Timeline of ankylosaur research
This timeline of ankylosaur research is a chronological listing of events in the
Delaware people have stories about smoking the bones of ancient monsters in a magic ritual to have wishes granted and ankylosaur fossils are among the local fossils that may have been used like this.[1] The Native Americans of the modern southwestern United States tell stories about an armored monster named Yeitso that may have been influenced by local ankylosaur fossils.[2] Likewise, ankylosaur remains are among the dinosaur bones found along the Red Deer River of Alberta, Canada where the Piegan people believe that the Grandfather of the Buffalo once lived.[3]
The first scientifically documented ankylosaur remains were recovered from
ankylosaurids.[5] Since then, many new ankylosaur genera and species have been discovered from all over the world and continue to come to light. Many fossil ankylosaur trackways have also been recognized.[7]
Prescientific
- The
- Traditional Navajo creation mythology portrays modern Earth as the most recent of a series of worlds. They believe that the earlier worlds were inhabited by monsters that were killed with lightning bolts wielded by the heroic Monster Slayers.phytosaurs and Desmatosuchus, as well as other armored dinosaurs like Scutellosaurus or Stegosaurus.[2]
- The theropods.[3]
19th century
Hylaeosaurus armatus
1830s
- Quarry workers discovered a fossilized partial skeleton. The remains were sent to paleontologist Gideon Mantell, who recognized that they represented a significant scientific discovery.[11]
- Mantell reported the specimen discovered by quarry workers that would later be formally named Hylaeosaurus to the Geological Society.[11]
1840s
Early April
- Hylaeosaurus mantellii.[12]
- Mantell described the new species Hylaeosaurus oweni.[12]
1850s
- Sir Richard Owen published a study on Hylaeosaurus.[17]
1860s
Polacanthus foxii skeletal restoration by Franz Nopcsa von Felső-Szilvás
- Reverend William Fox discovered the Polacanthus type specimen.[18]
- Sir Richard Owen described the new genus Acanthopholis horridus.[19]
- Iguanodon phillipsii.[16]
1870s
- Bunzel described the new genus and species Danubiosaurus anceps.[19]
- Seeley erected the new genus Priodontognathus to house the species Iguanodon phillipsii.[16]
- Seeley described the new genus and species Syngonosaurus macrocercus.[16]
1880s
Nodosaurus textilis
skeleton- The British Museum of Natural History bought a large number of fossils from Rev. Fox, including the Polacanthus type specimen.[20]
- Priconodon crassus.[16]
Palaeoscincus costatus
holotype tooth1890s
- Marsh named the stegosaurs due to the shared presence of bony plates embedded in the skin.[5]
- Marsh described the new genus and species Palaeoscincus latus.[16]
- Lydekker described the new genus and species Sarcolestes leedsi.[19]
20th century
1900s
Ankylosaurus magniventris
- Stegosaurus marshi, and later reclassified it as Polacanthus marshi.[12]
- Lucas erected the genus Hoplitosaurus to house the species "Polacanthus" marshi.[12]
- Onychosaurus hungaricus.[16]
- Stegopelta landerensis.[19]
- Brown described the new genus and species Ankylosaurus magniventris.[21] He also named the Ankylosauridae and Ankylosaurinae. He followed Marsh's 1890 suggestion that ankylosaurs and stegosaurs were close relatives.[22]
- Wieland described the new genus and species Hierosaurus sternbergi.[16]
1910s
Nopsca
from 1915- While collecting fossils in Dinosaur Provincial Park, William Edmund Cutler discovered the type specimen of an ankylosaur taxon that would later be named Scolosaurus cutleri in his honor. However, while undercutting the specimen it collapsed on him "resulting in serious upper body injuries."[23]
- Nopcsa described the new species Struthiosaurus transylvanicus.[12]
- Nopcsa described the new genus and species Leipsanosaurus noricus.[12]
- Lambe described the new genus and species Panoplosaurus mirus.[21]
1920s
- Henry Fairfield Osborn named the Ankylosauria.[5]
- Lametasaurus indicus.[16]
- ankylosaurs. As the Stegosauria originally included all armored dinosaurs, Romer's distinction marked the beginning of the modern use of the name to refer to the plate-backed and spike-tailed dinosaurs.[6]
- Nopcsa described the new genus Scolosaurus.[21]
- Edmontonia longiceps.[21]
- Nopcsa described the new species Scolosaurus cutleri.[21]
- Nopcsa described the new genus and species Rhodanosaurus lugdunensis.[16]
- Sternberg described the new genus and species Anodontosaurus lambei.[21]
1930s
- Palaeoscincus rugosidens.[12]
- Sternberg described the new ichnogenus and species Tetrapodosaurus borealis from the Early Cretaceous Gething Formation of British Columbia, Canada. He attributed the tracks to ceratopsians, but they would later be attributed to ankylosaurs.[24]
- Gilmore described the new genus and species Pinacosaurus grangeri.[22]
- Brachypodosaurus gravis.[19]
- Pinacosaurus ninghsiensis.[22]
- Nodosaurus coleii.[19]
1940s
- Russell concluded that ankylosaurs chewed with a simple straight-up-and-down movement of the jaws and only fed on soft vegetation based on aspects of their skull and tooth anatomy.[7]
1950s
Talarurus plicatospineus
- Stegosaurides excavatus.[16]
- Nicholas Hotton regarded ankylosaurs as herbivores.[7]
- Maleev described the new species Dyoplosaurus giganteus.[22]
1960s
- Silvisaurus condrayi.[21]
- F. H. Khakimov discovered a new dinosaur track site in Shirkent National Park, Tajikistan.[25]
- Zakharov and Khakimov reported the dinosaur track site discovered by the latter to the scientific literature.[25]
- Zakharov described the new ichnogenus and species Macropodosaurus gravis. He attributed it to a theropod, but these tracks are more likely to have been produced by ankylosaurs.[25]
- Haas interpreted the ankylosaur diet and consisting of soft plants that ankylosaurs chewed with a simple straight-up-and-down movement of the jaws based on their skull and tooth anatomy.[7]
1970s
Scolosaurus thronus
- Sauropelta edwardsorum.[21]
- Walter Coombs published landmark research into ankylosaur taxonomy, bringing order to a once "chaotic and confused" field of study. He recognized two main groups of ankylosaurs, the Ankylosauridae and Nodosauridae.[5] Coombs interpreted the ankylosaur diet as consisting of soft plants that ankylosaurs chewed with a simple straight-up-and-down movement of the jaws based on their skull and tooth anatomy.[7]
- Haubold reported the presence of the ichnospecies Metatetrapous valdensis from the Buckeburg Formation of Germany. This ichnospecies is attributed to ankylosaurs.[26]
- Coombs observed that Euoplocephalus was so thoroughly armored that there was even a bony plate protecting its eyelids.[27]
- Saichania chulsanensis.[22] She followed the scheme proposed by Coombs earlier that decade dividing the ankylosaurs into ankylosaurids and nodosaurids.[5] She also made observations regarding ankylosaur limb posture, noting that while the hind limb was nearly straight up and down, the humerus was oriented at an angle downward and toward the rear of the animal. When studying the ankylosaur tail she noted that the centra of the vertebrae near its tip are fused, which would make it hard for the animal to raise the tail club very high.[7]
- Kurzanov and Tumanova described the new genus and species Amtosaurus magnus.[19]
- Coombs published more work on ankylosaur taxonomy.[5] He noted that ankylosaurs were probably completely unable to walk on their hind legs and published further remarks on ankylosaur limb posture. He argued that while some researchers interpreted some aspects of ankylosaur forelimb anatomy as adaptations for digging, their hoof-like toe nails made this interpretation unlikely.[28]
- Coombs interpreted the bony tendons near the tip of the ankylosaur tail as a means to convey the forces generated by the tail musculature closer to the animal's body all the way down to its club.[7]
1980s
Sauropelta edwardsorum
.- Ralph Molnar described the new genus and species Minmi paravertebra.[22]
- Dracopelta zbyszewskii.[12]
- Delair described the new genus Vectensia.[12]
- Tumanova described the new genus and species Shamosaurus scutatus.[22]
- Campbell reported the presence of dinosaur footprints in the Toro Toro Formation of Bolivia which he attributed to sauropods.[29]
- Kenneth Carpenter attributed the ichnogenus Tetrapodosaurus reported by Sternberg from British Columbia in the 1930s to ankylosaurs rather than ceratopsians.[24] He argued that the most likely trackmaker was Sauropelta.[30]
- Leonardi described the dinosaur footprints reported by Campbell the previous year in detail and named them Ligabuichnium bolivianum. Rather than sauropods, Leonardi argued that these tracks were produced by ankylosaurs or ceratopsians although it was difficult ascertain which of these taxa were responsible due to the poor preservation of the tracks.[29]
- Galton interpreted the ankylosaur diet and consisting of soft plants that ankylosaurs chewed with a simple straight-up-and-down movement of the jaws based on their skull and tooth anatomy.[7]
- Paul Ensom described dinosaur footprints from the Purbeck Beds of England once thought to have been left by sauropods. They are now thought to have been left by ankylosaurs.[31]
- Tumanova erected the new genus Maleevus to house the species Syrmosaurus disparoserratus.[16] Tumanova followed the scheme proposed by Coombs earlier that decade dividing the ankylosaurs into ankylosaurids and nodosaurids.[5]
- Gasparini and others reported ankylosaur remains from Antarctica.[5]
- Chassternbergiafor the species "Edmontonia" rugosidens.
- Currie reported the discovery of a Tetrapodosaurus track from British Columbia. Although he could not confidently identify its stratigraphic origin, the rock preserving the tracks has since been attributed to the Dunvegan Formation.[32]
- A worker at the Smoky River Coal Mine near Grande Cache, Alberta alerted the Royal Tyrell Museum to the presence of dinosaur footprints in the area. This site would come to be recognized as the most important ankylosaur track site in the world.[33]
1990s
- Coombs and Maryanska remarked that the boney secondary palate of the ankylosaur skull would have strengthened it by acting as a brace.[7]
- A well-preserved skeleton of Minmi was excavated from the Allaru Formation in Queensland, Australia by the Queensland Museum and catalogued as QM F18101. The skeleton was mostly articulated, including its armor.[34] Since most ankylosaur specimens do not preserve the life arrangement of their armor, QM F18101 represented a rare find.[35] The specimen also preserved the animal's gut contents, the first to be discovered in any armored dinosaur.[36]
- Lockley argued that the supposed sauropod tracks reported by Ensom from the Purbeck Beds of Dorset, England were actually made by ankylosaurs.[37]
- Frank DeCourten discovered dinosaur tracks preserved in the Cedar Mountain Formation of Utah that were likely produced by ankylosaurs.[38]
- Tumanova described the new genus and species Tsagantegia longicranialis.[22]
- Bayan Mandahu, Inner Mongolia, China.[39]
- Tianchisaurus nedegoaperferima.[16]
- Thulborn proposed that the tail club of ankylosaurs may actually have functioned as a "false head" meant to distract predators. However, this hypothesis has not received much support from the paleontological community, and has been criticized as "dubiou[s]".[7]
- Grady published an illustration of an ankylosaur trackway from the "Mine" site in the Smoky River Coal Mine at Grande Cache, Alberta.[40]
- Mymoorapelta maysi.[12]
- Psihoyos and Knoebber described a dinosaur track site in the Smoky Hill Coal Mine of Grande Cache, Alberta and reported that the site had been destroyed in a rock slide.[41]
- Whyte and Romano described the new ichnogenus and species Deltapodus brodericki for dinosaur footprints discovered in the Aalenian-Bajocian Saltwick Formation of Yorkshire, England. The authors attributed the tracks to sauropods, but they may actually have been made by ankylosaurs.[42]
- Leonardi concluded that the Bolivian Ligabuichnium tracks were made by an ankylosaur after all.[29]
- Carpenter, Hierosaurus coleii.[19]
- Coombs studied the anatomy of the tail of Euoplocephalus and concluded that its club was held just slightly off the ground rather than dragging or held and a significant height. He reiterated observations previously made in 1977 by Maryanska that the fusion of the vertebral centra near the tip of the animal's tail would make it difficult to raise very high.[7]
- Coombs described the new genus and species Texasetes pleurohalio.[19]
- Lee described the new genus and species Pawpawsaurus campbelli.[21]
- Molnar reported the existence of a second species of Minmi but did not name it.[22]
North American Museum of Ancient Life
- Blows described the new species Polacanthus rudgwickensis.[19]
- Witmer studied archosaur "craniofacial pneumaticity". He concluded that rather than performing a biological function, glands, acted as a resonating chamber for loud vocalizations, or helped conserve body heat and moisture.[7]
- Carpenter, Gargoyleosaurus parkpinorum.[22]
- Kirkland described the new genus and species Gastonia burgei.[22]
- Pang and Cheng described the new genus and species Tianzhenosaurus youngi.[22]
- Barret and others described the new genus and species Shanxia tianzhensis.[16]
- Sereno defined the ankylosaurs as all eurypods more closely related to Ankylosaurus than to Stegosaurus.[43]
- McCrea and Currie described the dinosaur tracks discovered in the Smoky River Coal Mine at Grand Cache, Alberta. They noted that this was the most important ankylosaur track site ever discovered.[33]
- McCrea and others reported the first known ankylosaur skin impression to be preserved in a footprint tracks preserved in the Dunvegan Formation near Pouce Coupe, Alberta.[44]
- Pinacosaurus mephistocephalus.[22]
- Sullivan described the new genus and species Nodocephalosaurus kirtlandensis.[21]
- Carpenter and others described the new genus and species Animantarx ramaljonesi.[12]
- Lockley and others described the 1991 possible ankylosaur footprint discovery in Utah.[45]
- Ishigaki reported possible ankylosaur footprints from the Djadokhta Formation of Mongolia.[46]
21st century
2000s
Tarchia kielanae
- Glyptodontopelta mimus.[19]
- Molnar and
- Rybczynsky and Vickaryous studied the jaws and teeth of Euoplocephalus. Contrary to decades of support for ankylosaurs chewing with a simple straight-up-and-down movement, they noticed visible wear facets and microscopic grooves that could only be explained by relatively complex jaw movements.[7]
- Barrett reported wear facets on the teeth of Tarchia.[7]
- Molnar and Clifford described the gut contents preserved in a specimen of the Australian ankylosaur Minmi.[47] This specimen is catalogued by the Queensland Museum as QM F18101 and was excavated by the museum from near the Flinders River in 1990.[48] The stomach contents consisted of plant vascular tissue, fruiting bodies, seeds, and possible fern spores.[49] Molnar and Clifford described it as the most reliable evidence for the diet of an herbivorous dinosaur ever discovered.[50]
- McCrea, Lockley, and Meyer observed that by this point in the history of ankylosaur research, ankylosaurs track fossils had been reported from North America, South America, Asia, and Europe. Most of these trackways were preserved in moist floodplain habitats where plant life was abundant.[7] They attributed the Metatetrapous valdensis tracks from the Buckeburg Formation of Germany reported by Haubold in 1971 to ankylosaurs.[26] They similarly argued that Macropodosaurus gravis of Tajikistan was produced by an ankylosaur rather than a theropod.[25] The authors reported a single possible ankylosaur footprint from the Dakota Group of Baca County, Colorado.[51] They also proposed that several footprint specimens collected from the Blackhawk Formation of Utah may have been ankylosaurian.[52]
- Vickaryous and others described the new genus and species Gobisaurus domoculus.[22]
- Carpenter and others described the new genus and species Cedarpelta bilbeyhallorum.[21]
- Liaoningosaurus paradoxus.[19]
Aletopelta coombsi
- Ford and Kirkland described the new genus and species Aletopelta coombsi.[19]
- Garcia and Struthiosaurus languedocensis.[12]
- Vickaryous and Russell described the common ways ankylosaur skulls were distorted after death that could potentially confound anatomical interpretation. They noted a relationship between this tendency to suffer distortion and their unusual cranial traits like the fusion of the skull bones and their "embossing" cranial ornamentation.[39]
- Averianov, 2002, vide Parish & Barrett, 2004 described the new genus and species Bissektipelta archibaldi.[53]
Minotaurasaurus ramachandrani
- Ősi described the new genus and species Hungarosaurus tormai.[54]
- Salgado and Gasparini described the new genus and species Antarctopelta oliveroi.[55]
- Zhejiangosaurus lishuiensis.[56]
- Xu and others described the new genus and species Zhongyuansaurus luoyangensis.[57]
- Carpenter and others described the new genus and species Peloroplites cedrimontanus[58]
- Burns synonymizes Glyptodontopelta mimus and confirms the validity of the latter[59]
Europelta carbonensis
- Miles and Miles described the new genus and species Minotaurasaurus ramachandrani.[60]
- Parsons and Parsons described the new genus and species Tatankacephalus cooneyorum.[61]
- Dyoplosaurus acutosquameus Parks, 1924[62]
2010s
- Burns and Sullivan described the new genus and species Ahshislepelta minor.[63]
- Burns and others describe new juvenile specimens of Pinacosaurus grangeri[64]
- Stanford, Weishampel, and DeLeon described the new genus and species Propanoplosaurus marylandicus.[65]
Ziapelta sanjuanensis
- Chen and others described the new genus and species Dongyangopelta yangyanensis.[66]
- Kirkland and others described the new genus and species Europelta carbonensis.[67]
- Penkalski described the new genus and species Oohkotokia horneri.[68]
- Yang and others described the new genus and species Taohelong jinchengensis.[69]
- Han and others described the new genus and species Chuanqilong chaoyangensis.[70]
- Arbour and Currie described the new genus Crichtonpelta.[71]
- Victoria M. Arbour, Philip J. Currie, and Demchig Badamgarav described the new genus and species Zaraapelta nomadis.[72]
- Arbour and others described the new genus and species Ziapelta sanjuanensis.[73]
- Blows described the new genus Horshamosaurus.[74]
- Leahey and others described the new genus and species Kunbarrasaurus ieversi.[75]
- Burns and others describe juvenile material from Pinacosaurus grangeri collected during the Soviet-Mongolian Paleontological Expedition in 1969–1970[76]
- Arbour and Evans describe a new ankylosaur,
- Brown and others described the new genus and species Borealopelta markmitchelli.[79]
- Penkalski and Tumanova described the new species Tarchia teresae.[citation needed]
Jinyunpelta sinensis
- Penkalski described the new species ]
- Zheng and others name the new genus and species Jinyunpelta sinensis.[80]
- Rivera-Sylva and others described the new genus and species Acantholipan gonzalezi.[81]
- Wiersma and Irmis described the new genus and species Akainacephalus johnsoni.[82]
- McDonald and Wolfe described the new genus and species Invictarx zephyri.[83]
- Plates of an armored dinosaur from the Lower Jurassic (Sinemurian-Pliensbachian) Lower Kota Formation (India) are redescribed by Galton (2019), who considers these fossils to be more similar to plates of ankylosaurians than basal thyreophorans, and interprets them as the earliest ankylosaurian fossils reported so far.[84]
- Description of an assemblage of 12 partial, articulated or associated ankylosaurian skeletons and thousands of isolated bones and teeth from the Cretaceous (Santonian) Iharkút vertebrate locality (Hungary) was published by Ősi et al. (2019).[85]
- A study on the evolution of morphological traits associated with tail weaponry in ankylosaurs and glyptodonts, aiming to quantitatively test the hypothesis that tail weaponry of these groups is an example of convergent evolution, is published by Arbour & Zanno (2019).[86]
- A study on the
2020s
- An isolated caudal vertebra representing the first evidence of the presence of an ankylosaur in the Upper Jurassic Qigu Formation (China) is described by Augustin et al. (2020).[88]
- A study aiming to determine the social lifestyle of ankylosaurs, as indicated by anatomy, taphonomic history, ontogenetic composition of the mass death assemblages and inferred habitat characteristics, is published by Botfalvai, Prondvai & Ősi (2020).[89]
- Redescription of the anatomy of the holotype specimens of Hylaeosaurus armatus and Polacanthus foxii, and a study on the taxonomy of all ankylosaur specimens from the British Wealden Supergroup, is published by Raven et al. (2020).[90]
- Fossil stomach contents preserved within the abdominal cavity of the holotype specimen of Borealopelta markmitchelli are described by Brown et al. (2020).[91]
- Description of the anatomy of braincases of three specimens of Bissektipelta archibaldi is published by Kuzmin et al. (2020).[92]
- Wang et al. (2020) describe the new genus and species of ankylosaur, Sinankylosaurus.[93]
See also
Footnotes
- ^ a b Mayor (2005); "Smoking the Monster's Bone: An Ancient Delaware Fossil Legend," pages 68–69.
- ^ a b Mayor (2005); "The Monsters," page 122.
- ^ a b Mayor (2005); "Blackfeet and Ojibwe Fossil Discoveries," page 292.
- ^ Sarjeant (1999); "Further Finds in England," pages 9–10.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Vickaryous, Maryanska, and Weishampel (2004); "Introduction", page 363.
- ^ a b Galton and Upchurch (2004); "Introduction", page 343.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Vickaryous, Maryanska, and Weishampel (2004); "Paleoecology and Behavior", page 392.
- ^ Mayor (2005); "The Monsters," page 119.
- ^ a b Moore (2014); "1832" (1), page 31.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Vickaryous, Maryanska, and Weishampel (2004); "Table 17.1: Ankylosauria", page 366.
- ^ For Hylaeosaurus as the first ankylosaur, see Sarjeant (1999); "Further Finds in England," pages 9–10. For the date of the description of Ankylosauria, see Vickaryous, Maryanska, and Weishampel (2004); "Introduction", page 363.
- ^ Torrens (1999); "Politics and Paleontology", page 182.
- ^ Torrens (1999); "Politics and Paleontology", page 184.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Vickaryous, Maryanska, and Weishampel (2004); "Table 17.1: Ankylosauria", page 368.
- ^ Moore (2014); "1858" (3), page 53.
- ^ Moore (2014); "1865" (3), page 61.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w Vickaryous, Maryanska, and Weishampel (2004); "Table 17.1: Ankylosauria", page 367.
- ^ Moore (2014); "1882" (1), page 91.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Vickaryous, Maryanska, and Weishampel (2004); "Table 17.1: Ankylosauria", page 365.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Vickaryous, Maryanska, and Weishampel (2004); "Table 17.1: Ankylosauria", page 364.
- ^ Tanke (2010); "Background and Collection History," page 542.
- ^ a b McCrea, Lockley, and Meyer (2001); "Gething Formation, British Columbia (Aptian-Albian)", page 422.
- ^ a b c d McCrea, Lockley, and Meyer (2001); "Shirabad Suite, Tadjikistan (Albian)", page 433.
- ^ a b McCrea, Lockley, and Meyer (2001); "Wealden Beds, Germany (Berriasian)", pages 421-422.
- ^ Vickaryous, Russell, and Currie (2001); "Testing the Hypothesis", page 327.
- ^ Vickaryous, Maryanska, and Weishampel (2004); "Paleoecology and Behavior", pages 391–392.
- ^ a b c McCrea, Lockley, and Meyer (2001); "Torotoro Formation, Bolivia (Campanian)", page 442.
- ^ McCrea (2000); "Tetrapodosaurus borealis Sternberg, 1932", page 41.
- ^ McCrea, Lockley, and Meyer (2001); "Purbeck Beds, England (Berriasian)", page 421.
- ^ McCrea, Lockley, and Meyer (2001); "Dunvegan Formation, Alberta and Northeast British Columbia (Cenomanian)", page 437.
- ^ a b McCrea (2000); "1.2 Previous work on the Gates Formation", page 2.
- ^ Molnar (2001); "Introduction", page 342.
- ^ Molnar (2001); "Introduction", page 341.
- ^ Molnar and Clifford (2001); "Introduction", pages 399-400.
- ^ Lockley and Meyer (2000); "The First Ankylosaur Tracks," pages 182-183.
- ^ McCrea, Lockley, and Meyer (2001); "Cedar Mountain Formation, Utah (Albian-Cenomanian)", page 433.
- ^ a b c Vickaryous, Maryanska, and Weishampel (2004); "Taphonomy", page 391.
- ^ McCrea, Lockley, and Meyer (2001); "Gates Formation, Grande Cache, Alberta (Lower Albian)", page 429.
- ^ McCrea, Lockley, and Meyer (2001); "Gates Formation, Grande Cache, Alberta (Lower Albian)", page 423.
- ^ McCrea, Lockley, and Meyer (2001); "Saltwick Formation, England (Aalenian-Bajocian)", page 421.
- ^ Vickaryous, Maryanska, and Weishampel (2004); "Definition and Diagnosis", page 363.
- ^ McCrea, Lockley, and Meyer (2001); "Dunvegan Formation, Alberta and Northeast British Columbia (Cenomanian)", page 440.
- ^ McCrea, Lockley, and Meyer (2001); "Cedar Mountain Formation, Utah (Albian-Cenomanian)", pages 433-434.
- ^ McCrea, Lockley, and Meyer (2001); "Djadokhta Formation, Mongolia (Campanian)", page 441.
- ^ Molnar and Clifford (2001); "Abstract", page 399.
- ^ For date and location of discovery, see Molnar (2001); "Introduction", page 342. For catalogue number and stomach contents, see Molnar and Clifford (2001); "Introduction", page 399.
- ^ Molnar and Clifford (2001); "Description", page 401.
- ^ Molnar and Clifford (2001); "Introduction", page 400.
- ^ McCrea, Lockley, and Meyer (2001); "Dakota Group (Albian-Cenomanian)", page 435.
- ^ McCrea, Lockley, and Meyer (2001); "Blackhawk Formation, Utah (Campanian)", page 440.
- ^ Parish and Barrett (2004); "Abstract", page 299.
- ^ Ősi (2005); "Abstract", page 370.
- ^ Salgado and Gasparini (2006); "Abstract", page 199.
- ^ Lü et al. (2007); "Abstract", page 344.
- ^ Xu et al. (2007); "Abstract", page 433.
- ^ Carpenter et al. (2008); "Abstract", page 1089.
- S2CID 140672072.
- ^ Miles and Miles (2009); "Abstract", page 65.
- ^ Parsons and Parsons (2009); "Abstract", page 721.
- S2CID 85665879.
- ^ Burns and Sullivan (2011); "Abstract", page 169.
- .
- ^ Stanford, Weishampel, and DeLeon (2011); "Abstract", page 916.
- ^ Chen et al. (2013); "Abstract", page 658.
- ^ Kirkland et al. (2013); "Abstract", page 1.
- ^ Penkalski (2013); "Abstract", page 617.
- ^ Yang et al. (2013); "Abstract", page 265.
- ^ Han et al. (2014); "Abstract", page 1.
- ^ Arbour and Currie (2015); "Abstract".
- ^ Arbour, Currie, and Badamgarav (2014); "Abstract", page 631.
- ^ Arbour et al. (2014); "Abstract", page 1.
- ^ Blows (2015); in passim.
- ^ Leahey et al. (2015); in passim.
- S2CID 130610291.
- PMID 28573004.
- ^ "Zuul, Destroyer of Shins". ROM: Royal Ontario Museum. Royal Ontario Museum. Retrieved 11 May 2017.
- S2CID 5182644. Retrieved 9 March 2018.
- PMID 29487376.
- S2CID 134924657.
- PMID 30065856.
- PMID 30155354.
- S2CID 134302379.
- S2CID 135050124.
- PMID 30835954.
- S2CID 135430365.
- S2CID 225545154.
- S2CID 225164568.
- S2CID 227249280.
- PMID 32742695.
- S2CID 219909120.
- ^ Wang, K. B.; Zhang, Y. X.; Chen, J.; Chen, S. Q.; Wang, P. Y. (2020). "A new ankylosaurian from the Late Cretaceous strata of Zhucheng, Shandong Province". Geological Bulletin of China (in Chinese). 39 (7): 958–962.
References
- Arbour, Victoria M.; Burns, Michael E.; Sullivan, Robert M.; Lucas, Spencer G.; Cantrell, Amanda K.; Fry, Joshua; Suazo, Thomas L. (24 September 2014). "A New Ankylosaurid Dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous (Kirtlandian) of New Mexico with Implications for Ankylosaurid Diversity in the Upper Cretaceous of Western North America". PMID 25250819.
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External links
Media related to Ankylosauria at Wikimedia Commons
