Timeline of Samarkand
The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Samarkand, Uzbekistan.
Prior to 14th century
| History of Uzbekistan |
|---|
 |
 Uzbekistan portal |
- 329 BCE - City sacked by Alexander the Great.[1]
- 260 CE - Sassaniansin power (approximate date).
- 712 - City taken by forces of Umayyad Caliphate under Qutayba ibn Muslim.[1]
- 751 - Papermaking begins.[2]
- 806 - Led by Rafi ibn al-Layth, Samarkand revolted against Ali ibn Isa ibn Mahan, Governor of Khurasan due to his oppressive taxation.[3]
- 819 - Samanid rule of Samarkand begins. Nuh ibn Asad was appointed authority over the city of Samarkand by Caliph Al-Ma'mun's governor of Khurasan, Ghassan ibn 'Abbad, as a reward for his support against the revolt.[4]
- 841/842- After the death of Nuh ibn Asad, Abdallah, the governor of Khurasan, appointed two of Nuh's brothers, Yahya and Ahmad, to jointly rule over Samarkand.[4]
- 864/865 - Upon his father Ahmad's death, Nasr I inherits Samarkand.[4]
- 859 - Rudaki Samarkandi the father of Persian poetry, was born, in the village of rudak.
- 892 - Isma'il ibn Ahmad, Nasr's brother, moves the capital to Bukharaafter Nasr's death.
- 914 - Nasr II becomes amir of the Samanids after his father Ahmad Samani dies, sparking a revolt in Samarkand, led by his great-uncle Ishaq ibn Ahmad.[4]
- 991 - Fa'iq is given governorship of Samarkand by Samanid amir Nuh II.[4]
- 999 - Karakhanids before having to abandon it to flee from them, thus definitively ending the Samanid rule of Samarkand.[4]
- 1000 - Karakhanid Nasr ibn Ali, is given the large central area of Transoxiana, including Samarkand and Bukhara as an appanage (approximate date).
- 1052 - Tamghach Khan Ibrahim, son of Nasr, won control of a large part of Transoxania, and made Samarkand the capital.[5]
- 1066 - Afrosiab madrasa built by Ibrahim.[6]
- 1089 - During the reign of Ibrahim's grandson Seljuks entered and took control of Samarkand, together with the domains belonging to the Western Khanate. The Western Karakhanids Khanate became a vassal of the Seljuks.[5]
- 1141 - After Kara-Khitan Khanate. Yelü Dashi spent ninety days in Samarkand, accepting the loyalty of Muslim nobles and appointing Ibrahim Tabghach Khan as the new ruler of Samarkand.[7]
- 1158 - Qarluks who had been persecuted by them. In the end a peace was mediated where Chaghrï Khan was forced to take back the Qarluk leaders and restore them to their former positions.[8]
- 1210 - Ala ad-Din Muhammad II, Shah of the Khwarezmian Empire takes Samarkand.[5]
- 1212 - Supported by Uthman Ulugh Sultan, its last Kara-Khanid ruler, the city of Samarkand revolted, killing 8,000-10,000 Khwarezmians living there. Muhammad, in retaliation, sacked the city and executed 10,000 citizens of Samarkand, including Uthman.[9]
- 1221 - City besieged by forces of Mongol Genghis Khan.[1][10]
14th-19th centuries
- 1340s - Khodja-Akhmad Mausoleum built in Shah-i-Zinda necropolis.[citation needed]
- 1365 - Uprising against Mongol control.
- 1369 - Timur made it his residence.[1]
- 1370
- City becomes capital of Timurid Empire.[1]
- Population: 150,000.[1]
- 1388 - College of Bibikhanum built.[1]
- 1405
- Gur-e Amir(tomb) built.
- Timurid capital relocated from Samarkand to Herat (approximate date).[citation needed]
- 1420 - Ulugh Beg Madrasah built in the Registan.[11][12]
- 1429 - Ulugh Beg Observatory built.
- 1434 - Mosque of Ulug-Beg built in the Registan.[13]
- 1437 - Zij-i Sultani astronomical work published.
- 1464 - Ishrat Khana Tomb built.[11]
- 1494 - Siege of Samarkand (1494).
- 1497 - Siege of Samarkand (1497).
- 1500 - City taken by Uzbeks of Muhammad Shaybani.
- 1501 - Siege of Samarkand (1501).
- 1599 - Ashtarkhanids of Bukhara in power.[citation needed]
- 1616 - Mosque of Shir-Dar built in the Registan.[13]
- 1636 - Sher-Dor Madrasah built in the Registan.
- 1660 - Tilya-Kori Madrasah built in the Registan.[11]
- 1740 - Capture of Samarkand by Nader Shah Afshar
- 1756 - Manghyts of Bukhara in power.[citation needed]
- 1868 - Russia in power.
- 1882 - Citadel built.[13]
- 1885 - Population: 33,117.[14]
- 1886 - City becomes capital of Samarkand Oblast of Russian Turkestan.
- 1888 - Trans-Caspian railway begins operating.[15]
- 1895 - Tashkent-Samarkand railway begins operating.[15]
- 1897 - Population: 54,900.
- 1900 - Population: 58,194.[1]
20th century
- 1913 - Population: 97,600.[16]
- 1919 - Hazrat-i Khizr Mosque restored.[11]
- 1925 - City becomes capital of Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic.
- 1930 - Uzbek capital relocated from Samarkand to Tashkent.
- 1963 - Dynamo Samarkand Stadiumopens.
- 1965 - Population: 233,000.[17]
- 1970 - Ulugh Beg Observatory Museum built.[citation needed]
- 1974 - Bibi-Khanym Mosque reconstruction begins.
- 1985 - Population: 371,000 (estimate).[18]
- 1996 - Samarkand Challenger tennis tournament begins.
21st century
See also
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h Britannica 1910.
- ISBN 978-0-486-23619-3.
- ISBN 90-04-09834-8.
- ^ ISBN 0-521-20093-8.
- ^ ISBN 92-3-103467-7
- United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. 2000. Retrieved 17 February 2013.
- ^ Biran, Michael. The Empire of the Qara Khitai in Eurasian History: Between China and the Islamic World. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2005, p.44.
- ^ Biran, Michael. The Empire of the Qara Khitai in Eurasian History: Between China and the Islamic World. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
- ^ Rafis Abazov, Palgrave Concise Historical Atlas of Central Asia, (Palgrave Macmillan, 2008), 43.
- hdl:2027/hvd.tz1jl3– via Hathi Trust.
- ^ a b c d e ArchNet.org. "Samarkand". Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA: MIT School of Architecture and Planning. Archived from the original on 5 May 2008. Retrieved 17 February 2013.
- ^ "A history of cities in 50 buildings", The Guardian, UK, 2015
- ^ a b c Baedeker 1914.
- .
- ^ a b Railway News. UK. 16 December 1905.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - .
- Statistical Office of the United Nations. 1966.
- ^ United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Statistical Office (1987). "Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 and more inhabitants". 1985 Demographic Yearbook. New York. pp. 247–289.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ "Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 or more inhabitants". Demographic Yearbook 2011. United Nations Statistics Division. 2012.
- ^ "Table 8 - Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 or more inhabitants", Demographic Yearbook – 2018, United Nations
Bibliography
- Published in 19th century
- Jedidiah Morse; Richard C. Morse (1823), "Samarcand", A New Universal Gazetteer (4th ed.), New Haven: S. Converse
- "Description of Bokhara and Samarkand". Oriental Herald. London. February 1824.
- "Alexander Lehmann's Reise nach Buchara und Samarkand in den Jahren 1841 und 1842". Beiträge zur Kenntniss des Russischen Reiches und der angränzenden Länder Asiens (in German). 17. St. Petersburg: Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. 1852.
- Marco Polo (1871), "Of the Great City of Samarcan", in Henry Yule (ed.), The Book of Ser Marco Polo, the Venetian, London: John Murray
- Eugene Schuyler (1877), "Samarkand", Turkistan, New York: Scribner, Armstrong & Co.
- John Mowbray Trotter (1882). "Samarkand". Western Turkestan. Calcutta: Superintendent of Government Printing.
- Edward Balfour (1885), "Samarcand", Cyclopaedia of India (3rd ed.), London: B. Quaritch
- Henry Lansdell (1885). "(Samarkand)". Russian Central Asia. London: Sampson Low, Marston, Searle, & Rivington.
- OCLC 3797240
- Published in 20th century
- Michael Myers Shoemaker (1904), "Samarkand", The heart of the Orient: saunterings through Georgia, Armenia, Persia, Turkomania, and Turkestan, to the vale of Paradise, New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons
- Kropotkin, Peter Alexeivitch; Bealby, John Thomas (1910). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). pp. 112–113.
- William Eleroy Curtis (1911), "Samarkand", Turkestan, New York: Hodder & Stoughton
- E.G. Kemp (1911), "Samarkand", The Face of Manchuria, Korea, Russian Turkestan, New York: Duffield
- "Samarkand", Russia, Leipzig: Karl Baedeker, 1914, OCLC 1328163
- Schellinger and Salkin, ed. (1996). "Samarkand". International Dictionary of Historic Places: Asia and Oceania. UK: Routledge. ISBN 9781884964046.
- Published in 21st century
- "Samarkand". Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art & Architecture. Oxford University Press. 2009.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to History of Samarkand.