Timeline of Serbian history
This is a timeline of Serbian history, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political events in Serbia and its predecessor states. To read about the background to these events, see History of Serbia. See also the list of Serbian monarchs and list of presidents of Serbia.
7th century
Year | Date | Event |
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600 | A first major wave of Serbs migrated to Serbia,[clarification needed] at the invitation of the Byzantine Emperor Heraclius. |
8th century
Year | Date | Event |
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780 | Višeslav of Serbia, was the first Serbian ruler known by name, who ruled as the Prince of the Serbs in c. 780. The polity is known in historiography as the Serbian Principality. He was a progenitor of the Vlastimirović dynasty. |
9th century
Year | Date | Event |
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800 | Radoslav of Serbia, was a Serbian Prince (Knez, Archont) who ruled over the Serbs from 800 to 822, he succeeded his father Višeslav, who was the first ruler known by name of the early medieval Principality of Serbia. His son Prosigoj succeeded him in ca. 822 | |
822 | approach the Serbian lands. This Serbo-Croatian defence union expires in 823. | |
825 | In the Vlastimir of Serbia repels Bulgarian attacks led by Khan Boris .
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863 | Missionaries Sts. Cyrill and Methodius are sent to Serbia on the order of Byzantine emperor Michael the III to fully convert Serbs to christianity.
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900 | Višeslav's son, or grandson, ruled during the uprisings of Ljudevit Posavski against the Franks in 819–822. According to the Royal Frankish Annals, in 822, Ljudevit went from his seat in Sisak to the Serbs somewhere in western Balkans – the Serbs are mentioned as reportedly helding the great/large part of Dalmatia ("Sorabos, quae natio magnam Dalmatiae partem obtinere dicitur").[1][2][3][4]
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The Magyars settle in Slavic Pannonia (Modern-day Hungary) effectively splitting the South Slavs from the West Slavs . Occasional clashes with Byzantine, Bulgarian and Serbian forces in frontier regions.
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10th century
Year | Date | Event |
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1000 | The First Bulgarian Empire annexes inner regions of the Principality of Serbia (924–927) | |
Prince Časlav Klonimirović-Vlastimirović liberates inner Serbia from the Bulgarians in 927 AD and then proceeds towards uniting all Serbian principalities into a single state. He dies in a clash with the Magyars and his realm disintegrates in defensive wars against Croatia, Byzantines, Bulgaria and the Kingdom of Hungary.
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11th century
Year | Date | Event |
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1018 | Byzantine rule is imposed upon inner Vojislavljević dynasty in Duklja . Littoral Serbia remains independent and wages wars against the Byzantines and eventually succeeds in freeing the Serb lands.
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1034 | The Vlastimirović dynasty. Under Stefan Vojislav Duklja becomes independent as the First Serbian Realm becoming the new core of the Serbian world.
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1054 | The East-West Schism splits Christianity in 1054. vast majority of Serbs opt for Orthodox Christianity due to deep Byzantine influences, but many in the coastal lands embrace Catholicism influenced by Venice. The Archbishopric of Bar is established by the Vatican in 1089.
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1077 | Konstantin Bodin asserts the throne of Second Bulgarian Empire and annexes large parts of Bulgaria to the Serbian realm
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12th century
Year | Date | Event |
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1101 | Skadar. The Vukanović family will rule most of the aforementioned territories for decades to come. Tensions will rise among the noble families of inner Serbia , Duklja and its dominions leading to the disintegration of the Realm in the mid-12th century and a Byzantine intrusion.
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1113 | Byzantine civilizational model.
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1176 | the Adriatic sea .
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1185 | . | |
1189 | Grand Prince Stefan Nemanja in Niš during the Third Crusade. Their alliance would give the Serbian Grand Prince enough time to take parts of Kosovo from the Byzantine Empire.
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13th century
Year | Date | Event |
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1217 | Stefan the First-Crowned is crowned the King of the Serbs by Pope Honorius III establishing the Second Serbian Realm. The full title of his dominions was King of the land of Rascia, Dioclea, Travunia, Dalmatia and Zachlumia. Catholicism expands within the Realm. | |
King Stefan the First-Crowned's brother, Prince Rastko Nemanjić (Saint Sava), establishes an autocephalous Serbian Orthodox Church with the support of the Patriarch of Constantinople putting an end to religious divisions among Serbs. Stefan Nemanja becomes another patron saint of the Serbian Orthodox Church and is known as Saint Simeon. |
14th century
Year | Date | Event |
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1316 | The King Stefan Dragutin of Syrmia. Belgrade is returned to the control of the Kingdom of Hungary. Clashes with the Kingdom of Hungary over northern Serbia results in the division of the former Kingdom of Syrmia with the Kingdom of Hungary gaining all territories north of the Sava and the Danube and a region of Belgrade.
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1342 | King Stefan Dušan conquers most of European Byzantium launching his first Siege of Constantinople. The Second Serbian Kingdom becomes the largest state in Southern and Eastern Europe. | |
1355 | Moravian Serbia, Brankovići – Kosovo , etc.
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1371 | The Vukašin Mrnjavčević in the Battle of Maritsa in the region of Thrace . This was a decisive Ottoman victory.
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1386 | The Serbian army led by Battle of Plocnik .
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1388 | The Serbian army defeats the Ottomans in the Battle of Bileca. From this the Ottomans learned how to fight against heavy cavalry. This became valuable experience for the next battle, the Battle of Kosovo .
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1389 | According to myth knights only 1 survives the battle passing his credentials to Stefan Lazarević and various European draconists (knights of Austria, Naples, Kingdom of Hungary , Spain, etc.)
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A 20,000 strong Serbian army led by Lazar Hrebeljanović and Ottoman sultan Murad I) and most of the Serbian aristocracy became extinct. Most of the Empire was now in Ottoman hands save for the Serbian Despotate, Montenegro and Bosnia which soon followed.
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15th century
Year | Date | Event |
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1429 | Belgrade is returned to the control of the Kingdom of Hungary following the death of Despot Stefan Lazarević. Đurađ Branković moves his capital to Smederevo. | |
1456 | The Byzantine Empire collapses. | |
The Pope Calixtus III praises Belgrade and its defender John Hunyadi as the Saviors of Christianity. Catholic Belgrade is now the only bastion of Christianity in the Balkans . Massive reconstruction of the city is under way.
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16th century
Year | Date | Event |
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1537 | Klis Fortress succumbs to the Ottomans enabling Senj to become a Croatian Habsburg Uskok (pirate) stronghold in the Adriatic Sea. Although nominally accepting the sovereignty of the Habsburg Emperor Ferdinand I , Uskoci were a law unto themselves, comprise by refugees from Croatia, Bosnia and Serbia.
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1567 | The Kingdom of Spain, the Habsburg Empire and the Papal States join the war in support of the Venetians and Uskoks ultimately defeating the Turks. Stojan Janković was one of the military leaders of Dalmatian uskoks and a high-ranking Venetian military officer.
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17th century
Year | Date | Event |
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1699 | Members of the Serbian culture in the Habsburg Empire. Serbs enter the Enlightenment period alongside other Western nations leaving behind the previous Ottoman-imposed values.
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18th century
Year | Date | Event |
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1748 | Holy Roman Empress Maria Theresa gives royal city rights to Novi Sad, the biggest Serbian settlement in this Empire, following the capitulation of Habsburg Serbia. The city becomes known as Serbian Athens and a place of Serbian national revival. Most of Serbian culture, including its patriarchy (Metropolitanate of Karlovci), is now "in exile" across the Danube and Sava rivers overlooking Ottoman Serbia to the south. More Serbian cities are granted a Free Royal Status in years to come chiefly by Maria Theresa of Austria: Sombor, Bečkerek, Subotica (Maria-Theresiopolis), etc.
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1755 | Serbs permanently settle in the New Serbia and Slavo-Serbia. Today these Serbs are mostly assimilated into Ukraine although their traces still reflect in toponyms such as the city of Slovianoserbsk and the district of Slovianoserbsk in south-eastern Ukraine .
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1766 | Serbian Patriarchs have found refuge in the Habsburg Empire during the preceding migrations. Southern Serbia slowly becomes Muslim in character, following the colonization of Muslim Albanians and Turkish peoples .
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1778 | The first Serbian Faculty is established in Sombor, Habsburg Empire, under the name Teacher's College. It is the oldest higher-education facility in the region. |
19th century
Year | Date | Event |
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1804 | Venetian Republic collapses after almost 1000 years of existence.
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1808 | The country's Narodni Zbor (Revolutionary Parliament) adopts the first constitutional act in this part of Europe defining Serbia as a constitutional monarchy under Karađorđe's supreme rule. | |
1813 | The Imperial Russia, who were at war against Napoleon at the time, also contributed to the Serbian defeat. Widespread revenge attacks upon civilians, nobles and "Intelligentsia " trigger a second insurrection.
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1816 | The Ottoman governor, Marashli Ali Pasha, approves partial autonomy for the rebel province pressured by Imperial Russia and the Habsburg Empire – the supervisors and protectors of the Serbian people in the Sultanate.
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1848 | The Leopold I, Emperor of Austria. The Serbs proclaimed the creation of autonomous Serbian Vojvodina in Sremski Karlovci as the Serb army in the Habsburg monarchy clashes with the Hungarians .
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1850 | In Shtokavian dialect. It becomes known as Serbo-Croatian for the next 150 years. The aim is to establish closer cultural ties between the two closest nations and boost local Serbian support for the Croatian cause.
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1860 | Voivodship of Serbia and Tamiš Banat igniting a revolt among Serbs without any success.
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1867 | The Habsburg Empire is replaced by the Dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary. The Serbian lands are split between the two. | |
Southwards, in the Principality of Serbia, Serbs rebel against the Ottoman authorities following the bombardment of Belgrade. Great Britain and France urge the Ottomans to withdraw their troops from Serbia. The Principality of Serbia is now de facto independent— 50 years after the Second Serbian Uprising. | ||
1869 | Subotica, one of the biggest Serbian settlements, is connected to the West by railway. | |
1873 | Transleithania; despite the wishes of the majority Serbs and Germans. This is the first step towards the destruction of the Serb-populated Military Frontier inherited from the Habsburg Empire. By 1883 the Military Frontier is entirely abolished and incorporated into the Kingdom of Hungary and the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia, save for the Bay of Kotor (Austria).
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1877 | The Bosnian Serbs, launch an uprising against the Ottomans in Nevesinje declaring their unification with the Principality of Serbia. Nikola Pašić and Nicholas I of Montenegro proclaim the formal independence of Serbia and Montenegro. The Ottoman Empire declares war on Serbia and Montenegro.
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1878 | Christian troops besiege Ottoman Turkey by acknowledging de jure independence of Montenegro, Serbia and Romania with the Treaty of Berlin : all of whom have already been sovereign for some time prior to the Congress.
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1882 | The Kingdom of Serbia (5th Serbian Realm) is proclaimed under austrophile King Milan Obrenović following a corruption scandal he was involved in. | |
1885 | The Unification of Bulgaria increasing hostility toward the House of Obrenović .
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1889 | Aleksandar Obrenović . Austrophile policy continues.
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1893 | Aleksandar Obrenović assumes power following a coup d'état.
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20th century
Year | Date | Event |
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1903 | The May Coup d'Etat results in the assassination of the royal couple King Aleksandar Obrenović and Queen Draga Mašin by Black Hand activists.
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1906 | The Pig War between Austria-Hungary and the Kingdom of Serbia begins. Austria imposes an economic blockade on Serbia following Serbia's decision to improve cooperation with France, Britain and Bulgaria. Serbia eventually triumphs with the aid of Western allies.
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1908 | At the peak of the economic blockade Bosnian crisis in Europe.
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The Young Turk Revolution starts within the Ottoman Empire. As Bulgaria proclaims independence Serbia starts looking toward Kosovo and Macedonia in the south having to accept the Bosnian occupation. | ||
1910 | The Kingdom of Montenegro is proclaimed in Cetinje under King Nicholas I of Montenegro. His long-term programme is the restoration of the Serbian Empire with himself as an Emperor. Two rival Serbian dynasties now fight for supremacy among Serbs. | |
1912 | The Balkan Wars begin as Montenegro and Serbia declare war on the Ottoman Empire followed by Bulgaria and Greece. The Balkan League besieges Constantinople. | |
Albania proclaims independence from the Ottoman Empire and is approved in the Treaty of London forcing Serbo-Montenegrin troops to withdraw from the country. | ||
1914 | 28 June | The Imperial Russia, France and Great Britain. Austria-Hungary and the German Empire declare war on the Kingdom of Serbia triggering the outbreak of World War I
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August | The Serbian Campaign .
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August | Three months later Serbian First Army and retreat of Austria-Hungary across the rivers a month later. Field marshals Radomir Putnik and Živojin Mišić 's strategy has been hailed throughout the country. Serbia is free for almost a year but at a terrible cost; it lost approximately 170,000 men – almost a half of its entire army.
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1915 | October | A typhus epidemic begins. 150,000 people die in Serbia this year alone. The country's population has already dropped by 10% since the beginning of the war |
October | The 3rd invasion of Serbia begins in October. . Despite Austro-Hungarian and Bulgarian occupation and the retreat of Serbian Army the Kingdom of Serbia never capitulated. | |
October | The Austro-Hungary with the intention of joining the Kingdom of Serbia .
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October | The secret Kingdom of Italy and the eastern parts to the Kingdom of Serbia that would also be combined with Bosnia and Herzegovina, most of Slavonia and a large part of Vojvodina and northern Albania .
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Creation of Yugoslavia | ||
1918 | October | Austria-Hungary capitulates disintegrating into several statelets; the largest one being the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs governed from Zagreb |
October | Joint Serbian, British and French forces expel Bulgaria from the pre-war Serbian territories (including Kosovo and Macedonia). Bulgaria capitulates. | |
October | World War I comes to an end following the decisive Entente Powers victory. Contribution to the Entente had large consequences: the Kingdom of Serbia has lost 28% of its entire prewar population falling from 4.5 to 3.2 million people. | |
October | Syrmia breaks off from the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs and joins the Kingdom of Serbia. | |
October | Vojvodina (Banat, Bačka and Baranja) joins the Kingdom of Serbia by the decision of the Serb National Board in Novi Sad. | |
October | The Petrović and accepts the supremacy of the House of Karađorđević .
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November | The legal successor of the Kingdom of Serbia and is openly labelled as hostile by the Kingdom of Italy which was hoping to annex the rest of Istria, Dalmatia and Montenegro
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November | The First Yugoslavia) is proclaimed in Belgrade under Regent Alexander I. Belgrade unites with Zemun and Pančevo (formerly Serb-populated cities under the Habsburg Monarchy).
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1919 | January | The Karađorđević dynasty and the decision of the Grand National Assembly. Guerilla clashes would continue for another 6 years and result in the defeat of the separatists.
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September | Italian poet and fascist Gabriele d'Annunzio enters the Free State of Rijeka bringing the two neighbours to the verge of war.
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1920 | The Treaty of Rapallo recognizes the state's independence.
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1921 | The Kingdom of Italy invades Rijeka and annexes it despite Belgrade's objections. | |
1924 | the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, the Kingdom of Romania, Greece and Turkey as a counterbalance to the revisionists (chiefly Italy and Hungary). It also served as a buffer-zone with the Soviet Union .
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1929 | January 6 Dictatorship is introduced by King Serbian People's Radical Party, Puniša Račić. The Constitution is suspended and the Parliament dissolved as the King starts his 2-year dictatorship aimed at restoring order in the ethnically divided Kingdom. The state is renamed as the Kingdom of Yugoslavia and its internal borders are reintroduced through 9 banovinas.
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1931 | The new Constitution of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia is introduced by King Alexander putting an end to his 2-year long dictatorship. The Croatian question again becomes activate again as many start demanding federalization of the unitary monarchy. Many Croatian politicians end up in prison, including Vlatko Maček leader of the CPP, under the pretext that they dismiss the Constitution.
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1934 | King Vlado Chernosemski and the Ustaše. Prince Paul temporarily seizes the throne. Alexander's son Peter II was a minor at the time.
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1939 | Former political prisoner Vlatko Maček announces the potential independence of the province[citation needed ] and a deep crisis in the Kingdom follows. Yugoslavia has started to disintegrate.
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1941 | Massive Hitler decides to crush the rebellion causing 17,000 casualties in the Battle of Belgrade. Other Serbian cities follow suit such as Leskovac, Kraljevo and Niš .
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The Fascist Bulgaria invade and dismantle the Kingdom of Yugoslavia aided by Banovina of Croatia, Albania and some domestic minorities.
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The Axis 10 days later. Operation Barbarossa begins with a months delay enabling the Soviet Union to regroup during the Axis invasion of Southern Europe.[5]
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The Yalta conference in 1943 this royal army would be considered a chief ally to Great Britain, the U.S.A. and the Soviet Union. Their chief opponents within the country would be the communist Yugoslav partisans.
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The Serbian division of the Partisan resistance movement, loyal to communists of Josip Broz Tito, launches an uprising in the Nazi-occupied town of Užice proclaiming it a free state, The Republic of Užice. Uprisings also erupt in Italian-held Montenegro, Bosnia and Slovenia . Užice succumbs to the Germans 4 months later.
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First clashes between the communists of Josip Broz Tito occur at this time over the supremacy over Yugoslavia; this would expand the civil war on territory of Bosnia and Hercegovina: Communist partisans, Royalist chetniks and Fascist Ustaše.
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March | Axis Powers into his weakened Kingdom.
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March | After the coup d'état, conducted under command of generals Simović and Mirković and supported by British intelligence with 300,000 pound sterling, massive demonstrations erupt in downtown Axis Powers on March 27.
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September | Captain Draža Mihajlović .
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Several joint Battle of Neretva results in the devastation of Chetnik forces in Bosnia.
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1943 | October | As Fascist Italy capitulates in October, Nazi troops march into its territories along the coast of Yugoslavia (Dalmatia, Herzegovina, Montenegro, Raška, Kosovo).
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November | The 2nd Congress of Yugoslav partisans , and de facto legitimize a Communist regime in Yugoslavia.
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1944 | June | The Royal Yugoslav Draža Mihajlović and many of his chetniks refuse to obey and continue fighting on their own, with neither royal nor Allied support, calling on Serbs to emancipate themselves from Yugoslavia in the form of Greater Serbia .
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1945 | January | The Serbian Genocide. The numbers reach several hundred thousand victims.[6]
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January | Aided by the Soviet army, Yugoslav Partisans expel fascist and Nazi forces from the country, ultimately defeating the royalists as well. Ustaše flee the country as well, among whom also Ante Pavelić, Petar Brzica, etc. Yugoslav Danube Swabians are also forced to leave the country, as well as many Hungarians and Italians .
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November | Second Yugoslavia is proclaimed by the Yugoslav Federal Parliament in Belgrade . The monarchy is officially abolished and the royal family banned from entering the country.
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November | Serbian lands are dismantled under a pretext of Serbian Baranja, Dalmatia and Istria under the ethnic balance policy put forward by the new communist government of Josip Broz Tito .
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1946 | The National Committee for the War Crimes and Reparations concludes that 1,7 million people have died during World War II in Yugoslavia. However, subsequent estimates by statisticians revealed the actual number of deaths to be approximately one million. Many were victims of civil war, including the Ustaše genocide of Serbs and the Chetnik genocidal campaign against Bosnian Muslims and Croats. Approximately 350,000 Serbs fell victim under the Ustaše. About 100,000 total victims (Serbs 45,000–52,000, Roma 15,000–27,000, Jews 12,000–20,000, Croats and Bosnian Muslims 5,000–12,000) in the Jasenovac concentration camp. Around 68,000 Muslims and Croats perished under the Chetniks. | |
1948 | The SFRY is expelled from the World Communist League, after refusing to accept the Soviet Union's supremacy in the communist world. Yugoslavia, therefore, has never signed the Warsaw Pact nor has it been, consequently, behind the Iron Curtain, unlike its immediate neighbours. From that point on Yugoslav history differs from that of cold-war Eastern Europe
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1954 | The Adriatic neighbours.
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1968 | The Belgrade Spring erupts among studentry of Yugoslavia, ignited by Belgrade and Zagreb's student demands to improve the conditions in the two largest Universities. Croats also ask for their own literary language apart from Serbian language, for the first time since the Vienna Treaty in 1850. | |
1974 | A new federal Constitution awards greater powers to individual republics and provinces, shifting it into a voluntary confederation with a right of Kosovo and Metohija and Vojvodina are de facto separated from Serbia, as they were awarded state-treatment in the Federal Parliament, where they could veto any Serbian decision.
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Timeline of the breakup of Yugoslavia | ||
1980 | President Ethnic tensions rise across the country.
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1981 | Riots erupt among Albanians of Kosovo, as they ask for the recognition of the State of Kosovo. The uprising was brutally suppressed by the JNA, as Kosovo Serbs fear being pulled into a civil war. By this date, the population share of Kosovo Serbs has dropped down to 15% compared to 25% a decade earlier. | |
1986 | The Croatian Serbs are pointed out as the main victims of ethnic hatred and chauvinism,[9] following several clashes with local Albanians and Croats, respectively[citation needed ].
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1989 | 28 June | Slobodan Milošević delivers his Gazimestan Speech in front of 1,000,000 Serbs at the central celebration marking the 600th anniversary of the Battle of Kosovo. He calls for a "full equality among peoples of Yugoslavia", demanding an end to the "dramatic ethnic and political divisions". This was basically a message to both his political (democratic) and nationalist (Croat, Bosniak) opponents. His popularity skyrockets among nationalist Serbs, leading to his victory in the elections for the Serbian president a few months later. |
1990 | The Croatian parliamentary election, 1990 ) and Slovenia, where separatist options have prevailed overwhelmingly.
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The Parliament of Croatia ratifies a new Constitution, declaring the indigenous Croatian Serbs as he assumes power as the president of Croatia .
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Serb-populated regions of Croatia organize a poll on their self-rule within Croatia. The Log Revolution is also launched in the hinterland of Dalmatia, the Serbian city of Knin, blocking Croatian roads and splitting the country into two parts. The National Council of the Croatian Serbs, led by Milan Babić, declares "the autonomy of the Serbian people on ethnic and historic territories on which they live and which are within the current boundaries of the Republic of Croatia as a federal unit of the SFR Yugoslavia" in form of Kninska Krajina. | ||
The Slovenian independence referendum passes with an 88% support. Independence would have been declared within the succeeding 6 months | ||
1991 | Hundreds of thousands of people gather in downtown Belgrade peacefully demonstrating against Slobodan Milošević. The government orders "restoration of order" by force deploying tanks onto the streets of the capital. 2 people are killed and over 300 injured in the clashes that follow; the democratic opposition led by Vuk Drašković and Zoran Đinđić is de facto suppressed for years to come. | |
National Assembly of Serbia supports this decision asking for the protection of Serbs .
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The Borovo Selo in eastern Croatia as 4 Croatian police-officers attempt to change the Yugoslav flag with the Croatian one after which they are captured by Vojislav Šešelj's troops. Attempting to free them Croatian policemen are led into an ambush and twelve are killed and some mutilated.[12] Numbers of the Croatian Serbs killed in the incident varies anywhere between four on one side to twenty on the other.[13][14]
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June | A series of SFRY opposed by the Serbs and the JNA. Slovenia is granted its independence following a Ten-Day War, however the conflict in Croatia is bound to last, as the Republic of Serbian Krajina emerges.
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June | Serb forces embark on an ethnic cleansing campaign in the territory under their control. 78,000 people – virtually the whole Croat, Muslim and non-Serb population is forcibly removed, deported or killed.[15] | |
June | Starting in July, Serb forces and the JNA start to attack Croatian-majority areas in the Operation Coast-91. In August they attack Vukovar starting the most bloody battle of the Croatian war.[16]
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June | In December Serb paramilitary forces kill 43 civilians in the Voćin massacre.[17] | |
17 September | A Serbian teenage girl is killed in Sisak by a bullet fired through a window which is a matter of ongoing investigation.[18] | |
1 October | JNA, Montenegro and Serb forces attack Dubrovnik bombing a tourist attraction. Between 82 and 88 civilians are killed.[19][20] | |
10 October | the Lovas massacre begins in which Serb paramilitary forces kill 70 civilians which is a matter of ongoing investigation.[21]
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16 October | 120 Serbs ICTY for his involvement in the mass killings of Serbian civilians during the Croatian War of Independence
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18 November | Vukovar falls and Serb paramilitary forces massacre over 250 civilians and POWs.[23] | |
1992 | Republic of Macedonia .
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Montenegro's independence referendum fails as its citizens overwhelmingly support union with Serbia. | ||
The Third Yugoslavia comes into existence in April.
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May | The Bosnian Serbs and their forces led by Radovan Karadžić as chief commander. It is aimed at murdering and terrorizing the civilian population of the city. It lasted for 44 months and resulted in 12,000 casualties; chiefly among Bosniaks .
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1993 | The Croatian army invades southern regions of the self-proclaimed Republic of Serbian Krajina. In the clashes that follow between different paramilitary units up to 500 Krajina Serbs and 120 Croats lose their lives. The Croatian Army withdraws its forces after a successful campaign.
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A Croatian military operation in the Medak Pocket is launched in September 1993 led by Mirko Norac and Rahim Ademi, the Hague Tribunal indictees. The predominantly Serbian population of the several adjacent villages, 400 strong, leaves the area. 16 are killed.[24][25]
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1995 | Operation Flash, conducted by the Croatian Army in May, successfully recaptures Republic of Serbian Krajina-held west Slavonia. 30.000 Croatian Serbs were forced out of the area and 285 have been killed during this action. 1,500 were arrested and imprisoned.[26] | |
Zagreb rocket attack.[27]
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After coming under international pressure, Serbia cut off support for the RSK in early 1995. International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, but ultimately acquitted.[31]
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Srebrenica massacre, the largest mass murder in Europe since the end of World War II, takes place in a Bosniak enclave within Republika Srpska following the retreat of the Dutch soldiers from this "UN safe zone". More than 8,000 Bosniak men, mostly civilians, are systematically executed by the Police and Army of Republika Srpska under the command of general Ratko Mladić who is still at large. Eventually the massacre in Srebrenica is confirmed as genocide at the International Court of Justice – The ruling by the International Court of Justice (ICJ) in the case brought by Bosnia and Herzegovina against Serbia was delivered on February 26, 2007. | ||
Amidst intense pressure by the Bosnian war which claimed 100,000 lives. Bosnia and Herzegovina is acknowledged as a sovereign state of 2 equal-sized entities; the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Republika Srpska .
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1998 | Clashes between the Yugoslav Army and the rebel Albanian forces started in Kosovo (KLA) escalate into a violent conflict. A civil war between the majority Albanians and minority Serbs is underway. | |
1999 | In January the Račak massacre occurs in which Serb forces kill at least 45 Albanians including the leader of the KLA Adem Jashari. | |
In response to Serb forces' ethnic cleansing of Kosovo, NATO starts bombing targets in Serbia. Slobodan Milošević announces the mandatory mobilisation of the troops. | ||
Ethnic cleansing[32] of Albanians continues in Kosovo despite NATO bombardment of the Yugoslav troops. | ||
There are numerous killings of Albanians and Serbs following the armed clashes between the two. NATO bombs major Serbian cities including downtown Belgrade as well as Niš city market, the bridges of Novi Sad and the oil refinery of Pančevo. | ||
16 technicians are killed following the bombing of the national television RTS in downtown Belgrade and tens of others in civilian bombings on trains in Grdelica gorge, Niš market, Belgrade and Varadin hospitals, and refugees north of Pristina. | ||
The Kosovo war ends following an agreement reached in FR Yugoslavia over the province but puts it under UN-occupation.
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An ethnic cleansing of the Serbian population[33] begins following the retreat of the Yugoslav Army and the arrival of Albanians protected by the UN and NATO. 200,000 Kosovo Serbs are expelled from or escape from Kosovo leaving only a fraction of pre-war Serbian population behind – about 140,000. Serbs fall to a mere 7% of the overall population as Albanians repopulate former Serbian houses and take over their businesses. Tens of medieval Serbian Orthodox churches are leveled to the ground. Around 3,000 Kosovo Serbs are believed to have been killed.[34] | ||
2000 | Slobodan Milošević is ousted following the overthrow on October 5th and million-strong demonstrations in central Belgrade. Vojislav Koštunica assumes power as the first democratic president of Yugoslavia. |
21st century
Year | Date | Event |
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2001 | 2001 Macedonia conflict .
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2003 | Third Yugoslavia is abolished and replaced with a state union of Serbia and Montenegro with Belgrade its capital.
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Serbian Prime Minister, Zoran Đinđić, is assassinated in front of the governmental palace in Belgrade by a criminal clan from Zemun who opposed his liberal and pro-European actions. Hundreds of thousands escort the late PM to his burial site. | ||
A state of emergency is declared in Serbia. Operation Sablja would ultimately succeed in bringing to justice hundreds of criminals throughout the country without serious violations of human rights; according to most European sources.
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2004 unrest in Kosovo. 36 medieval Serbian Orthodox Monasteries are leveled to the ground, over 1,000 Serbian houses sacked and torched, and thousands of Kosovo Serbs expelled from the province. 19 Kosovo Serbs are killed during the fighting.[35] | ||
2005 | SAA talks with the EU are launched aimed at providing closer ties with the EU. The state becomes an EU potential candidate country.
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2006 | March 11 | Death of Slobodan Milošević. |
June 3 | Montenegro declares independence from the state union of Serbia and Montenegro. Both countries become fully sovereign states. | |
2008 | February 17 | Kosovo unilaterally declares independence from Serbia, which does not recognize the move. The declaration is only partially recognized by the international community. |
2011 | May 26 | Bosnian Serb military commander Ratko Mladić arrested.[36][37] |
July 20 | Former President of Republic of Serbian Krajina, the last ICTY war crimes suspect Goran Hadžić arrested.[38][39] |
See also
References
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...the Serbs, a people that is said to hold a large part of Dalmatia
- ISBN 9781551110035.
...who are said to hold a great part of Dalmatia
- ISBN 9781107028388.
'a people that is said to hold a large part of Dalmatia'. This was a reference to the ancient Roman province of Dalmatia, which extended deep into the western Balkan interior, from the eastern Adriatic coast to the valleys of the Ibar and Sava Rivers.
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- ^ "Centar za politološka istraživanja" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-06-29. Retrieved 2007-06-05.
- ^ Holocaust Revealed Archived 2007-05-26 at the Wayback Machine
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- ^ Mihailo Crnobrnja, The Yugoslav Drama, p. 157. (McGill-Queens University Press, 1996)
- ^ "Milan Babić ICTY indictment". Archived from the original on 2009-03-12. Retrieved 2017-06-29.
- ^ The Minnesota Daily: Exhumation begins of grave thought to hold more than 1,000 bodies Archived 2007-09-30 at the Wayback Machine
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- ^ Croatia: Impunity for war crimes and crimes against humanity must end | Amnesty International
- ^ "Reckoning: The 1991 Siege of Dubrovnik and the Consequences of the "War for Peace" by Srdja Pavlovic". Archived from the original on 2010-06-30. Retrieved 2010-01-21.
- ^ B92 news on commemoration Archived 2007-05-21 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ JURIST: Serbia war crimes prosecutor investigating 12 for 1991 mass murders of Croats Archived January 13, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Swans Commentary: Diana Johnstone On The Balkan Wars, by Edward S. Herman – herman10". Archived from the original on 2007-10-05. Retrieved 2007-06-05.
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- ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2009-03-27. Retrieved 2017-06-29.
{{cite web}}
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- ^ "Croatia: Three years since operations Flash and Storm – three years of justice and dignity denied | Amnesty International". 3 August 1998. Archived from the original on 2018-11-22. Retrieved 2018-11-19.
- ^ "Voice of America: Prosecutors Seek Life Sentence for War Crimes Suspect Martic". Archived from the original on 2007-02-14. Retrieved 2007-02-14.
- ^ "Serbs see new 'war crimes' tape". BBC News. August 9, 2006. Archived from the original on August 25, 2006. Retrieved August 17, 2007.
- ^ "Croatia: Operation "Storm" – still no justice ten years on | Amnesty International". 3 August 2005. Archived from the original on 2018-11-22. Retrieved 2018-11-19.
- ^ a b c d e Douglas M. Gibler, International Conflicts, 1816-2010: Militarized Interstate Dispute Narratives (Vol. 1), p. 332 (Rowman & Littlefield: 2018).
- ^ a b Brad K. Blitz, Migration and Freedom: Mobility, Citizenship and Exclusion (Edward Elgar: 2014), pp. 100-01.
- ^ "Ethnic Cleansing in Kosovo: An Accounting". Retrieved 2017-06-25.
- ^ "Ethnic Cleansing by Albanians". Archived from the original on 2006-12-21. Retrieved 2007-02-17.
- ^ "Ethnic cleansing, continued: the fate of Serbs in Kosovo – National Review – Find Articles at BNET.com". Archived from the original on 2007-02-14.
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2011-07-27. Retrieved 2009-02-19.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ Bilefsky, Dan; Carvajal, Doreen (26 May 2011). "Serbia Says Jailed Mladic Will Face War Crimes Trial". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 20 February 2016. Retrieved 17 June 2013.
- ^ "Ratko Mladic: most wanted fugitive accused of genocide". The Telegraph. London. 26 May 2011. Archived from the original on 24 March 2012. Retrieved 17 June 2013.
- ^ "Serbia holds Croatia war crimes suspect Goran Hadzic". BBC News. 20 July 2011. Archived from the original on 11 April 2014. Retrieved 17 June 2013.
- ^ Traynor, Ian (20 July 2011). "Goran Hadzic capture a milestone for Yugoslav war crimes tribunal". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 30 September 2013. Retrieved 17 June 2013.
Further reading
- .