, then Saint-Germain-en-Laye. After negotiations with the Parlement, they accept its propositions and return to Paris on 30 October.
      The tower of the Grand Châtelet in 1650
  • 1650
    • Mineral springs discovered at Passy, at the present-day rue des Eaux. The mineral baths there remain fashionable until the end of the 19th century.
    • 18 January – Mazarin orders the arrest of Louis de Bourbon, Prince of Condé, le Grand Condé, who has turned against the government, and of the Fronde of the Parlement.
  • 1651
    • 21 January – A flood carries away half of the Pont de la Tournelle and one arch of the Pont au Change.
    • 30 January – The Fronde of the princes (Fronde des Princes, 1650–1653), led by Condé, and Fronde of the Paris Parlement join together against Mazarin.
    • 6–7 January – Cardinal Mazarin flees from Paris.
  • 1652
    • 11 April – Condé, leader of the Fronde of princes, enters Paris, pursued by the royal army.
    • 2 July – The Battle of Paris. The royal army, led by
      Turenne
      , defeats the army of Condé outside the city; Condé and his men take refuge inside the city walls.
    • 4 July – Soldiers of Condé lay siege to the Hôtel de Ville to force the Parlement to join the Fronde of the princes.
    • 13 October – The Parlement sends a delegation to Mazarin and the King at Saint-Germain-en Laye, asking for peace.
    • 14 October – The Fronde collapses, and Condé flees the city.
    • 21 October – Louis XIV and his court return in triumph to Paris, and take up residence in the Louvre.
    • 22 October – An amnesty is proclaimed for the Fronde participants, except for its leaders.
  • 1653
    • 3 February – Cardinal Mazarin returns to Paris. On 4 July, the leaders of Paris honor him with a banquet at the Hôtel de Ville and a fireworks show.[59]
  • 1656 –
    Hôpital général de Paris (prison) begins operating.[60]
  • 1658
    • 1 March – A historic flood of the Seine washes away the Pont Marie, even though it was built of stone. The water reaches an historic high of 8.81 meters, higher than the 8.50 meters during the 1910 floods.
    • 24 June – The theater troupe of Molière is given the privilege to perform before the King, a privilege earlier given to the troupe of the Hôtel de Bourgogne and the Comédiens italiens.
  • 1659
    • 10 May – Molière and his troupe perform L'Étourdi at the Louvre. On 21 October, they perform Les Précieuses ridicules.
    • 28 November – Privilege of making and selling hot chocolate granted to David Chaillou, first valet de chambre of the Count of Soissons. This begins the fashion of drinking chocolate in Paris.[59]
      The Louvre and the quay of the Seine in the 1660s
  • 1660
    • Introduction of coffee in Paris. It had previously been served in Marseille in 1626, but did not become popular until 1669, during the visit to Paris of the first ambassador from the Turkish sultan.[59]
    • 26 August – A new square, place du Trône (now Place de la Nation) is created on the east side of Paris for a ceremony to welcome Louis XIV and his new bride, Maria Theresa of Spain.
  • 1661
    • 20 January – Theater company of Molière takes up residence at the Palais-Royal
    • 3–7 March – The will of Cardinal Mazarin endows the founding of the
      Le Vau
      is selected to design the building.
  • 1662
    • 14 February – Installation of the salle des machines, a hall for theater performances and spectacles, in the Tuileries.
    • March – Royal letters of patent give to Laudati de Caraffa the privilege of establishing stations of torch-bearers and lantern-bearers to escort people through the dark streets at night.
    • 18 March – First public transport line established of coaches running regularly between porte Saint-Antoine and Luxembourg. The service continues until 1677.
    • 30 March Académie royale de danse founded.[61]
    • 5–6 June – A grand circular procession, or carrousel, gives its name to the open area where it is held, between the Louvre and the Tuileries Palace.
    • 6 June – The King purchases the Gobelins Manufactory of tapestries and places it under the direction of Charles Le Brun, court painter of King Louis XIV.[62]
The Collège des Quatre-Nations, now the Institut de France built by Cardinal Mazarin (1662–1672)

18th century

See also: Paris in the 18th century
Louis XIV visits the unfinished Les Invalides in 1706
The Hôtel de Ville in 1740

Construction begins on the church of Sainte-Geneviève (now the Panthéon).

1780s–1790s – The French Revolution

See also: French Revolution and Paris in the 18th century
  • 1780
    • Closing of the 12th century cemetery of the Saints-Innocents. The church was closed in 1786 and demolished the following year.[89]
  • 1781
    • First sidewalks in Paris constructed on rue de l'Odéon.[84]
  • 1782
    • Amphithéâtre Anglais
      , the first purpose-built circus in France, opens.
    • Construction begins of the Hôtel de Salm, finished in 1784. After the Revolution of 1789, it became the Palais de la Légion d'Honneur.
  • 1783
    • Royal decrees requiring a relation between the height of buildings and the width of the street, and declaring that new streets must be at least thirty feet (about ten meters) wide.[88]
    • 3 September – Treaty of Paris signed at 56 rue Jacob by Benjamin Franklin, John Jay, John Adams and Henry Laurens for the United States and David Hartley for Britain, ending the American Revolution.
      Depiction of the Montgolfier brothers' first balloon ascension, a captive ascension with two men aboard, on 19 October 1783, in the gardens of the royal wallpaper manufacturer Jean-Baptiste Réveillon, in the faubourg Saint-Antoine, in Paris. Picture was published in Journal officiel n° 299, dated 26 October 1783.
    • 21 November – The first manned free flight in a balloon launched by the Montgolfier brothers, between the parc de la Muette and the Butte-aux-Cailles.[90]
    • École des Mines
       established.
  • 1784 –
    Wall of the Farmers-General construction begins.[79]
  • 1786
    • Galerie de bois (shopping arcade) opens in the Palais-Royal.[79][91]
    • 8 June – A decree of the Prévôt de Paris authorized caterers and chefs to establish restaurants and to serve clients until eleven in the evening in winter and midnight in summer.[92]
    • The first restaurant in the modern sense, the Taverne anglaise, is opened by Antoine Beauvilliers in the arcade of the Palais-Royal.[89]
    • Construction begins of a large steam-powered pump at Gros-Caillou, on the Quai d'Orsay, to provide drinking water from the Seine for the population of the left bank.[89]
    • September – A royal edict orders the demolition of houses built on the Paris bridges and on some of the quays. The edict was carried out in 1788.
  • 1787
    • The duc d'Orléans sells spaces in the arcades of the Palais-Royal which are occupied by cafés, restaurants and shops.
    • Construction approved of the Pont Louis XVI, now Pont de la Concorde.
  • 1788
    • 13 July – Devastating hail storms accompanied by strong winds of a force rarely seen, following a path from the southwest of France to the north, destroyed crops, orchards, killed farm animals, tore roofs and toppled steeples. In Paris, the faubourg Saint-Antoine was hardest hit.[93] It caused a major increase in bread prices, and the migration of thousands of peasants into Paris.[94]
    • 16 August – The French state becomes bankrupt, and begins issuing paper money to pay for pensions, rents and the salaries of soldiers. Large-scale demonstrations and civil disorders begin.
      The storming of the Bastille (14 July 1789). Anonymous.
    • Société des Amis des Noirs
      founded.
  • 1789
    • 12–19 May – Paris elects deputies to the Estates-General, a legislative assembly summoned by
      Louis XVI
      to raise funds.
    • 12 July – Parisians respond to the dismissal of the King's reformist minister,
      Royal-Allemand Dragoon Regiment and a crowd of protestors on Place Louis XV, and Sunday strollers in the Tuileries gardens. Mobs storm the city armories and take weapons. In the evening, the new customs barriers around the city are burned.[94]
    • 14 July – Storming of the
      governor of the Bastille surrenders and is lynched by the crowd.[95]
    • 15 July – The astronomer Jean Sylvain Bailly is chosen Mayor of Paris at the Hôtel de Ville.
    • 17 July – King Louis XVI comes to the Hôtel de Ville and accepts a tricolor cocarde.
    • 5–6 October – The royal family is forced to move from Versailles to Paris.[95]
    • 19 October – The deputies of the National Assembly move from Versailles to Paris, first to the residence of the Archbishop, then, on 9 November, to the Manège of the Tuileries Palace.
    • Théâtre Feydeau founded.
  • 1790
  • 1791
    • 3 April – The church of Sainte-Geneviève is transformed into the Panthéon. Mirabeau is the first famous Frenchman to have his tomb placed there on 4 April, followed by Voltaire on 11 July.[90]
    • 20–21 June – The King and his family flee Paris, but are captured at Varennes and brought back on 25 June.
    • 17 July – A large demonstration on the Champ de Mars demands the immediate proclamation of a republic. The National Assembly orders Mayor Bailly to disperse the crowd. Soldiers fire on the crowd, killing many.[96]
    • 19 September – Mayor Bailly resigns.
  • 1792
    • 25 April – First execution using the guillotine of the bandit Nicolas Pelletier on the Place de Grève.
    • 20 June – Sans-culottes invade the Tuileries Palace and put a red Phrygian cap on king Louis XVI's head.[95]
    • 20 July – Government calls for volunteers for the army, and on 21 June proclaims that the country is in danger of foreign attack.
    • 10 August – The insurrectional
      Paris Commune
      seizes the Hôtel de Ville and the Tuileries Palace, and suspends the power of the king.
    • 2–5 September – Massacre of more than 1,300 persons in Paris prisons, among which the
      princesse de Lamballe
      .
    • 21 September – Proclamation of the
      French Republic by the convention, the new National Assembly.[97]
    • Théâtre du Vaudeville opens.
    • 20 November – Discovery of the Armoire de fer, an iron box containing documents incriminating Louis XVI, in his apartment at the Tuileries.
    • 10 to 26 December – King Louis XVI's trial.
      The execution of King Louis XVI on the Place de la Révolution, 21 January 1793. Bibliothèque nationale de France
  • 1793
    • 21 January – Execution of Louis XVI on the Place de la Révolution (former Place Louis XV, now Place de la Concorde).[95]
    • 10 March – Creation of the Revolutionary Tribunal to judge enemies of the Revolution.
    • 16 October – Execution of queen Marie Antoinette on the Place de la Révolution.[95]
    • 6 November – Execution of Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans, Philippe Égalité, on the Place de la Révolution.
    • 8 November – Opening of the Museum Central des Arts, (later named the
      Louvre Museum
      ).
    • 12 November – French citizens are required by law to use the familiar personal pronoun "tu" form instead of the formal "vous".[97]
    • 23 November – All the churches of Paris are ordered closed by the government.
    • National Museum of Natural History
      (founded in 1635) re-organized and renamed.
  • 1794
    • 30 March – Arrest of
      Robespierre. He is guillotined 5 April.
      The Festival of the Supreme Being, by Pierre-Antoine Demachy, 8 June 1794.
    • 8 June – Celebration of the Cult of the Supreme Being held on Champ de Mars, presided over by Robespierre.
    • 11 June – Beginning of the climax of Reign of Terror, period known as the Grande Terreur. Between June 11 and 27 July, 1,366 persons are condemned to death.[98]
    • 27 July – 9th Thermidor, the convention accuses Robespierre of crimes. He is arrested together with several of his acolytes, among which Saint-Just.
    • 28 July – Robespierre and those arrested with him are guillotined, this signaling the end of the Reign of Terror.[95]
    • 24 August – The revolutionary committees of the twelve Paris sections are abolished, and replaced by new arrondissement committees.
    • 31 August – The municipal government of Paris is abolished, and the city put directly under the national government.[89]
    • 22 October – The École centrale des travaux publics, predecessor of the
      École Polytechnique
       (school) established.
  • 1795
    • 20 May – Rioting sans-culottes invade the convention meeting hall, demanding "bread and the 1793 Constitution". Army troops loyal to the government occupy the Faubourg Saint-Antoine and disarm demonstrators.
      André Garnerin
      in 1797
    • 5 October – An uprising by royalists in the center of the city is suppressed with artillery fire by General
      Napoleon Bonaparte
      .
    • 11 October – Paris is once again organized into twelve municipalities, within the new department of the Seine.
    • 2 November – The Directory government is established.
  • 1796 –
    Société de Médecine de Paris
    (Society of Medicine) established.
  • 1797
    • Arsenal Library
      opens.
    • 22 October – First parachute jump with a frameless parachute made by
      André Garnerin from a Montgolfier balloon at an altitude of 700 meters over the Plaine de Monceau.[99]
  • 1799

19th century

See also: Category:19th century in Paris

1800–1815 – The First Empire

See also: Paris under Napoleon and First French Empire
Notre-Dame-de-Paris
(2 December 1804)
  • 1800
    • 13 February –
      Banque de France
       created.
    • 17 February – Napoleon reorganizes city into twelve arrondissements, each with a mayor with little power, under two Prefects, one for the police and one for administration of the city, both appointed by him.[98]
    • 19 February – Napoleon makes the Tuileries Palace his residence.
Galeries of the Palais-Royal in 1800
A military review at the Carrousel facing the Tuileries Palace (1810).
  • 1810
    • 5 February – For censorship purpose, number of printing houses in Paris limited to fifty.
    • 2 April – Religious ceremony of the marriage of Napoléon to his second wife, Marie-Louise of Austria, in the Salon carré of the Louvre.
    • 4 April – first stone laid for the Palace of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs on the quai d'Orsay. It was completed in 1838.
    • 15 August – Completion of the Place Vendôme column, made of 1200 captured Russian and Austrian cannons[102]
    • Catacombs renovated.[56]
  • 1811
The Russian army enters Paris on 31 March 1814

1815–1830 – The Restoration

See also:
Paris during the Restoration
  • 1816
    • 21 March – Reopening of the French academies, purged of twenty-two members named by Napoleon.
    • December – first illumination by gaslight of a café in the Passage des Panoramas.[106]
      The first roller-coaster in Paris (1817).
  • 1817 – Population: 714,000[100]
    • 1 June – Opening of the Marché Saint-Germain.
    • 8 July – Opening of the first promenades aériennes, or roller coaster, in the jardin Beaujon.
  • 1818 – New statue of Henry IV placed on the Pont Neuf, to replace the original statue destroyed during the Revolution.[107]
Draisienne
, ancestor of the bicycle, is introduced in the Luxembourg Gardens. (1818)
    • The
      Draisienne
      , ancestor of the bicycle, is introduced in the Luxembourg Gardens. (1818)
  • 1820
  • 1821
    • 14 May 1821 – Opening of the canal of Saint-Denis.
    • 23 July – Founding of the
      Geographic Society of Paris
      .
    • 26 December – Decree to return the Pantheon to a church, under its previous name of Sainte-Geneviève.
      Boulevard Montmartre in 1822
  • 1822
    • 7–8 March – Demonstrations at the law school, two hundred students arrested.
    • 15 July – the Café de Paris opens at corner of the boulevard des Italiens and rue Taitbout.
  • 1823
  • 1824
    • 25 August – First stone laid for the church of Saint-Vincent-de-Paul.
    • October – Opening of À la Belle Jardinière clothing store, ancestor of the modern department store.[106]
    • 13 December – La Fille d'honneur on rue de la Monnaie is the first store to put price tags on merchandise.[108]
  • 1825
  • 1826
    • First steamboat service begins between Paris and Saint-Cloud.
    • Hachette
      publishing house founded.
    • 16 July – The founding of Le Figaro newspaper.
    • 4 November – the new
      Paris Bourse
      opens.
  • 1827
    • 12 March – New law passed restricting freedom of the press.
    • 30 March – Students demonstrate during funeral of the
      Duke of La Rochefoucault-Liancourt
      . His coffin is smashed during the struggle.
    • 29 April – During review of the Paris National Guard by King Charles X, the soldiers greet him with anti-government slogans. The King dissolves the National Guard.[108]
    • 30 June – A giraffe, a gift of the Pasha of Egypt to Charles X, and the first-ever seen in Paris, is put on display in the
      Jardin des Plantes
      .
    • 19–20 November – political demonstrations around the legislative elections; street barricades go up in the Saint-Denis and Saint-Martin neighborhoods.
    • Galerie Colbert [fr] (shopping arcade) opens.[79]
  • 1828
    • Guerlain perfumer in business.[63]
    • February – Concert Society of the
      Paris Conservatory
      founded. The first concert took place on 9 March.
    • 11 April – Introduction of service by the omnibus, carrying 18 to 25 passengers. Fare was 25 centimes.[109]
  • 1829
    • 1 January – The
      rue de la Paix
       becomes the first street in Paris lit by gaslight.
    • 12 March – Creation of the sergents de ville, the first uniformed Paris police force. Originally one hundred in number, they were mostly former army sergeants. They carried a cane during the day, and a sword at night.[110]

1830–1847 – The Reign of Louis-Philippe

See also: July Monarchy and Paris under Louis-Philippe
French Revolution of 1830
(27–29 July 1830).
  • 1830
    • 25 February – Pandemonium in the audience at the Théâtre Français, between the supporters of the classical style and those of the new romantic style, during the first performance of Victor Hugo's romantic drama Hernani.
    • 16 March – Two hundred twenty deputies send a message to king Charles X criticizing his governance.
    • July – First vespasiennes, or public urinals, also serving as advertising kiosks, appear on Paris boulevards.
    • 25 July – Charles X issues ordinances dissolving the national assembly, changing the election law and suppressing press freedom.
    • 27–29 July – The Trois Glorieuses, three days of street battles between the army and opponents of the government. The insurgents install a provisional government in the Hôtel de Ville. Charles X leaves Saint-Cloud, his summer residence.
    • 9 August – the Duke of Orléans, Louis-Philippe, is sworn King of the French.
  • 1831
    • Population – 785,000[100]
    • 27 July – First stone laid of the column in the Place de la Bastille, honoring those killed during the 1830 revolution.
    • 31 October – Louis Philippe moves from the Palais-Royal to the Tuileries Palace.
    • Victor Hugo's novel Hunchback of Notre-Dame published, reviving interest in medieval Paris.
  • 1832
    Luxor obelisk is hoisted into place on the Place de la Concorde (25 October 1836).
  • 1833
  • 1834
  • 1835
    • 28 November – Assassination attempt on Louis-Philippe by Giuseppe Marco Fieschi, using an "infernal machine" of twenty gun barrels firing at once, as the king is riding on the Boulevard du Temple. The king is unharmed, but eighteen people are killed.
  • 1836
  • 1837
    • 26 August – First railroad line opens between the rue de Londres and Saint-Germain-en-Laye. The trip takes half an hour.
  • 1838
    • View of the Boulevard du Temple
      , showing a man while his shoes were being shined, the man stood motionless long enough to be photographed.
    • The
      Bibliothèque Polonaise de Paris
       (Polish Library) is founded.
  • 1839
    • 7 January – Louis Daguerre presents his pioneer work on photography at the French Academy of Sciences. The academy gives him a pension, and publishes the technology for free use by anyone in the world.
    • 12–13 May – Followers of
      Louis Blanqui begin armed uprising in attempt to overthrow government, but are quickly arrested by the army and national guard.[114]
    • 2 August – Opening of railway line along the Seine between Paris and
      Versailles
      .
  • 1840
    View of the Boulevard du Temple, one of the first photos of Paris, taken by Louis Daguerre
    (1838).
  • 1841 – Population: 935,000[100]
  • 1842
    • First French cigarettes manufactured at Gros-Caillou, in the 7th arrondissement.
  • 8 May – First major railroad accident in France, on the Paris-Versailles line at Meudon, kills fifty seven persons and injures three hundred.[116]
  • 1843
    • 4 March – L'Illustration newspaper, modeled on The Illustrated London News, begins publication.
    • 2 May – Opening of railroad line from Paris to Orléans, followed the next day by the opening of the line from Paris to Rouen.
    • 7 July – Opening of the quai Henry-IV, created by attaching the
      Île Louviers
      to the right bank.
    • 20 October – First experiment with electric street lighting on the Place de la Concorde.
  • 1844
    • 16 March – Opening of the
      Cluny Museum
      dedicated to the history of medieval Paris.
    • 14 November – First crèche, or day care center, is opened at Chaillot.
  • 1845
    • Ring of new fortifications around the city, (the Thiers wall), begun in 1841, completed.[117]
    • 27 April – First electric telegraph line tested between Paris and Rouen.
    • 29 November – First stone laid of the
      Ministry of Foreign Affairs on the Quai d'Orsay
      .
  • 1846
    • Population: 1,053,000[100]
    • 7 January – Completion of the first Gare du Nord railway station. Train service to the north of France begins 14 June.
    • 30 September – A riot breaks out in the faubourg Saint-Antoine over the high cost of bread.
  • 1847
    • 19 February – Alexandre Dumas opens his new Théâtre Historique, located boulevard du Temple, with the premiere of La Reine Margot.
    • 28 June – City government decrees installation of new street numbers, in white numbers on enameled blue porcelain plaques. These numbers remain until 1939.
    • 9 July – Opponents of the government hold the first of a series of large banquets, the Campagne des banquets, to defy the law forbidding political demonstrations.[116]

1848–1869 – The Second Republic and the Second Empire

See also: French Second Republic and Paris during the Second Empire
Barricades on Rue Soufflot in June, 1848

Empress Eugénie, at 7 rue de la Paix.[112]

1870–1879 The Paris Commune and the Third Republic

Main article: Chronology of the Paris Commune
See also: Paris Commune and Paris in the Belle Époque

1880–1889

  • 1880
    • 3 January – The ice on the Seine thaws suddenly, and the river rises more than two meters in three hours, sweeping away the pont des Invalides, under reconstruction.[143]
    • 10 July – Amnesty for those imprisoned or exiled after the Paris Commune.
    • 14 July – Bastille Day is celebrated officially for the first time since 1802
    • Brasserie des Bords du Rhin opens.[130]
    • The
      36 Quai des Orfèvres
      .
    • The History of Paris
      Carnavalet Museum
      opens.
  • 1881
    • 15 August (through 15 November) – The
      Exposition internationale d'électricité
      is held, highlighted by the illumination of the Grands Boulevards with electric lights.
    • 18 August – Opening of the Chat Noir, the first modern cabaret in Montmartre.[144]
  • 1882
    • January – Crash of the Union générale bank, causing the Paris Bourse crash of 1882
    • 10 January – Opening of the musée Grévin, the first Paris wax museum, in the passage Jouffroy.
    • 12 April – Inauguration of the ethnographic museum at Trocadéro.
    • 13 July – Opening of the reconstructed Hôtel de Ville, burned by the Commune in 1871.
  • 1883
    • 16 June – The Catholic daily newspaper La Croix begins publication.
    • 14 July – Inauguration of the statue Monument à la République on the Place de la République.
    • August – First municipal summer camp for students of the schools of the 9th arrondissement.
    • 22 September – The opening of the first lycée for girls, the Lycée Fénelon.
  • 1884
    • 7 March – Decree requiring the use of trash cans, nicknamed poubelles after the Prefect of Paris Eugène Poubelle, who introduced it.[144]
    • 8 July – Opening of the first municipal swimming pool at 31 rue du Château-Landon.
    • 23 July – Law allowing construction of residential buildings up to seven stories high.
    • 7 November – Last serious cholera epidemic in Paris.
    • Students' General Association of Paris [fr] founded.
    • Les Deux Magots café opens,
    • Samuel Bing
      art gallery opens.
    • Premiere of Massenet's opera Manon.'[76]
The Eiffel Tower under construction (August 1888)
  • 1885
    • 2 February – Municipal Council allows women to work as interns in Paris hospitals.
    • 1 June – Huge crowds observe the funeral procession of Victor Hugo, whose remains are placed in the Panthéon.
    • 3 August – First stone laid for the new buildings of the Sorbonne.
  • 1887
    • January – Construction begins of the Eiffel Tower. The structure is strongly condemned by leading Paris writers and artists.[145]
    • 25 May – A fire destroys the Opéra-Comique during a performance of Mignon; more than a hundred persons are killed.
  • 1888
  • 1889
    • First Paris telephone book published.
    • 30 January – First cremation in France at Père Lachaise Cemetery.
    • 2 April – Opening of the Eiffel Tower. Guests must climb to the top by the stairs, because the elevators are not finished until May 19.[145]
    • 6 May – Opening of the Exposition Universelle (1889). Before it closes on 6 November, the Exposition is seen by twenty-five million visitors.[145]
    • 14 July – Socialist Second International founded in Paris.
    • 5 August – Opening of the grand amphitheater of the new Sorbonne.

1890–1899

Battles between workers and police on the Place de la Concorde, 1 May 1890.

20th century

1900–1913 – La Belle Époque

See also: Paris in the Belle Époque
The Exposition Universelle (1900)

1914–1918 – First World War

See also:
Paris during the First World War
Crowd of reservists being mobilized at the Gare de l'Est (2 August 1914)
  • 1914
    • 31 July – Jean Jaurès, leader of the French socialists, assassinated by mentally disturbed man in the Café du Croissant on rue du Croissant in Montmartre.
    • 1 August – Mobilization of army reservists.
    • 3 August – France declares war on Germany. The beginning of the First World War.
      Paris taxis carried 6000 soldiers to the front lines during the First Battle of the Marne (8 September 1914).
    • 29 August – As German army approaches, French government and National Assembly depart Paris for Bordeaux.[166]
    • September 6–9 – Army requisitions 600–1000 Paris taxis to transport six thousand soldiers fifty kilometers to the front lines in the First Battle of the Marne.[167]
    • December 9 – Government and National Assembly return to Paris.
      During the First World War, Montparnasse became the new gathering place for Paris artists and writers. Amedeo Modigliani, Pablo Picasso and André Salmon in front of the café Le Dôme, photographed by Jean Cocteau (1916).
    • El Ajedrecista automaton introduced at University of Paris.
  • 1915
    • 10 September – the Satirical magazine Canard enchaîné begins publication.
    • 30 October – official prices of food are posted on doorways of public schools, to deter speculation.
  • 1916
    • 20 January – Frozen meat goes on sale in two Paris butcher shops.
    • 29 January – First bombing of Paris by a German Zeppelin. Twenty-six persons are killed and thirty two wounded at Belleville.
    • 27 August – 1,700 Chinese workers arrive at the Gare de Lyon to work in Paris armaments factories, replacing men mobilized into the army. One of the Chinese workers was Zhou Enlai, future Communist leader in China, who worked in the Renault factory at Boulogne-sur-Seine, town renamed Boulogne-Billancourt in 1924.[168]
    • 15 December – The first woman conductor is hired for the Paris tramways.
    • The Renault factory at Boulogne-sur-Seine begins manufacturing the first French tanks.
  • 1917
    • 9 February – Shortage of coal and grain. Bakers are permitted to sell only one kind of bread, sold the day after it is baked.
    • 15 May – Wave of strikes in Paris workshops and factories, demanding a five-day week and an extra franc a day to compensate for higher prices. Most demands are granted.[169]
    • 1 September – Rationing of coal begins.
    • 25 November – Seats are reserved on Paris public transportation for the blind and those wounded in the war.
    • 15 October – Execution by firing squad of the Dutch Mata Hari, a spy for the Germans, in the moat of the Château de Vincennes.
      Victory parade on Place de la Concorde, (11 November 1918)
  • 1918
    • 29 January – Rationing of bread is imposed; a card allows three hundred grams per day per person.
    • 30 January – Night bombing raid by twenty-eight German aircraft kills sixty-five persons and injures two hundred. Further raids took place on 8 and 11 March.
    • 11 March – German bombing raid causes a panic in the Bolivar metro station, killing seventy one persons.
    • 21 March – German long-range artillery fires eighteen shells into Paris, killing fifteen and wounding sixty-nine. The shelling continued until 16 September.
    • 29 March – a German shell hits the
      Saint-Gervais
      church during mass, killing eighty-two persons and injuring sixty-nine.
    • October – Epidemic of
      Spanish influenza
      , which began at the start of the year, kills 1,778 persons in one week.
    • 11 November – Signing of armistice ends the war.
      Victory
      celebrations on the Champs-Élysées.
    • 16 December – U.S. President Wilson addresses crowd at the Hôtel-de-Ville.

1919–1929 – Les Années Folles

See also:
Paris between the Wars (1919-1939)

1930–1939

The Cactus Fountain from the Paris Colonial Exposition of 1931.

1939–1945 – The Second World War

German soldiers change guard on rue de Rivoli (October, 1940)
See also: Paris in World War II
  • 1940
    • 29 February – Food rationing begins in city.
    • 3 June – Germans bomb city for first time. 254 persons are killed, 652 injured.
    • 10 June – French government leaves Paris for Tours, then Bordeaux. Paris is declared an open city.[183]
    • 14 June –
      German troops
      enter Paris.
    • 23 June – Hitler comes to Paris for one day. He makes a brief visit to the terrace of the Palais de Chaillot to see the Eiffel Tower.
    • 18 October – German occupation authorities announced that Jews will have a special status.
    • 11 November – First anti-occupation demonstration by students at the Arc de Triomphe.[182]
    • 26 December – Germans suspend the powers of the Municipal Council.
  • 1941
    • 14 May – Five thousand non-French Jews, mostly refugees, arrested.
    • 22 June – Germany invades the Soviet Union. The French Communist Party actively joins the Resistance.
    • 1 July – Rationing of textiles begins.
    • 20 July – Opening of the transit Drancy internment camp to hold Jews before deportation.
    • 21 August – A German officer is killed at the
      Colonel Fabien
      . The Germans respond by taking civilian hostages and threatening to execute them if more assassinations take place.
    • 29 August – First execution at Fort Mont-Valérien of the members of the resistance, including the French naval officer Honoré d'Estienne d'Orves.
    • 2 September – Paris magistrates are required to take an oath of loyalty to Marshal Pétain. Only one, Paul Didier, refuses.[182]
    • 16 September – Execution by the Germans of the first ten hostages.
      German soldiers at the café Capoulade on Boulevard Saint-Michel, March 1943
  • 1942
    • 10 May – Anti-German demonstration at the Lycée Buffon. Five students are arrested later on and executed several months later.
    • 7 April – All Parisians over sixteen years are required to carry an identity card.
    • 29 April – All Jews in the occupied zone are required to wear a yellow star of David.
    • 16–17 July – 13,000 Parisian Jews arrested and confined at the
      Auschwitz.[184]
  • 1943
  • 1944
  • 1945
    • 29 April – First municipal elections after the war, and the first French elections in which women could vote. Six parties take part: the Communists take thirty percent of the vote and 27 council seats out of ninety, making them the largest group in the council.
    • 9 May – Film Les Enfants du Paradis (Children of Paradise) by Marcel Carné, made during the German occupation, opens in Paris.
    • 21 October – Communists and socialists win majority of seats in the first parliamentary elections after the war.

1946–1967

Eva Peron
(1950)

.

  • 1946
    • Population: 2,725,374[173]
    • 1 January – Rationing of bread re-established, and continues until 1 February 1949.
    • 3 February – First issue of the sports newspaper L'Équipe published.
    • 5 April – Socialist government nationalizes the private gas and electricity companies.
    • 23 April – Houses of prostitution ordered closed.
  • 1947
    • 12 February – First major fashion show after the war organized by Christian Dior at 30 Avenue Montaigne. High fashion became an important French export industry and foreign – currency earner.
    • 25 April – Communist trade union begins strike at Renault factory.
    • 5 May – Split between communists and socialists. New socialist Prime Minister Paul Ramadier dismisses communist ministers from French government.
    • June – Communist unions organize strikes and work stoppages of railroad and bank employees.[185]
    • The Bread ration reduced to 200 grams per person, less than during the German Occupation.
    • Founding of the Magnum Photos agency.
    • 20 October – The Rassemblement du peuple français, a new center-right party led by Charles de Gaulle, wins Paris municipal elections, with 52 seats on the council out of ninety. The Communists win twenty-five seats, the socialists win five.[185]
    • November – Communist trade unions organize strikes of metal workers, public employees, teachers, and railroad workers in an effort to bring down the government, and call a general strike for December 1. Railroad lines are sabotaged. The navy, army and firemen are called in to keep electricity networks and the metro running.[185]
    • 9 – The Communists call off the general strike.
  • 1948
  • 1949
    • 25 March – Paris Match magazine begins publication.
    • 29 June – First Paris television newscast. Only a few hundred Parisians have television sets to watch it.
  • 1950
  • 1951
    • 1 May – First demonstrations in Paris of Algerians demanding independence from France.
  • 1952
    • 18 May – Large demonstration on the Champs-Élysées of Algerians supporting independence for Algeria.
    • 28 May – Violent confrontations between Communist demonstrators and police over visit of U.S. General Matthew Ridgway. Several hundred persons injured.
  • 1953
    • 26 April to May 3 – The Paris municipal elections won by center right – coalition formed with left republicans (RGR), Gaullists (RPF) and independents.[185]
    • 14 July – Violent confrontations between Communists and Algerian independence supporters and the police. Seven persons are killed, and one hundred twenty-six injured.
  • 1954
    • Population: 2,850,189[173]
    • 1 February – Abbé Pierre issues an appeal for the city to aid the homeless.
    • 1 August – Ordnance forbids Parisians to honk their car horns "except in case of danger."
    • 1 November – War of independence begins in Algeria, with serious repercussions in Paris. Numerous killings in Paris of members of two rival Algerian factions, the Front de Libération Nationale (FLN), or National Liberation Front, and the Mouvement national algérien (MNA), and large demonstrations are organized by the Communists and Algerian nationalists.[189]
  • 1955
    • 15 September – Renault workers win three weeks of paid vacation.
  • 1956
    • Short film –
      Academy Award
      in 1956 for best original screenplay.
    • 7 November – Following the suppression of the Hungarian uprising by Soviet troops, large demonstrations take place outside Communist Party headquarters in Paris. When the name of the place outside their building is changed to the name of Lajos Kossuth, a Hungarian anti-Russian patriot, the Communists move to a new location on place du Colonel-Fabien.[190]
    • 8 November – New metro cars running on rubber wheels instead of steel wheels begin service between
      Mairie des Lilas
      .
  • 1958
    • 19 May – Following a revolt by the French military in Algiers on 13 May, Charles de Gaulle holds a press conference at the Palais d'Orsay offering to form a new government, "If the people wish."
    • 1 June – De Gaulle is invested as head of government by the National Assembly.
    • 28 September – Proposed Constitution of the
      Fifth French Republic
      approved by the National Assembly.
  • 1959
    • 27 April – Demolition begins of the Vélodrome d'Hiver.
    • 30 December – Rock singer Johnny Hallyday performs on radio program Paris-Cocktail and becomes an instant star.
  • 1960
    • 20 March – Paris police creates an auxiliary force of Muslim policemen to combat increasing terrorist attacks coming from the Algerian War.
    • 12 April – Inauguration of the
      autoroute du Sud a highway from Paris to the south of France via Lyon
      .
  • 1961
    • 6 January – First bomb attacks in Paris by the Organisation armée secrète (OAS), an armed terrorist group fighting to keep Algeria as part of France.
    • 24 April – Opening of expanded
      Paris-Orly
      airport.
    • 29 August – The Paris wing of the FLN, the major underground group fighting for Algerian independence, begins a campaign of killing French policemen, particularly Muslim auxiliaries. Thirteen policemen are killed between 29 August and 3 October.[191]
    • 5 October – Paris municipality imposes a curfew on Algerians (French Muslim of Algeria), advising them to be off the streets between 8:30 p.m. and 5:30 a.m.
    • 17 October – Between thirty and forty thousand Algerians stage an illegal but peaceful march against the curfew, marching in four columns to the center of the city. The police violently breaks up the demonstration, arresting six to seven thousand persons. Trapped by the police, some demonstrators jump or are thrown off the pont Saint-Michel. The number of persons killed has never been reliably established; estimates vary widely from thirty to fifty dead[191] to over two hundred.[192] (See Paris massacre of 1961 for one point of view of the events).
  • 1962
    • Population: 2,790,091.[173]*
    • 17 January – Seventeen bombs explode planted by the OAS, demanding continued French rule over Algeria.
    • 8 February – Illegal anti-OAS demonstration by FLN and Communists is suppressed by the police. Eight persons are killed, most of them crushed by the crowd trying to take sanctuary in the
      The Charonne Metro Station Massacre
      .)
    • 4 August – Malraux Law, named for French Culture Minister André Malraux, requires that façades of Paris buildings be cleaned of decades of soot and dirt. Cleaning begins.
  • 1963
  • 1964
    • 13 January – Decision made to build a new airport at Roissy-en-France to replace Le Bourget.
    • 14 March – France is divided into twenty-one regions, including Paris.
    • June – First Festival du Marais [fr] takes places.[172]
    • 10 July – New law divides the Paris region into eight departments.
  • 1965
  • 1966
  • 1967

1967–1980

Red flags on the Odeon Theatre, occupied by demonstrators (May 1968).
  • 1968
    • Population: 2,590,771[195]
    • 22 March – Coalition of Trotskyists, Maoists and anarchists organizes anti-government demonstrations at University of Nanterre.[196]
    • 3 May – Student demonstrations spread to the Sorbonne campus, and police are called in.
    • 6 May – The violent confrontations between demonstrators and police in the Latin Quarter leave eight hundred persons injured.
    • 10 May – Barricades go up on rue Gay-Lussac, and a night of rioting.
    • 13 May – The CFDT trade union and other unions support the students, and join in a large joint demonstration.
    • 20 May – A general strike paralyzes the city. The Communists denounce Daniel Cohn-Bendit and other student leaders, because many have a Maoist ideology.[196][197]
    • 25 May – Prime Minister Georges Pompidou negotiates a labor agreement with the CGT and other unions, concluded on May 27.
    • 27 May – Large meeting of students, socialist party and CFDT at the Charléty stadium calls for bringing down the government of President Charles de Gaulle. Socialist leader François Mitterrand is proposed as a candidate for president, with Pierre Mendès France as prime minister.[196]
    • 30 May – President de Gaulle launches a counter-offensive; he dissolves the National Assembly and calls for new elections 23 June and June 30. A demonstration on the Champs-Élysées.of an estimated one million persons supports de Gaulle.
    • June – The student leaders deny the authority of the President and call for more demonstrations. The Communist-backed unions of the CGT announce that they have no objections to new elections. The government raises the minimum wage by 35 percent, and most union members gradually go back to work. The last barricades are removed 20 June. The official statistics for the May events show 1,910 policemen injured, and 1,459 demonstrators injured. Damage to the streets (the removal of cobblestones to make barricades) is calculated at 2.5 million francs.[196]
    • June – Gaullist candidates win an absolute majority in the National Assembly. In Paris, the vote for the Communist candidates falls to eighteen percent from thirty percent in the previous elections.[196]
  • 1969
    • 28 February – The central market at Les Halles is moved outside the city to Rungis.
    • 14 December – The first line of the
      Boissy-Saint-Léger
      .
  • 1970
  • 1971
    • 7 March – Opening of the
      Paris-Orly
      west airport.
    • In the Paris municipal council elections Gaullist and center-right candidates win forty-six out of ninety seats; the Communists win twenty seats and the socialists seven.
    • 3 July — Death of Jim Morrison, American lead vocalist of the rock band the Doors.
    • Festival d'automne à Paris [fr] begins.[172]
    • The demolition begins of the historic pavilions of Les Halles, the central wholesale food market, whose function had been moved to the suburb of Rungis in 1969.
  • 1972
  • 1973
    Opening of the Tour Maine-Montparnasse, the first (and only) skyscraper in Paris (13 September 1973)
    • 25 The – Completion of the last segment of the
      Boulevard périphérique
      around Paris.
    • 13 September – Opening of Tour Maine-Montparnasse, the first (and last) skyscraper in central Paris—said to have the most beautiful view of the city because it's the one place from which one cannot see the Tour Montparnasse.[198]
    • The first Paris Fashion Week held.
  • 1974
  • 1975
    • Population: 2,299,830[195]
    • 31 December – The National Assembly gives Paris the same status as other French cities, with an elected mayor.
    • Bazooka (art group) [fr] active.[86]
  • 1976
  • 1977
    Centre Georges Pompidou
    opens (31 January 1977).
    • 31 January –
      Centre Georges Pompidou inaugurated.[153]
    • 25 March Jacques Chirac becomes the first elected mayor of Paris since 1793. He centralizes municipal power in the mayor's office, creating the positions of twenty-five deputy mayors and restricting the meetings of the municipal council to one meeting a month, no longer than one day long.[200]
    • 8 December – New station
      Gare de Châtelet – Les Halles
       opens, connecting metro with the regional RER lines.
  • 1978
    • 7 March – Radical leftist group called "Les autonomies" pillages twenty-four shops on rue La Fayette.
    • 1 May – "Les autonomes" attack eighty-three Paris stores after the traditional May Day demonstration.
  • 1979
    • 13 January – Stores around the Gare Saint-Lazare are vandalized by "Les autonomes".
    • 23 March – Following a peaceful demonstration by communist mine workers, "Les autonomes" vandalize 121 stores and shops in Paris. More than two hundred persons are injured.
    • 1 May – The "Nuit bleu" (Blue night). A dozen bombs are set off by Corsican nationalists, who set off more bombs on 2 May and 31 May.
    • 4 September – Inauguration of the Forum des Halles, on the site of the former central market.
  • 1980
    • 28 January – First anisettes, automated individual pay toilets for Paris streets, authorized.
    • 12 June – First terrorist attack at Paris-Orly airport by the anarchist-communist revolutionary organization
      Action directe
      . Seven people wounded.
    • 3 October – Terrorist attack on the synagogue on rue Copernic. Four persons are killed and twenty injured.

1981–1999 – Mitterrand era

  • 1981
    • 10 May – François Mitterrand elected President of the French Republic. He is the first socialist president of the Fifth Republic and the first leftist president in 23 years.
    • 22 May – First Salon du Livre book fair opens at the Grand Palais.
    • 2 September – The inauguration of the TGV high-speed train line between Paris and Lyon.
  • 1982
    • Population: 2,176,243.[195]
    • 7 February – Corsican terrorist group FLNC sets off seventeen bombs in the Paris region.
    • 22 February – Car bomb on rue Marbeuf kills one and injures sixty-three. The Syrian secret services are suspected of organizing the attack.[201]
    • 21 June – First Fête de la Musique festival in the Paris streets and parks.
    • 30 June – New socialist majority in the National Assembly tries to make the office of Paris mayor ceremonial, and hand over real power to the mayors of the twenty arrondissements. Their effort, opposed by Mayor Jacques Chirac, fails.[201]
    • 9 August – A Palestinian terrorist group places a bomb at the Jo Goldenberg restaurant on
      Le Marais
      , killing six persons and wounding twenty-two.
    • 17 September – A bomb placed in the car of an Israeli diplomat in front of the Lycée Carnot injures forty-seven persons.
  • 1983
    • 13 March – In the Paris municipal elections, Jacques Chirac and center-right candidates win 68 percent of the vote and eighteen out of twenty arrondissements. Only the 13th and 20th arrondissements give a majority to the left.
    • 15 July – The Armenian militant group
      Paris-Orly airport. Eight persons, including a child, are killed, and fifty-four injured.[201]
  • 1984
  • 1985
  • 1986
    • 3–5 February – Radical Islamic group explodes several bombs around city; about twenty persons injured.
    • 13 March – opening of the Cité des sciences et de l'industrie (City of Science and Industry), a science museum at La Villette.
    • 20 March – Bomb explodes in the Galerie Point-Show on the Champs-Élysées. Two persons are killed.
    • 4 May – First Paris Marathon takes place, with eleven thousand participants.
    • 9 July –
      Action-Directe
      terrorist group explodes a bomb at the headquarters of the police brigade charged with fighting terrorism. One person is killed and twenty-two injured.
    • 17 September – Bomb attack on Tati store on rue de Rennes kills seven and injures fifty-six. Between September 4 and September 17, attacks by radical Islamic groups kill eleven persons and injure city-six.
    • 1 December – Opening of the Musée d'Orsay, featuring 19th century French art.
    • 4–5 December – Students demonstrate against the Devaquet project for university reform. The Minister resigns and the reform plan is withdrawn.
  • 1987
    • 29 June – Police lay siege to the Iranian Embassy in France, until an Iranian diplomat implicated in the bombings of 1986 appears before a judge and then is expelled from France back to Iran.
    • 30 November – Inauguration of the
      Arab World Institute (Institut du monde arabe) building.[153]
  • 1988
    • 4 March – President Mitterrand inaugurates the Louvre Pyramid, part of the Grand Louvre, the first of his grand projects for Paris.
    • 14 July – President Mitterrand announces project to construct a new national library.
    • Mayor Jacques Chirac defeats President Mitterrand in Paris in the first round of the Presidential elections, but in the second round Mitterrand wins Paris by 58 to 42 percent. Mitterrand receives an absolute majority in nine Paris arrondissements.[202]
  • 1989
Grande Arche of La Défense inaugurated (18 July 1989)

21st century

  • 2000
    • 1 January – Eiffel Tower lit with sparkling lights for first time, to mark the new century.
  • 2001
    • 18 March – Election of Bertrand Delanoë, the first socialist and first openly gay mayor of Paris. The socialists and greens take 49.63 percent of the vote, compared with 50.37 percent for the center-right candidates, but the left wins a majority of the seats in the municipal council, which selects the mayor.
  • 2002
    • 5 October – First Nuit Blanche festival, with museums and cultural institutions remaining open all night long.
    • 5 October – Mayor Delanoë is stabbed but not seriously injured by a deranged unemployed man, outside the Hôtel de Ville.
    • Palais de Tokyo art exhibit space opens.
  • 2003
  • 2004 – International Salon for Peace Initiatives begins.
  • 2005
    • 27 October to 14 November –
      Riots of young residents of the low-income housing projects of the Paris suburbs and then across France, burning schools, day-care centers and other government buildings and almost nine thousand cars. The riots caused an estimated 200 million euros in property damage, and led to almost three thousand arrests.[204] On 14 November 2005, as the riots ended. President Jacques Chirac blamed the rioters for a lack of respect for the law and for French values, but also condemned inequalities in French society and "the poison of racism."[205]
Musée du quai Branly
opens (20 June 2006)
  • 2006
  • 2007
    • 15 July – Mayor Delanoë inaugurates Vélib', a system for inexpensively renting 15,000 to 20,000 bicycles placed at special stands around the city.
    • Paris City History Committee created.[206]
  • 2008
    • Facing growing costs for social programs, Mayor Delanoë announces a 9.7 percent increase to local taxes and a new 12 percent tax on property owners.
  • 2009 – Population: 2,234,105[207]
  • 2013
    • 12 February – Seven activists from the radical feminist group
      Notre Dame de Paris
      to demonstrate against the doctrines of the Catholic Church.
    • 19 June – Inauguration of the Promenade des Berges de la Seine, a city park located on 2.3 kilometers of the former highway along the left bank of the Seine.
    • Paris Musées, a non-profit organization created in 1985 to manage the fourteen city-owned museums, is turned into public institution overseen by the city government.
  • 2014
    • 17 March – One-day limited traffic ban in effect due to a peak in air pollution.[208]
    • 30 March – Election of Anne Hidalgo, the first woman mayor of Paris.
    • 17 June – Mayor Hidalgo announces that the city budget deficit will increase to 400 million Euros in 2014, due to a reduction in support from the national government and a growth of spending on social services.[209]
    • 19 September – City officials announce plan to gradually remove more than seven hundred thousand locks attached by tourists to the Pont des Arts as symbols of love. Officials said the weight of the locks damaged the bridge and altered its historic appearance.[210]
    • 20 October – Louis Vuitton Foundation art museum opens.
Anti-terrorism demonstration on Place de la République after Charlie Hebdo shooting (11 January 2015)

Evolution of the Paris map

12th century

  • 1180
    1180

16th century

  • 1575
    1575

17th century

  • 1615
    1615
  • 1650
    1650
  • 1682
    1682

18th century

  • 1703
    1703
  • 1720
    1720
  • ~1741
    ~1741
  • 1765
    1765
  • 1782
    1782
  • 1784
    1784
  • 1789
    1789
  • 1799
    1799

19th century

  • 1801
    1801
  • 1821
    1821
  • 1828
    1828
  • 1838
    1838
  • 1845
    1845
  • 1853
    1853
  • 1859
    1859
  • 1867
    1867
  • 1871
    1871
  • 1891
    1891
  • 1892
    1892

20th century

  • 1905
    1905
  • 1933
    1933
  • 1944
    1944
  • 1956
    1956
  • 1960
    1960
  • 1989
    1989

See also

References

Notes and citations

  1. ^ Dictionnaire Historique de Paris, p. 606
  2. ^ Combeau, Yvan, Histoire de Paris, p. 6
  3. ^ Fierro, Alfred, Histoire et dictionnaire de Paris, p. 537
  4. ^ a b Combeau, Yvan, Histoire de Paris, p. 8
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h Britannica 1910.
  6. ^ a b c d Fierro, Alfred, Histoire et dictionnaire de Paris, p. 538
  7. ^ a b Sarmant, Thierry, Histoire de Paris
  8. ^ Combeau, Yvan, Histoire de Paris, p. 15
  9. ^ Fierro, Alfred, Histoire et dictionnaire de Paris, p. 539.
  10. ^ a b Fierro, Alfred, Histoire et dictionnaire de Paris, p. 542.
  11. ^ a b c Fierro, Alfred, Histoire et dictionnaire de Paris, p. 543
  12. ^ Fierro, Alfred, Histoire et dictionnaire de Paris, p. 544
  13. ^ a b Georges Goyau (1913). "Archdiocese of Paris". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: New York, The Encyclopedia Press. pp. 480–495.
  14. ^ H. Denifle, Chartularium universitatis Parisiensis, Volume 1, Paris, 1899, pp. 49-50 (n° 50). Translated in French from Latin.
  15. ^ "BNF - Dossier pédagogique - l'Enfance au Moyen Âge - Anthologie".
  16. ^ Fierro, Alfred, Histoire et dictionnaire de Paris, p. 546.
  17. ^ George Henry Townsend (1867), "Paris", A Manual of Dates (2nd ed.), London: Frederick Warne & Co.
  18. ^ Fierro, Alfred, Histoire et dictionnaire de Paris, p. 547
  19. ^ a b Fierro, Alfred, Histoire et dictionnaire de Paris, p. 549.
  20. ^ Meunier, Florian, Le Paris du Moyen Age, p. 28
  21. ^ P. Feret (1913). "University of Paris". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: New York, The Encyclopedia Press. p. 495+.
  22. ^ a b c d Fierro, Alfred, Histoire et dictionnaire de Paris, p. 551.
  23. ^ Fierro, Alfred, Histoire et dictionnaire de Paris, p. 553.
  24. ^
    Haydn's Dictionary of Dates
    (25th ed.), London: Ward, Lock & Co.
  25. ^ Fierro, Alfred, Histoire et dictionnaire de Paris, p. 554.
  26. ^ Fierro, Alfred, Histoire et dictionnaire de Paris, p. 556
  27. ^ a b c Fierro, Alfred, Histoire et dictionnaire de Paris, p. 560.
  28. ISBN 978-0-313-32147-4
    .
  29. ^ Fierro, Alfred, Histoire et dictionnaire de Paris, p. 561
  30. ^ a b Fierro, Alfred, Histoire et dictionnaire de Paris, p. 562.
  31. ^ a b Fierro, Alfred, Histoire et dictionnaire de Paris, p. 563.
  32. ^ a b c Fierro, Alfred, Histoire et dictionnaire de Paris, p. 564.
  33. ^ Fierro, Alfred, Histoire et dictionnaire de Paris, p. 565.
  34. ^ Fierro, Alfred, Histoire et dictionnaire de Paris, p. 566.
  35. ^ Fierro, Alfred, Histoire et dictionnaire de Paris, p. 567.
  36. ^ Fierro, Alfred, Histoire et dictionnaire de Paris, p. 568
  37. ^ a b Fierro, Alfred, Histoire et dictionnaire de Paris, p. 569
  38. ^ a b Fierro, Alfred, Histoire et dictionnaire de Paris, p. 570
  39. ISBN 2-707-310549
    )
  40. ^
    OL 7046809M
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Bibliography

In English
In French

Further reading

Main article: Bibliography of Paris

External links

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