Timeline of Romani history
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The
It is generally thought that the Romanies, because they had no written language until relatively recently, have origins obscured by some mythical past. Although there are many unanswered questions, much more is known about the Romanies than is assumed. The greater problem in attempting a comprehensive history of the Romanies is their distribution, not only throughout Europe, but also in the Middle East and the Americas. In each region, Romani history diverged, depending on the attitudes of the host population. For instance, although slavery and serfdom are key themes in the history of Romani in the Eastern Europe, other forms of persecution, including early forms of genocide, are preponderant in Western Europe.
What is not often considered is how the implications of this shatter traditional myths about the Romanies. For example, Romanies are considered to be nomadic, which was largely true in Western Europe; however, the fact that they were slaves and serfs in the Balkans since at least the 15th century (and until the late 19th century) implies that they were settled. Between 1933 and 1945 Roma and Sinti suffered greatly as victims of Nazi persecution and genocide. Building on long-held prejudices, the Nazi regime viewed Roma both as "asocials" (outside “normal” society) and as racial "inferiors" believed to threaten the biological purity and strength of the “superior Aryan” race[1]
Timeline
40-70: Indian Traders settled in Roman province of Egypt.
420-438: Indian Musicians taken by Bahram V from India to Persia.
740: Roma people settled in Phrygia.
800-803: Roma people in Adrianopolis, Thrace.
c. 1050-1054: Roma people settled in Sulukule.
c. 1100: Romani people recorded in the Byzantine Empire.
1300-1400 : Romanies already settled in Serbia; in the same time they reached Wallachia where they are perceived as aliens and enslaved.
1407: Romani recorded living in Germany; within ten years they are expelled.[2]
1418: Romanies recorded in France.[3]
1422: Romanies recorded in Rome.
1425: Romanies recorded in Spain.[4]
1471: Anti-Romani laws passed in
1482: Anti-Romani laws passed in Brandenburg, Germany.
1492: Spain passes anti-Romani laws and subjects Romanies to the Inquisition as heretics.
1498: Romani settlement in the Americas begins, when four Romanies accompany Christopher Columbus on his third voyage, as slaves.
1502:
1512: Romani recorded in Sweden.[6]
1526:
1530: Egyptians Act 1530 passed in England.
1530:
1536: Anti-Romani laws passed in Denmark.
1538: Portugal expels Romanies to Brazil.
1540: Anti-Romani laws passed in Flanders.
1541: Anti-Romani laws passed in Scotland.
1549: Anti-Romani laws passed in Bohemia.
1557: Anti-Romani laws passed in Poland and Lithuania.
1560: In
1563: Romanies are denied entrance into the priesthood by the Council of Trent.
1571: Sweden: The act of 1560 are retracted and the church are permitted to baptize, marry and bury Romani.[6]
1578: The King of Sweden attempt to expel the Romani by threatening them with forced labor in Sala silver mine.[6]
1589: Denmark imposes a death sentence on any Romani caught in the country.
1595:
1619: Philip III of Spain orders all Romanies to settle down and abandon their traditional lifestyle and culture. Failure to do so is punishable by death.
1637: Anti-Romani laws passed in Sweden: all adult Romani men are sentenced to death, while women and children are to be expelled.[6]
1740-1789: In the
1748: Romani are officially permitted to reside and live in Sweden.[6]
1936-1945:
1967: The International Gypsy Committee was created.[8]
2006: University of Manchester completes its "Romani project", the first morphological study aiming to collect all the dialects of Romani language throughout Europe and dealing with their coherency.[9]
2006: The first entirely Romani party is founded in Hungary, called the "MCF Roma összefogás" (MCF Union of the Roma), although they managed only 0.08% of total votes at the parliamentary elections held on April 9, 2006.[10][permanent dead link]
2010: In July 2010, French President Nicolas Sarkozy began a systematic deportation campaign against the Romani. His targets were Romanian and Bulgarian Roma. Critics of the Sarkozy administration consider the deportations as a diversionary tactic to reduce attention on threats to French social benefits. The United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination expressed concern the deportations are evidence of growing racism and xenophobia in France.
2011: On September 1, 2011, a Romani academy of arts and sciences was founded in Belgrade to promote, organize, and disseminate research into Romani culture, language, and history. The academy has 21 regular members, including prominent Romani academics and public figures from 11 European countries, India, and the United States. There are 13 honorary members, which have included former Czech President Václav Havel. The academy was co-founded by Rajko Đurić, a Serbian Romani writer and academic who is also its first president, and received initial supporting funds from the German Heinrich Böll Foundation.[11]
2012: On October 24, 2012, after many years of delays and disputes over cost and design,
2016: On February 12, 2016, Indian External Affairs Minister, Sushma Swaraj recognized all Roma people as Indian descendants.[12] She called them flag bearers of Indian ethos and culture. Soon the community would be recognized on par with rest of the Indian diaspora.
See also
References
- ^ Sinti and Roma (“Gypsies”) ushmm.org
- ISBN 978-1-61069-553-4.
- ISBN 9780900458903.
- ^ Modern Spain. p. 171.
- ^ The Roma: Between a Myth and the Future
- ^ a b c d e f Hadenius, Stig, Nilsson, Torbjörn & Åselius, Gunnar, Sveriges historia: vad varje svensk bör veta, Bonnier Alba, Stockholm, 1996
- ^ Samer, Helmut (December 2001). "Maria Theresia and Joseph II: Policies of Assimilation in the Age of Enlightened Absolutism". Rombase. Karl-Franzens-Universitaet Graz.
- ^ "CoE Protecting the Rights of Roma" (PDF). theioi.org. Retrieved 5 February 2024.
- ^ "School of Arts, Languages and Cultures - the University of Manchester".
- ^ Roma összefogás website
- ^ "Roma Establish Academy of Arts and Sciences in Belgrade - ScienceInsider". news.sciencemag.org. Archived from the original on 9 October 2012. Retrieved 27 April 2022.
- ^ Romas Are India’s Children: Sushma Swaraj
Further reading
- Donald Kenrick (2007). "Chronology of Gypsy History". Historical Dictionary of the Gypsies (Romanies). Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-6440-5.
External links
- Timeline of Romani History - Patrin Web Journal (Internet Archive)
- A Chronology of significant dates in Romani history - Romani Archive and Documentation Center (Internet Archive)