Timeline of Russian innovation

Timeline of notable innovations in Russia and its predecessor states

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spacesuits (lower-left corner)

the first human spaceflight module, Vostok 1 (center)

the first Molniya-type satellite (upper right corner)

the first space rover, Lunokhod 1 (eight-wheeled vehicle bottom-right)

the first space station, Salyut 1 (left)

the first modular space station, Mir

(upper left)

This timeline of Russian innovation encompasses key events in the history of technology in Russia.

The entries in this timeline fall into the following categories:

• indigenous invention, like
  ICBMs
• uniquely Russian products, objects and events, like
  Russian vodka
• products and objects with superlative characteristics, like the Tsar Bomba, the AK-47, and the Typhoon-class submarine
• scientific and medical discoveries, like the
  stem cells

This timeline includes scientific and medical discoveries, products and technologies introduced by various peoples of Russia and its predecessor states, regardless of ethnicity, and also lists inventions by naturalized immigrant citizens. Certain innovations achieved internationally may also appear in this timeline in cases where the Russian side played a major role in such projects.

Kokoshnik

The kokoshnik is a traditional Russian head-dress for women. It is patterned to match the style of the

Russian Revolution, and was subsequently introduced into Western fashion by Russian émigrés.^[1]

Kvass / Okroshka

Kvass or kvas, sometimes called in English a "bread drink", is a

Saint Sophia Cathedral in Novgorod

built on place of the original 13-domed wooden church, 11th century.

Multidomed church

The multidomed church is a typical form of Russian church architecture, which distinguishes Russia from other Eastern Orthodox nations and Christian denominations. Indeed, the earliest Russian churches built just after the

Red currant kissel

.

Kissel

Kissel or kisel is a dessert that consists of sweetened juice, typically that of berries, thickened with

cornstarch or potato starch, with red wine or dried fruits added sometimes. The dessert can be served either hot or cold, and if made using less thickening starch it can be consumed as a beverage, which is common in Russia. Kissel was mentioned for the first time in the Primary Chronicle, where it forms part of the story of how a besieged Russian city was saved from nomadic Pechenegs.^[3][6]

Birch bark document

A birch bark document is a document written on pieces of

Mongol invasion of Rus' the level of literacy in the country might have been considerably higher than in contemporary Western Europe.^[7]

Koch / Icebreaker

The koch was an ancient form of icebreaker, being a special type of one or two small wooden sailing ships with a mast, used for voyages in the icy conditions of the Arctic seas and Siberian rivers. The koch was developed by the Russian Pomors in the 11th century, when they started settling on the White Sea shores. The koch's hull was protected by a belt of ice-floe resistant flush skin-planking (made of oak or larch) along the variable water-line, and had a false keel for on-ice portage. If a koch was in danger of being trapped in the ice-fields, its rounded bodylines below the surface would allow for the ship to be pushed up out of the water and onto the ice with no damage. In the 19th century similar protective features were adopted to modern icebreakers.^[8]

Gudok

The gudok is an ancient

sympathetic strings (up to eight) under the sounding board. These made the gudok's sound warm and rich. It was also possible to play while standing or dancing, which made it popular among skomorokhs. The name gudok comes from the 17th century, however the same type of instrument existed from 11th to 16th century, but was called smyk.^[9]

Medovukha

Medovukha is an old Slavic

fermented mead as a luxury product to Europe in huge quantities. Fermentation occurs naturally over 15 to 50 years, originally rendering the product very expensive and only accessible to the nobility. However, in the 11th century East Slavs found that fermentation occurred much faster when the honey mixture was heated, enabling medovukha to become a commonly available drink in the territory of Rus'. In the 14th century, the invention of distillation made it possible to create a prototype of the modern medovukha, however vodka was invented at the same time and gradually surpassed medovukha in popularity.^[10]

1048

Russian fist fighting

Russian fist fighting is an ancient Russian combat sport, similar to modern boxing. However, it features some indigenous techniques and often fought in collective events called Stenka na Stenku ("Wall against Wall"). It has existed since the times of Kievan Rus', first mentioned in the Primary Chronicle in the year 1048. The government and the Russian Orthodox Church often tried to prohibit the fights; however, fist fighting remained popular until the 19th century, while in the 20th century some of the old techniques were adopted for the modern Russian martial arts.^[3][11]

12th century

Pernach

The pernach is a type of

plate mail. In later times it was often used as a symbol of power by military leaders in Eastern Europe.^[12]

Shashka

The shashka is a special kind of

Northern Caucasus. These lands were integrated into the Russian Empire in the 18th century. By that time shashka was adopted as their main cold weapon by Russian Cossacks.^[13]

Treshchotka

The treshchotka, sometimes referred in plural as treshchotki, is a

Novgorod.^[14]

1149 bear spear

The bear spear or rogatina was a medieval type of

war horses. The sharpened head of a bear spear was enlarged and usually had the form of a bay leaf. Right under the head there was a short crosspiece that helped to fix the spear in the body of an animal. Often it was placed against the ground on its rear point, which made it easier to absorb the impact of the attacking beast. The Russian chronicles first mention rogatina as a military weapon in the year 1149, and as a hunting weapon in the year 1255.^[15]

Sokha

The sokha is a light wooden

mouldboard both cuts and turns the soil).^[16]

handicraft seen on the background.

Pelmeni

Pelmeni is a dish originating from

Moscow Kremlin

.

Onion dome

The onion dome is a

drum upon which they are set, and their height usually exceeds their width. The whole bulbous structure tapers smoothly to a point. The so-called onion dome is the dominant form for church domes in Russia, and though the earliest preserved Russian domes of the type date from the 16th century, illustrations of the old chronicles indicate that they were used since the late 13th century.^[18]

14th century

Lapta

• Lapta is a Russian
  Novgorod.^[19]

Zvonnitsa

• A zvonnitsa is a large rectangular structure containing multiple
  Moscow Kremlin.^[20][21]

Anbur script The alphabet was introduced by a Russian missionary, Stepan Khrap, also known as Saint Stephen of Perm (Степан Храп, св. Стефан Пермский) in 1372. The name Abur is derived from the names of the first two characters: An and Bur. The alphabet derived from Cyrillic and Greek, and Komi tribal signs, the latter being similar in the appearance to runes or siglas poveiras, because they were created by incisions, rather than by usual writing. The alphabet was in use until the 17th century, when it was superseded by the Cyrillic script. Abur was also used as cryptographic writing for the Russian language.

1376 Sarafan

• The sarafan is a long, shapeless
  folk dancing. Plain sarafans are still designed and worn today as a summer-time light dress.^[22][23]

• Kholui miniature

Bardiche

• The bardiche was a long poleaxe, that is a type of weapon combining the features of an
  firearms, who used bardiches to rest handguns upon when firing.^[24]

Boyar hat

• The boyar hat, also known as gorlatnaya hat, was a
  cylinder with more broad upper part, velvet or brocade on top and a main body made of fox, marten or sable fur. Today the hat is sometimes used in the Russian fashion.^[25]

Gulyay-gorod

• The gulyay-gorod (literally "wandering town") was a mobile fortification made from large wall-sized prefabricated shields set on
  Ukrainian Cossacks.^[26]

Ukha

• Ukha is a Russian soup, made with
  sheatfish and burbot were used to add flavour to the soup. Ukha as a name in the Russian cuisine for fish broth was established only in the late 17th to early 18th centuries. In earlier times this name was first given to thick meat broths, and then later chicken. Beginning from the 15th century, fish was used more and more often to prepare ukha, thus creating a dish that had a distinctive taste among soups.^[27]

• The Russian oven or Russian stove is a unique type of
  Great Patriotic War some people escaped the Nazis by hiding in ovens. Porridge or pancakes prepared in such an oven may differ in taste from the same meal prepared on a modern stove or range. The process of cooking in a traditional Russian oven can be called "languor" - holding dishes for a long period of time at a steady temperature. Foods that are believed to acquire a distinctive character from being prepared in a Russian oven include baked milk, pearl barley, mushrooms cooked in sour cream, or even a simple potato.^[28][29]

Rassolnik

• Rassolnik is a Russian soup made from
  rassol, a liquid based on the juice of pickled cucumbers with some additions, famous for its usage in hangover treatment.^[30]

c. 1430 Russian vodka

• Russian vodka is perhaps the world's most famous national brand of
  Moscow Kremlin.^[31]

• The kokoshnik is a semicircular or keel-like exterior decorative element in the traditional
  Russian architecture, a type of corbel blind arch. The name was inspired by the traditional Russian women's head-dress. Kokoshniks were used in Russian church architecture in the 16th century, while in the 17th century their popularity reached the highest point. Kokoshniks were placed on walls, at the basement of tented roofs or tholobates, or over the window frames, or in rows above the vaults.^[32]

1510s Tented roof masonry

• The tented roof masonry was a technique widely used in the
  Alexandrov, built in the 1510s.^[33]

Russian abacus

• The Russian abacus or schoty (literally "counts") is a
  electronic calculators in the late 20th century, though it remains in quite common use today.^[34]

1550 Streltsy

• First known standard military uniform worn by Russian regular army, elite armed forces known as Streltsy.

1552

• The battery-tower is a late type of
  military engineer Ivan Vyrodkov during the siege of Kazan in 1552 (a part of the Russo-Kazan Wars), and could hold ten large-calibre cannons and 50 lighter cannons. Later battery-towers were often used by the Ukrainian Cossacks.^[35]

1561 Saint Basil's Cathedral

• Saint Basil's Cathedral is perhaps the most famous
  St. Petersburg.^[36][37]

• The Great Abatis Line, or Bolshaya Zasechnaya Cherta in Russian, was the largest fortification line of the
  Meschera swamps starting from the 12th century, and was officially completed in 1566, exceeding 1000 km in length.^[38]

1586 Tsar Cannon

• The Tsar Cannon is an enormous
  Moscow Kremlin.^[39][40]

Bochka roof

• The bochka roof or simply bochka (
  Russian Revival style buildings.^[41]

Gorodki

• Gorodki or townlets is an old Russian
  Peter I of Russia.^[42]

Roller coaster

• Russian Mountains, as they were called by the Westerners, were winter sled rides held on specially constructed hills of ice, sometimes up to 200 feet tall, being the first type of
  Tsarskoe Selo and Oranienbaum. The first such wheeled ride was brought to Paris in 1804 under the name Les Montagnes Russes (French for "Russian Mountains"), and the term Russian Mountains continues to be a synonym for roller coaster in many countries today.^[43]

Bird of Happiness

• The Bird of Happiness is the traditional North Russian wooden toy, carved in the shape of a bird. It was invented by Pomors, the inhabitants of the White and Barents Sea coastline. The Bird of Happiness is made without glue or other fasteners, by elaborate carving of thin petals for the bird's wings and tail and then using a special method of spreading and curving them. Similar methods are also used in other products of the North Russian handicraft. The amulet is usually made of pine, fir, spruce, or Siberian cedar. It is suspended inside a house, guarding the family hearth and well-being.^[44]

• Dymkovo toys, also known as the Vyatka toys or Kirov toys are moulded painted clay figures of people and animals (sometimes in the form of a pennywhistle). It is an old Russian folk handicraft which still exists in a village of Dymkovo near Kirov (former Vyatka). Traditionally, the Dymkovo toys are made by women. Up until the 20th century, this toy production had been timed to the spring fair called свистунья (svistunya), or whistler. The first recorded mention of this event took place in 1811, however it is believed to have existed for some 400 years, thus dating the history of Dymkovo toy at least from the 17th century.^[45][46]

Troika

• The troika (тройка, "triplet" or "trio") is a traditional Russian
  canter. At full speed a troika could reach 45–50 kilometres per hour (28–31 mph), which was a very high speed on land for vehicles in the 17th-19th centuries, making the troika closely associated with the fast ride. The troika was developed from the late 17th century, first being used for speedy delivering of mail, and having become common by the late 18th century. It was often used for travelling in stages where teams of tired horses could be exchanged for fresh animals to transport loads and people over long distances.^[47][48]

1659 Khokhloma

• Khokhloma is the name of a Russian wood painting
  icon painting techniques to the local craftsmen, such as the usage of a goldish color without applying real gold. Nowadays khokhloma is one of the symbols of Russia, and apart from its usage in making tableware, furniture and souvenirs, it can be found in the wider context, for example in paintings on Russian airliners.^[49]

1679 Circle of fifths

• In the late 1670s a
  vocal groupings. Diletskii intended his treatise to be a guide to composition but pertaining to the rules of music theory. Within the Grammatika treatise is where the first circle of fifths appeared and was used for students as a composer's tool.^[50]

1685 Tula pryanik

• The Tula pryanik is a type of printed
  jam or condensed milk, while in the old times they were made with honey. The first mention of the Tula pryanik is in Tula census book of 1685.^[51]

1688 Balalaika

• The balalaika is a
  Vasily Andreev, who also started a tradition of balalaika orchestras, which finally led to the popularity of the instrument in many countries outside Russia.^[52]

• The podstakannik (Russian: подстаканник, literally "thing under the glass"), or tea glass holder, is a holder with a handle, most commonly made of metal, that holds a drinking glass. The primary purpose of podstakanniki (pl.) is to hold a very hot glass of tea, which is usually consumed right after it is brewed. It is a traditional way of serving and drinking tea in Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, and other post-Soviet states.

1693

• Naryshkin Baroque. Also called Moscow Baroque, or Muscovite Baroque, is the name given to a particular style of Baroque architecture and decoration which was fashionable in Moscow from the turn of the 17th into the early 18th centuries.

Early 18th century

• The table-glass or granyonyi stakan (literally faceted glass) is a type of
  drinkware on certain occasions originated from that episode.^[53]

1704

• The decimal currency is a type of
  10, typically 100. Most modern currencies adhere to this pattern. Russia was the first country to introduce such a currency after decimalisation of its financial system in 1704, during the reign of Peter the Great, when Russian ruble was made equal to 100 kopecks.^[54]

• by Andrey Nartov. A compound slide on a metal lathe adds the ability to turn tapers more easily, and may be used to turn more precise diameters. They are a standard feature of modern manually operated lathes.

1718 Yacht club

• The yacht club is a sports
  St. Petersburg (likely, the idea had been devised as early as 1716, when the First Neva Shipyard started building civilian vessels). Though, since it was not a purely voluntary association of members, but an organisation founded by Tsar's decree, the Neva Yacht Club's being the world's oldest is challenged by the Royal Cork Yacht Club in Ireland, founded in 1720. Both clubs have gone through periods of dormancy and undergone various name changes.^[55][56]

1725 Rebar

• Rebar or reinforcing bar is a common metal bar (typically made of
  Akinfiy Demidov between 1725 and 1732. The purpose of such construction is one of the many mysteries of the tower. The cast iron used was of very high quality, and there is no corrosion on them up to this day.^[57]

1732 Cast iron cupola / Lightning rod

• The cast iron cupola was a type of
  St. Petersburg, built in the 1840s. The very top of the tower was crowned with a gilded metallic sphere with spikes. Since it was grounded through the rebar of the tower carcass, it acted like a lightning rod. Thus, the Russian builders de facto created the first lightning rod in the Western world some 25 years before Benjamin Franklin, however it is not known whether that was intentional.^[57]

1733 Peter and Paul Cathedral

• The Peter and Paul Cathedral is a
  Nicholas II, with the exception of Peter II. The cathedral's bell tower is the world's tallest Eastern Orthodox bell tower. Since the belfry is not standalone, but an integral part of the main building, the cathedral is sometimes considered the highest Eastern Orthodox Church in the world.^[58]

1735 Tsar Bell

• The Tsar Bell, also known as the Tsarsky Kolokol or Royal Bell, is a huge
  Ivan Motorin and his son Mikhail in 1733–1735. The bell, however, was never rung because of a fire in 1737, when a huge slab (11.5 tons) cracked off while it was still in the casting pit. In 1836, the bell was placed on a stone pedestal next to the Ivan the Great Bell Tower. For a time, the bell served as a chapel, with the broken area forming the door. According to the legend, on Judgement Day the Tsar Bell will be miraculously repaired and lifted up to heaven, where it will ring the blagovest (call to prayer).^[40]

1739 Ice palace

1740s

1741 Quick-firing gun

• by Andrey Nartov

1750s

1754

• by Mikhail Lomonosov^[59]

1756 Law of Mass Conservation

• by Mikhail Lomonosov

1757 Licorne (Russian field gun)

• by M.W. Danilov and S.A. Martynov

1760s

1761 Atmosphere of Venus

• Mikhail Lomonosov was the first person to hypothesize the existence of an atmosphere on Venus based on his observation of the transit of Venus of 1761 in a small observatory near his house in Petersburg.

1762 Off-axis reflecting telescope

• by Mikhail Lomonosov

1770s

1770 Amber Room

• The Amber Room in the
  Peter I of Russia. Then it was expanded by Russian craftsmen, and by 1770, when the work was finished, the Room covered more than 55 square meters and contained over six tons of amber. It was looted during World War II by Nazi Germany, brought to Königsberg and lost in the chaos at the end of the war. In 1979-2003 Russian craftsmen again reconstructed the Amber Room in the Catherine Palace, while the location of the original one is still a mystery.^[60][61]

1770 Thunder Stone

• The largest stone ever moved by man, used a base for a statue.

1776 Orenburg shawl

1778 Russian samovar

• In 1778 the
  Lisitsyn brothers introduced their first samovar design, and the same year they registered the first samovar-making factory in Russia.^[62]

• 
  The Transportation of the Thunder-stone in the Presence of Catherine II. Engraving by I.F.Schley of the drawing by Yury Felten. 1770.
• 
  A typical samovar

1780s

1784 Orlov Trotter

• by Alexei Grigoryevich Orlov

• 
  Orlov Trotter, considered the fastest for most of the 19th century.

1790s

Russian guitar

• by Andrei Sychra

Valenki

1793 Screw drive elevator

• The screw drive elevator is an elevator that uses a screw drive system instead of a hoist, like it was in the earlier elevators. The invention of the screw drive was the most important step in elevator technology since ancient times, which finally led to the creation of modern passenger elevators. The first such elevator was invented by Ivan Kulibin and installed in the Winter Palace in 1793, while several years later another of Kulibin's elevators was installed in Arkhangelskoye near Moscow. In 1823, an "ascending room" made its debut in London.^[63]

1795 Fedoskino miniature / Russian lacquer art

1796 Peaked cap

• The peaked cap has been worn by Russian Army officers as a type of forage cap since 1796 by some regiments, and from 1811 by the most of the army.

• 
  A seven-string Russian guitar
• 
  Russian soldiers wearing in peaked caps.

19th century

• Kargopol toys
• Filimonovo toys
• Gorodets painting
• Rushnik
  is a ritual cloth embroidered with symbols and cryptograms of the ancient world.

1802 Modern powdered milk

1802 Continuous electric arc

• by Vasily Petrov

1805 Droshky any of various 2 or 4 wheeled, horse-drawn, public carriages (early taxicabs).

• 
  Electric arc.
• 
  Early 19th century depiction by Aleksander Orłowski

1810s

1811 Sailor cap

1812

• by Pavel Schilling

1812 Naval mine

• by Pavel Schilling

1814

• by Petro Prokopovych

• 
  Russian Navy's sailor cap.
• 
  Beehive frame filled with honey

  .

1820 Antarctica

• By Mikhail Lazarev & Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen

1820s Russian Revival architecture is the generic term for a number of different movements within Russian architecture that arose in second quarter of the 19th century and was an eclectic melding of pre-Peterine Russian architecture and elements of Byzantine architecture.

1820 Monorail

• The so-called "Road on Pillars" near Moscow, with horse-drawn carriages, built by Ivan Elmanov.^[64]

1825 Zhostovo painting

1828

• by Pavel Schilling^[65]

1829 Industrial production process of sunflower oil

1829

• by E. K. Gauzen^[66][67]

1829 Hyperbolic geometry

• by Nikolay Lobachevsky

1830s

1832 Data recording equipment

• Semen Korsakov was reputedly the first to use the punched cards
  in informatics for information storage and search. Korsakov announced his new method and machines in September 1832, and rather than seeking patents offered the machines for public use.

1833 Lenz's law

• by
  Heinrich Lenz

1835 Centrifugal fan

• by Alexander Sablukov

1838 Electrotyping

• by Boris Jacobi^[68]

1839 Electric boat

• by Boris Jacobi

1839

• by
  Heinrich Lenz^[68]

• 
  The search of data on

  Semen Korsakov's punched card

  , a part of the machine called linear homeoscope.
• 
  Components of a centrifugal fan.

1840s

1847 Field anesthesia

• by Nikolay Pirogov

1848 Modern oil well

• by Vasily Semyonov^[69]

• 
  19th-century oil wells near Baku.

1850s

1850s Neo-Byzantine architecture in the Russian Empire emerged in the 1850s and became an officially endorsed preferred architectural style for church construction during the reign of Alexander II of Russia (1855–1881), replacing the Russo-Byzantine style of Konstantin Thon.

1851 Struve Geodetic Arc

• by Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve

1851 Russian Railway Troops

1854

• By Nikolay Pirogov

1854 Stereo camera

1857-1861 Theory of chemical structure

• By
  Hexamine and the discoverer of the Formose reaction
  .

1857 Radiator

• A radiator is a
  St. Petersburg, between 1855 and 1857.^[70][71]

1858 Saint Isaac's Cathedral

• Saint Isaac's Cathedral is the largest
  galvanoplastic sculpture in architecture.^[72]

• By Nikolay Beketov

• 
  An old-style household radiator.
• 
  St. Petersburg

  .

1860s

1860s

• by Lucien Olivier

1861 Beef Stroganoff

1864 Modern icebreaker

• An icebreaker is a special-purpose
  Pomor kochs, which had been navigating icy waters of the White Sea and Barents Sea for centuries.^[73]

1868 Grow light

• Andrei Famintsyn was the first to use artificial light for plant growing and research.

1869 Hectograph

1869 Periodic table of the elements

• by Dmitri Mendeleev

• 
  Russian salad

  .
• 
  Beef Stroganoff.

1870s

• The gymnasterka was originally introduced into the Tsarist army about 1870 for wear by regiments stationed in Turkestan during the hot summers.^[74] It took the form of a loose fitting white linen "shirt-tunic" and included the coloured shoulder-boards of the green tunic worn during the remainder of the year. The gymnasterka was taken into use by all branches of the Imperial Army at the time of the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–78. Originally intended for working dress during peace-time and patterned on the traditional Russian peasant smock, the gymnasterka was subsequently adopted for ordinary duties and active service wear. It was worn as such by non-commissioned ranks in summer during the 1890s and early 1900s. The officers' equivalent was a white double breasted tunic or kitel. During the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–05, the white gymnasterka with its red or blue shoulder-boards proved too conspicuous against modern weaponry and the garments were often dyed various shades of khaki.^[75] The smartness and comfort of the white gymnasterka enabled it to survive for a few more years of peacetime wear until a light khaki version was adopted in 1907-09 and worn during World War I.

1872

• By Alexander Lodygin. In 1872, he applied for a Russian patent for his filament lamp. He also patented this invention in Austria, Britain, France, and Belgium. For a filament, Lodygin used a very thin carbon rod, placed under a bell-glass.

1872 Aldol reaction

• by
  Charles-Adolphe Wurtz

1873 Odhner Arithmometer

• by Willgodt Theophil Odhner

1873 Armored cruiser

• General-Admiral by Andrei Alexandrovich Popov

1874 Headlamp

• by Pavel Yablochkov

1875

• by Fyodor Pirotsky

1876

• by Pavel Yablochkov

1876 Yablochkov candle

• Invented in 1876 by
  carbon arc lamp and was used for the world's first electric street lightning at the Exposition Universelle (1878)
  in Paris.

1877 Torpedo boat tender

• by Stepan Makarov

1877

• by Fyodor Blinov^[76]

1878

• by Vladimir Shukhov

1879 Modern oil tanker

• by Ludvig Nobel

• 
  Gymnasterka of sergeant of Red Army (1935)
• 
  W. T. Odhner's arithmometer
• 
  Yablochkov candles illuminating a music hall in Paris.
• 
  An old

  cylindrical oil storage tank

  .

1880s

1880s Winogradsky column

• The Winogradsky column is a simple device for culturing a large diversity of microorganisms. Invented in the 1880s by Sergei Winogradsky, the device is a column of pond mud and water mixed with a carbon source such as newspaper (containing cellulose), blackened marshmallows or egg-shells (containing calcium carbonate), and a sulfur source such as gypsum (calcium sulfate) or egg yolk. Incubating the column in sunlight for months results in an aerobic/anaerobic gradient as well as a sulfide gradient. These two gradients promote the growth of different microorganisms such as Clostridium, Desulfovibrio, Chlorobium, Chromatium, Rhodomicrobium, and Beggiatoa, as well as many other species of bacteria, cyanobacteria, and algae.

1888s Three-phase electric power

• The three-phase system was developed independently from others by Mikhail Dolivo-Dobrovolsky.

1880 Vitamins

• By Nikolai Ivanovich Lunin (Russian Wikipedia article)^[77]

1880

• by Fyodor Pirotsky

1881 Carbon arc welding

• The first arc welding method was introduced by Nikolay Benardos and later patented in 1887.^[78]

1883 Cathedral of Christ the Saviour

• The Cathedral of Christ the Saviour is the main and largest cathedral of the
  Byzantine Revival architecture. The domes of the cathedral for the first time in history were gilded using the technique of gold electroplating. The original building was demolished during the Soviet era, but was rebuilt in 1995–2000, having become a symbol of Russia's religious renaissance.^[68][79]

1884 Mozhaysky's airplane

• By Alexander Mozhaysky. Known as one of the earliest heavier-than-air machines to leave the ground under its own power, however still underpowered for a sustained controlled flight.

1884 Electric submarine

• By Stefan Drzewiecki

1888

• The first steam-powered tractor on continuous tracks was completed by Fyodor Blinov^[76]

1888 Shielded metal arc welding

• By Nikolay Slavyanov^[80]

1888 Solar cell (based on the outer photoelectric effect)

• By Aleksandr Stoletov

1889 Three-phase induction motor

• By Mikhail Dolivo-Dobrovolsky

1889 Three-phase transformer

• By Mikhail Dolivo-Dobrovolsky

1889 Mosin–Nagant rifle

• By Sergei Ivanovich Mosin, the most produced rifle of the era

• 
  Electric tram in Saint Petersburg

  .
• 
  Cathedral of Christ the Saviour in Moscow, the world's tallest Eastern Orthodox church

  .
• 
  Shielded metal arc welding.

1890s

1890 Matryoshka doll

• By Sergey Malyutin and Vasily Zvyozdochkin

1890 Powered exoskeleton

1890 Chemosynthesis

• By Sergei Winogradsky

1891 Thermal chemical cracking

• Shukhov cracking process by Vladimir Shukhov and Sergei Gavrilov, the first cracking method

1891 Long-distance transmission of three-phase electric power

• By
  power grids
  .

1891 Three-phase hydroelectric power plant

• By Mikhail Dolivo-Dobrovolsky

1892

• By Dmitri Ivanovsky

1894 Nephoscope

• By Mikhail Pomortsev

1895

• By Vladimir Shukhov

1896 Tensile structure

• By Vladimir Shukhov

1896 Hyperboloid structure

• By Vladimir Shukhov, see also Shukhov Tower

1897 Gridshell

• By Vladimir Shukhov

1898 Polar icebreaker

• A polar icebreaker is an
  pack ice. It was built in England between 1897 and 1898 after Admiral Stepan Makarov's design and under his supervision. Between 1899 and 1911 Yermak sailed in heavy ice conditions for more than 1000 days. Starting from this vessel, Russia created the largest fleet of oceangoing icebreakers in the 20th and 21st centuries.^[81]

1899 Radiation pressure

• By Pyotr Lebedev

• 
  The original matryoshka carved by Vasily Zvyozdochkin and painted by Sergey Malyutin.
• 
  The world's first tensile steel

  Shell by Vladimir Shukhov (during construction), Nizhny Novgorod

  , 1895.
• 
  The world's first

  All-Russian Exposition, Nizhny Novgorod

  , Russia, 1896

Mstyora miniature

1901 Classical conditioning

• by
  Pavlov's dog
  ")

1901 Chromatography

• by Mikhail Tsvet

1902

• Fire fighting foam is
  oil industry at that time. Impressed by the terrible and hardly extinguishable oil fires that he had seen there, Loran tried to find such a liquid substance that could deal effectively with the problem, and so he invented his fire fighting foam.^[82]

1903 Theoretical foundations of spaceflight

• By Konstantin Tsiolkovsky

1903 Cytoskeleton

1903 Motor ship

• The Russian tanker Vandal was the world's first diesel-powered ship.

1904 Radio jamming

1904 Foam extinguisher

• The first such extinguisher was produced in 1904 by
  fire fighting foam two years before.^[83]

• By Nikolai Korotkov

1905 Korotkov sounds

1905

• By
  Alexey Krylov and Stepan Makarov

1906 Electric seismometer

• By
  Boris Borisovich Galitzine

1907 Aerosledge

1907 Pulsejet

1907 Bayan

1907 Church of the Savior on Blood

• The church contains over 7500 square metres of
  mosaics
  — according to its restorers, more than any other church in the world.

• 
  A modern foam fire extinguisher.
• 
  Aneroid

  auscultatory blood pressure measurement

  .
• 
  Bayan accordion.

1910s

1910 Polybutadiene

• The first commercially viable
  Sergei Lebedev.^[84][85]

1911

• By Gleb Kotelnikov

1911 Television

• By
  Vladimir Zworykin

1911 Stanislavski's system

• A progression of techniques used to train actors to draw believable emotions to their performances. The method that was originally created and used by Constantin Stanislavski from 1911 to 1916 was based on the concept of emotional memory for which an actor focuses internally to portray a character's emotions onstage.

1913 Zaum

• Zaum (Russian: зáумь) is a word used to describe the linguistic experiments in sound symbolism and language creation of Russian Futurist poets such as Velimir Khlebnikov and Aleksei Kruchenykh.

1913 Airliner

• Russky Vityaz by Igor Sikorsky

1913 Half-track

• Also known as Kégresse track, invented by Adolphe Kégresse.

1914 Aerobatics

• By Pyotr Nesterov, independently from Adolphe Pégoud

1914 Gyrocar

• By Pyotr Shilovsky

1914 Tachanka

• By Nestor Makhno (according to some sources)

1914 Strategic bomber

• Sikorsky Ilya Muromets by Igor Sikorsky

1914 Aerial ramming

• By Pyotr Nesterov

1915 Activated charcoal gas mask

• By Nikolay Zelinsky, independently from James Bert Garner

1915 Vezdekhod

• Vezdekhod was the first prototype caterpillar tank, or tankette, and the first continuous track amphibious ATV. It was invented by Aleksandr Porokhovschikov in 1915. The word Vezdekhod means "He who goes anywhere" or "all-terrain vehicle".

1915 Tsar Tank

• This eccentric design differed from modern tanks in that it did not use caterpillar tracks, rather it used a wheeled tricycle design. The two front spoked wheels were nearly 9 metres (27 feet) in diameter; the back wheel was smaller, only 1.5 metres (5 feet) high.

1916 Trans-Siberian Railway

• The longest railway in the world.

1916

• 
  knapsack parachute

  .
• 
  Shilovsky's gyrocar in 1914, presented in London.
• 
  The Zelinsky—Kummant gas mask in the Military Museum of Finland.
• 
  The Tsar Tank.

1916 Avtomat rifle. Unlike 1890's Cei gas rifle, the Avtomat was designed for 25-round detachable magazines. Contemporary Occidental writers have struggled to classify the Fedorov Avtomat. Some consider it to be an "early predecessor" or "ancestor" to the modern assault rifle,^{[87][88][89][90]} while others believe that the Fedorov Avtomat was the world's first assault rifle.^[91]

Fedorov Avtomat

Fedorov Avtomat, Military Museum of the Chinese People's Revolution

Soviet Russia and Soviet Union

Late 1910s

1917 Socialist realism

• A style of realistic art which was developed in the Soviet Union and became a dominant style in other socialist countries.

1918 Air ioniser

• By Alexander Chizhevsky

1918 Budenovka

• By Viktor Vasnetsov

1918 Ushanka

1918 Jet pack (not built)

1919 Film school

• The Moscow Film School

1919 Constructivism (art)

• An artistic and architectural philosophy which was a rejection of the idea of autonomous art. The movement was in favour of art as a practice for social purposes.

• 
  The later version of the Soviet Army ushanka.
• 
  Lydia Kavina playing theremin.

1920s

1920s Constructivist architecture

• A form of modern architecture that flourished in the Soviet Union in the 1920s and early 1930s. It combined advanced technology and engineering with an avowedly Communist social purpose.

1920 Theremin

• By Leon Theremin

1921 Aerial refueling

• By
  Alexander P. de Seversky

1923 Iconoscope

• By
  Vladimir Zworykin

1923 Palekh miniature

• Also Russian lacquer art, Kholuy miniature, Mstyora miniature

1924 Flying wing

• By Boris Cheranovsky

1924 Optophonic Piano

• By
  Vladimir Baranov-Rossine

1924

• By Russian-American scientist,
  Alexander Maximow

1924 Primordial soup hypothesis (Abiogenesis)

• By
  Aleksandr Oparin

1924

• Russian locomotive class E el-2

1925 Interlaced video

• Interlaced video is a technique of doubling the perceived frame rate introduced with the composite video signal used with analog television without consuming extra bandwidth. It was first demonstrated by
  Léon Theremin
  in 1925.

1926 Graphical sound

• By Pavel Tager and Aleksandr Shorin

1927 Light-emitting diode

• by Oleg Losev

1927 Polikarpov Po-2 biplane

• The
  most produced biplane
  in the world.

1928 Gene pool

• by Alexander Serebrovsky

1928

• Rabbage or Raphanobrassica, was the first ever non-sterile hybrid obtained through crossbreeding, which was an important step in biotechnology. It was produced by Georgii Karpechenko in 1928.

1929

• by Sergei Yudin

1929 Kinescope

• By
  Vladimir Zworykin

1929

• Pobedit is a specialized alloy that is close in hardness to diamond (85–90 on the Rockwell scale). It was created in the USSR in 1929 and was used in mining, metal-cutting and as a material for special mechanical parts. Later a number of similar alloys have been developed.^[92][93]

1929 Teletank / Military robot

• 
  wolves, an example of Palekh miniature

  .
• 
  Polikarpov Po-2 Kukuruznik.
• 
  Soviet TT-26 teletank, the first military robot.

1930s

Spring-loaded camming device

• by Vitaly Abalakov^[94]

Abalakov thread climbing device

• by Vitaly Abalakov^[95]

• by Valentin Glushko

1930s Modern ship hull design

• Vladimir Yourkevitch invented the modern ship hull design when he designed the SS Normandie.^{[citation needed]}

1930 Blood bank^{[citation needed]}

1930 Single lift-rotor helicopter

• Designed by Boris N. Yuriev and Alexei M. Cheremukhin of
  TsAGI, the TsAGI 1-EA was flown by Cheremukhin to an unofficial altitude record of 605 meters (1,985 ft) in August 1932.^[96][97]

1931 Pressure suit

• by Yevgeny Chertovsky^[98]

1931 Hypergolic rocket propellants

• by
  Valentyn Glushko^{[citation needed}
  ]

1931 Rhythmicon / Drum machine

• by
  Léon Theremin, the first drum machine

1931 Flame tank

• KhT-26

1932 Postconstructivism

• A transitional architectural style that existed in the Soviet Union in the 1930s, typical of early Stalinist architecture before World War II.

1932 Postal code

• Modern postal codes were first introduced in the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic in December 1932,^[99] but the system was abandoned in 1939.

1932 Children's railway

1932 Terpsitone

• by
  Léon Theremin

1932

• by Konstantin Khrenov^[100]

1933

• In 1933 surgeon Yuriy Vorony from Kherson in Ukraine attempted the first human kidney transplant, using a kidney removed six hours earlier from a deceased donor to be reimplanted into the thigh. He measured kidney function using a connection between the kidney and the skin. His first patient died two days later, as the graft was incompatible with the recipient's blood group and was rejected.^[101] It was not until 17 June 1950, when a successful transplant was performed on Ruth Tucker, a 44-year-old woman with polycystic kidney disease, by Dr. Richard Lawler^[102] at Little Company of Mary Hospital in Evergreen Park, Illinois.

1933

• By Vladimir Kotelnikov^{[citation needed]}

1933

• By Nikolay Florin

1933 Stalinist architecture

• Also referred to as Stalinist Gothic, or Socialist Classicism, is a term given to architecture of the Soviet Union under the leadership of Joseph Stalin.

1934 Tupolev ANT-20

• Purpose-designed propaganda aircraft, the largest aircraft in 1930s

1934 Cherenkov detector

• Cherenkov radiation was discovered in 1934 by Pavel Cherenkov^[103]

1935 Kirza

• Kirza is a type of
  pig leather. The material is mainly used in production of military boots and belts for machinery and automobiles. The name kirza is an acronym from Kirovskiy Zavod (Kirov plant) located in the city of Kirov, which was the first place of the mass production of kirza. The technology was invented in 1935 by Ivan Plotnikov and improved in 1941. Since that time kirza boots became a typical element of the uniform in the Soviet and Russian Army.^[104]

1935 Moscow Metro

• The Moscow Metro, which spans almost the entire Russian capital, is Europe's
  metro system. Opened in 1935, it is well known for the ornate design of many of its stations, which contain numerous examples of socialist realist art.^[105]

1935 Kremlin stars

1936 Acoustic microscopy

1936

1937 Artificial heart

• By Vladimir Demikhov. It was transplanted to a dog.

1937 Modern evolutionary synthesis

• By Russian-American
  evolutionary biologist, Theodosius Dobzhansky

1937 Superfluidity

• By Pyotr Kapitsa, with John F. Allen and Don Misener

1937

• The drag chute or braking parachute is an application of the drogue parachute for decreasing the landing distance of an aircraft below that available solely from the aircraft's brakes. For the first time drag chutes were used in 1937 by the Soviet airplanes in the Arctic that provided support for the famous polar expeditions of the era. The drag chute allowed safe landings on small ice-floes.

1937 Drifting ice station

• Soviet and Russian drifting ice stations are important contributors to exploration of the Arctic. An idea to use the drift ice for the exploration of nature in the high latitudes of the Arctic Ocean belongs to Fridtjof Nansen, who fulfilled it on Fram between 1893 and 1896. However, the first stations to be placed right upon the drifting ice originated in the Soviet Union in 1937, when the first such station in the world, North Pole-1, started operating. More drifting ice stations were organised after World War II, and many special equipment was developed for them, such as the elevated tents to be placed on the melting ice and indicators monitoring the ice cracks.^[107]

1937 Welded sculpture

• Welded sculpture is an artform in which
  1937 World's Fair in Paris. The choice of welding method was explained by a giant size of the sculpture, and also was intended to demonstrate the innovative Soviet technologies.^[108]

1937 Fire-fighting sport

• Fire-fighting sport is a sport discipline that includes a competition between various
  fire fighting teams in fire fighting-related exercises, such as climbing special stairs in a mock-up house, unfolding a water hose, and extinguishing a fire using hoses or extinguishers. It was developed in the Soviet Union in 1937, while international competitions have taken place since 1968.^[109]

1937-1957 ANS synthesizer^[110]

1938

• The deep column station is a type of
  pylon station. The first deep column station in the world is Mayakovskaya, designed by Alexey Dushkin and opened in 1938 in Moscow Metro.^[111]

1938 Sambo

• Sambo (an acronym, Самбо stands for САМооборона-Без-Оружия, meaning "self-defence without weapons") is modern martial art, combat sport and self-defense system developed in the Soviet Union and recognized as an official sport by the USSR All-Union Sports Committee in 1938, presented by
  Anatoly Kharlampiev.^[112]

1939 Kirlian photography

• By Semyon Kirlian

1939 Vought-Sikorsky VS-300

• The world's first tail rotor helicopter and first amphibious helicopter by Igor Sikorsky.

1939 Ilyushin Il-2

• The world's
  most produced combat aircraft
  .

1939 Self-propelled multiple rocket launcher

• Katyusha rocket launcher

• 
  Spring-loaded camming device in a parallel crack.
• 
  Pressure suit.
• 
  A modern

  underwater welding

  .
• 
  Tupolev ANT-20 propaganda aircraft.
• 
  Kirza boots.
• 
  Kirlian photo of two coins.

1940s

1940s Ballast cleaner^{[citation needed]}

1940s TRIZ

1940s Sikorsky R-4

• The R-4 was the world's first mass-produced helicopter and the first helicopter used by the United States Army Air Forces, Navy, Coast Guard, and the United Kingdom's Royal Air Force and Royal Navy.

1940 T-34 tank

• by Mikhail Koshkin, the most produced tank of World War II^[113]

1941 Competitive rhythmic gymnastics

1941 Maksutov telescope

• by
  Dmitri Dmitrievich Maksutov

1941 Degaussing

• by
  Anatoly Petrovich Alexandrov^{[citation needed]}, independently from Charles F. Goodeve

1942 Winged tank

• Antonov A-40 by Oleg Antonov

1942 Gramicidin S

• by Georgy Gause

1944 Microtron

1944

• by Yevgeny Zavoisky^[114]

1945

• World's most produced tank.

1945

• by
  Léon Theremin

1946

• by Vladimir Demikhov^{[citation needed]}

1947 Modern multistage rocket

• by Mikhail Tikhonravov and Dmitry Okhotsimsky

1947

• World's
  most produced jet aircraft
  .

1947 AK-47

• The AK-47 (other names include Avtomat Kalashnikova, Kalashnikov, or AK) is a
  gas operated 7.62×39mm assault rifle, developed in the Soviet Union by Mikhail Kalashnikov. The AK-47 was one of the first true assault rifles. It has been manufactured in many countries and has seen service with regular armed forces as well as irregular, revolutionary and terrorist organizations worldwide. Even after six decades, due to its durability, low production cost and ease of use, the original AK-47 and its numerous variants are the most widely used and popular assault rifles in the world; more AK-type rifles have been produced than all other assault rifles combined.^[115]

• by Vladimir Demikhov

1947 Light beam microphone

• The technique of using a light beam to remotely record sound probably originated with Léon Theremin in the Soviet Union at or before 1947, when he developed and used the Buran eavesdropping system. This worked by using a low power infrared beam (not a laser) from a distance to detect the sound vibrations in the glass windows. Lavrentiy Beria, head of the KGB, used this Buran device to spy on the U.S., British, and French embassies in Moscow

1949

• Staged combustion cycle
  widely used in rocket engines.

1949 Reactive armour

• 
  T-34, the most successful tank design of World War II.
• 
  A 150mm aperture Maksutov-Cassegrain telescope.
• 
  Antonov A-40 winged tank.
• 
  Front view of a

  MiG-15

  .
• 
  A Type 2 AK-47, the first machined receiver variation

1950s

1950s Head transplant

• The first head transplant with full cerebral function (by Vladimir Demikhov)

1950s Magnetotellurics

• The magnetotelluric technique was introduced independently by Japanese scientists in 1948
  Andrey Nikolayevich Tikhonov in 1950^[117] and the French geophysicist Louis Cagniard in 1953.^[118]

1950 MESM

• The first universally programmable electronic computer in continental Europe, developed by
  Sergey Lebedev
  .

1950 Berkovich tip

1951 Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction

1951 Explosively pumped flux compression generator

1952

• Invention of the first masers by
  Charles Townes
  .

1952 Seven Sisters (Moscow)

1952

• A 2006 editorial written by Marc Monthioux and Vladimir Kuznetsov in the journal Carbon described the interesting and often misstated origin of the carbon nanotube. A large percentage of academic and popular literature attributes the discovery of hollow, nanometer-size tubes composed of graphitic carbon to
  transmission electron microscope (TEM) allowed direct visualization of these structures.^[119][120]

1952 Anthropometric cosmetology or Ilizarov apparatus

• by
  Gavril Ilizarov

1954 Nuclear power plant

• Obninsk Nuclear Power Plant by Igor Kurchatov

1955

• World's
  most produced supersonic aircraft
  .

1955 Ballistic missile submarine

• Project 611 ballistic missile submarine

1955 Fast-neutron reactor

• BN350
  nuclear fast reactor.

1955

1955 Tokamak

• The Tokamak T-4 was tested in 1968 in Novosibirsk, conducting the first ever quasistationary thermonuclear fusion reaction. The first actual experimental tokamak was built in 1955. The Tokamak design plays the basic role in modern projects for power generation based on
  thermonuclear fusion like ITER
  .

1957 ANS synthesizer

1957 Synchrophasotron

1957 Spaceport

• launch complex by Vladimir Barmin

1957 Intercontinental ballistic missile

• The world's first successful
  Sergey Korolev
  between 1953 and 1957.

1957 Orbital space rocket

• The world's first successful
  Sergey Korolev
  between 1953 and 1957.

1957 Artificial satellite

• Sputnik program
  .

1957 Space capsule

• Sputnik 2

1957 Raketa hydrofoil

• by Rostislav Alexeyev

1958 Modern ternary computer

• Setun, by Nikolay Brusentsov

1959

• A nuclear-powered icebreaker is a purpose-built
  Admiralty Shipyard and completed in 1959.^[121]

• Luna 1, also the first escape velocity spacecraft and the first Sun satellite.

1959 Missile boat

• Komar-class missile boat

1959 Kleemenko cycle

1959

• 
  A Berkovich tip.
• 
  Inside a carbon nanotube.
• 
  An Ilizarov apparatus treating a fractured tibia and fibula.
• 
  BN350

  nuclear fast reactor.
• 
  Tokamak magnetic field and plasma current.
• 
  Baikonur Cosmodrome's "Gagarin's Start" Soyuz launch pad prior to the rollout of Soyuz TMA-13, October 10, 2008.
• 
  The large-size model of

  ICBM and the first orbital rocket

  .
• 
  Sputnik 1 replica.
• 
  Volga River

  .
• 
  A Komar-class missile boat launching a missile.
• 
  nuclear icebreaker
• 
  Staged combustion rocket cycle

  .