Timeline of the Cold War

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Titan nuclear missile, in use from 1959 until 1962
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This is a timeline of the main events of the Cold War, a state of political and military tension after World War II between powers in the Western Bloc (the United States, its NATO allies and others) and powers in the Eastern Bloc (the Soviet Union, its allies in the Warsaw Pact and later the People's Republic of China).

1940s

1945

1946

1947

1948

  • January 5:
    Burma (today Myanmar) becomes independent from the UK through the Burma Independence Act 1947
    .
  • January 30: Mahatma Gandhi was assassinated.
  • February 25: The
    Czechoslovak coup d'état of 1948
    .
  • March 10: Czechoslovak Foreign Minister Jan Masaryk is reported having committed suicide.
  • March 12: The Costa Rican Civil War begins.
  • April 3: Truman signs the Marshall Plan into effect. By the end of the programs, the United States has given $12.4 billion in economic assistance to Western European countries.
  • April 9: La Violencia begins in Colombia between the Colombian Conservative Party and the Colombian Liberal Party.
  • May 10: A parliamentary vote in southern Korea sees the confirmation of Syngman Rhee as President of the
    Republic of Korea
    , after a left-wing boycott.
  • May 14: The
    State of Israel is formed, with David Ben-Gurion as its first Prime Minister
    .
  • May 15: 1948 Arab–Israeli War.
  • June 12: Mátyás Rákosi becomes General Secretary of the Hungarian Working People's Party and, therefore, the de facto leader of Communist Hungary.
  • June 18: A communist insurgency in Malaya begins against British and Commonwealth forces.
  • June 21: In Germany, the British zone and the French zone launch a common currency, the Deutsche Mark.
  • June 24: Stalin orders the Berlin Blockade, closing all land routes from West Germany to Berlin, in an attempt to starve out the French, British, and American forces from the city. In response, the three Western powers launch the Berlin Airlift to supply the citizens of Berlin by air.
  • June 28: The Soviet Union expels Yugoslavia from the
    Communist Information Bureau
    (COMINFORM) for the latter's position on the Greek Civil War.
  • June 28: Stalin attempts to starve
    Berlin Airlift
    begins.
  • August 15: The United States declares the Republic of Korea to be the legitimate government of the Korean Peninsula, with Syngman Rhee installed as the leader.
  • September 9: The Soviet Union declares the Democratic People's Republic of Korea to be the legitimate government of all of the Korean Peninsula, with Kim Il Sung installed as the leader.
  • September 11: Muhammad Ali Jinnah dies.
  • September 13:
    Operation Polo
    .
  • September 18: In Indonesia, the Madiun Affair, an uprising carried out by the People's Democratic Front (FDR), begins led by Musso, of the Communist Party of Indonesia. The uprising ends after three months when the Indonesian army captures and kills most of the rebels.
  • November 20: The American consul and his staff in Mukden, China, are made virtual hostages by communist forces in China. The crisis does not end until a year later, by which time U.S. relations with the new communist government in China had been seriously damaged.

1949

1950s

1950

1951

1952

1953

1954

  • January 21: the U.S. launches the world's first nuclear submarine, the USS Nautilus. The nuclear submarine would become the ultimate nuclear deterrent.
  • March 8: U.S. and Japan Mutual Defense Assistance Agreement is signed by the United States and Japan.
  • March 13: the KGB is created as the successor agency of the NKVD.
  • April–June: the Army–McCarthy hearings are broadcast on American television, leading to a loss of support for McCarthyism.[29]
  • May 7: the Viet Minh
    Geneva Accords
    calls for free elections to unite Vietnam, but none of the major Western powers wish this to occur in the likely case that the Viet Minh (nationalist Communists) would win.
  • May 17: the Hukbalahap revolt in the Philippines is defeated.
  • June 2: Senator Joseph McCarthy claims that communists have infiltrated the CIA and the atomic weapons industry.
  • June 18: the elected leftist Guatemalan government is overthrown in a CIA-backed coup. An unstable rightist regime installs itself. Opposition leads to a guerrilla war with Marxist rebels in which major human rights abuses are committed on all sides. Nevertheless, the regime survives until the end of the Cold War.
  • July 8: Col.
    Jacobo Arbenz Guzman
    .
  • July 22: India annexes the Portuguese territories of Dadra and Nagar Haveli.
  • August 11: the Taiwan Strait Crisis begins with the Chinese Communist shelling of Taiwanese islands. The US backs Taiwan, and the crisis resolves itself as both sides decline to take action.
  • September 8: foundation of the
    Indochina
    .
  • October 10: the Jebel Akhdar War begins in Oman.
  • November 1: the fight for independence in French Algeria begins.
  • December 2:
    Sino-American Mutual Defense Treaty
    , is signed between the United States and the Republic of China.
  • December 15: Suriname becomes a Dutch constituent state.

1955

1956

  • February 25: Nikita Khrushchev delivers the speech "
    On the Personality Cult and its Consequences" at the closed session of the Twentieth Party Congress of the CPSU. The speech marks the beginning of the De-Stalinization
    .
  • March 20: Tunisia becomes independent from France.
  • June 28: in
    anti-communist protests
    lead to violence.
  • July: the United States and the United Kingdom cancel offers of aid on the construction of the Aswan Dam in Egypt due to its arms purchases from the Eastern Bloc. Nasser retaliates by nationalizing the Suez Canal.[31]
  • October 23: Hungarian Revolution of 1956: Hungarians revolt against the Soviet dominated government. They are crushed by the Soviet military, which reinstates a Communist government.
  • October 29: Suez Crisis: France, Israel, and the United Kingdom attack Egypt with the goal of removing Nasser from power. International diplomatic pressures force the attackers to withdraw. Canadian Lester B. Pearson encourages the United Nations to send a Peacekeeping force, the first of its kind, to the disputed territory. Lester B. Pearson wins a Nobel Peace Prize for his actions, and soon after becomes Canadian Prime Minister.
  • November 6: Dwight Eisenhower wins re-election, defeating Adlai Stevenson for the second time in the 1956 presidential election
  • December: Viet Cong insurgency begins in South Vietnam, sponsored by North Vietnam.

1957

  • January 5: the Eisenhower Doctrine commits the United States to defending Iran, Pakistan, and Afghanistan from Communist influence.
  • January 22: Israeli forces withdraw from the Sinai, which they had occupied the previous year.
  • February 15: Andrei Gromyko begins his long tenure as Foreign Minister of the Soviet Union.
  • March 6: Ghana becomes independent from the UK under Commonwealth status.
  • May 2: Senator Joseph McCarthy succumbs to illness exacerbated by alcoholism and dies.
  • May 15: the United Kingdom detonates its first hydrogen bomb.
  • August 31: Malaya gains independence from the United Kingdom.
  • October 1: the Strategic Air Command initiates 24/7 nuclear alert (continuous until termination in 1991) in anticipation of a Soviet ICBM surprise attack capability.
  • October 4:
    Avro Arrow
    is revealed.
  • November 3: Sputnik 2 was launched, with the first living being on board, Laika.
  • November 7: the final report from a special committee called by President Dwight D. Eisenhower to review the nation's defense readiness indicates that the United States is falling far behind the Soviets in missile capabilities, and urges a vigorous campaign to build fallout shelters to protect American citizens.
  • November 15: Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev claims that the Soviet Union has missile superiority over the United States and challenges America to a missile "shooting match" to prove his assertion.
  • December 16–19: NATO holds its first summit in Paris, France. It is the first time NATO leaders have met together since the signing of the North Atlantic Treaty in April 1949.

1958

1959

  • January 1: Fidel Castro wins the Cuban Revolution and becomes the dictator of Cuba. In the next several years Cuban-inspired guerrilla movements spring up across Latin America.[33]
  • January 2: Luna 1 is launched in an attempt to impact the Moon but due to an error in device's control systems, resulted in the device missing its target by 5,990 kilometres (3,720 mi).
  • March 3: Pioneer 4 was launched in an attempt to photograph the Moon. The probe failed to achieve its intended target of 32,000 kilometres (20,000 mi) from the Moon, reaching only 60,000 kilometres (37,000 mi), too distant for its scanners to photograph the Moon.
  • March 10–23: the Tibetan uprising occurs.
  • March 24: New Republic government of Iraq leaves Central Treaty Organization.
  • May 23: the Laotian Civil War begins.
  • July 24: during the opening of the American National Exhibition in Moscow US Vice President Richard Nixon and Soviet First Secretary Khrushchev openly debate the capacities of each Superpower. This conversation is known as the Kitchen Debate.
  • July 31: the Basque conflict officially begins, with the aim of creating an independent state for the Basque people.
  • August 7: Explorer 6 is launched into orbit to photograph the Earth.
  • September: Khrushchev visits U.S. for 13 days, and is denied access to Disneyland. Instead, he visits SeaWorld (then known as Marineland of the Pacific).[34]
  • September 13: Luna 2 is launched and becomes the first man-made object to land on the Moon.
  • October 4–22: Luna 3 is launched to take photographs of the far side of the Moon. Approximately 70% of the far side was captured; however, on October 7, only 17 of the 29 photos successfully transmitted back to Earth due to issues with signal strength. On October 22, further contact with Luna 3 was lost.[35]
  • November: the Rwandan Revolution begins.
  • December: formation of the NLF (often called
    USSR
    eventually.

1960s

1960

1961

1962

1963

1964

1965

1966

  • January 31: Luna 9 is launched.
  • February 3: Luna 9 successfully lands on the Moon becoming the first spacecraft to softly land on another extraterrestrial body.
  • March 1: Venera 3 becomes the first man-made object to impact another planet.[41]
  • March 10: France withdraws from NATO command structure.
  • March 11: President Sukarno of Indonesia signs a document, handing over authority to Major General Suharto. This led to Suharto later establishing the pro-western and anti-communist New Order regime. This regime would remain in power until 1998.
  • May 8: Communist China detonates a third nuclear device.
  • May 26: Guyana becomes independent from the UK.
  • May 30: Surveyor 1 is launched.
  • June 2: Surveyor 1 becomes the first American spacecraft to softly land on another extraterrestrial body.
  • August 11: the Jakarta Accord is signed by the
    hostility between Indonesia and Malaysia
    .
  • August 26: South African Border War begins.
  • September 30: Botswana becomes independent from the UK.
  • October 5: beginning of low-level armed clashes in Korean DMZ between North Korea and South Korea backed by the United States.
  • November 30: Barbados becomes independent from the UK.

1967

1968

1969

1970s

1970

1971

1972

1973

  • January 27: the
    Indochina
    .
  • February: Balochi separatists launched a five-year long guerilla war against the Pakistani government in order to create a separate Balochistan nation.
  • February 21: Vientiane Treaty is signed as a cease-fire agreement for the Laotian Civil War. The treaty calls for the removal of all foreign soldiers from Laos . The treaty calls for a coalition government to be created but never materialized.
  • June 21: West Germany and East Germany are each admitted to the United Nations.
  • July 10: The Bahamas becomes independent from the UK.
  • September 11: Chilean coup d'état — The democratically elected Marxist president of Chile, Salvador Allende, is deposed and dies of a gunshot wound during a military coup led by General Augusto Pinochet.
  • October 6: Yom Kippur War — Israel is attacked by Egypt and Syria, the war ends with a ceasefire.
  • October 14: an uprising occurred in Thailand.
  • October 22: Egypt defects to the American camp by accepting a U.S. cease-fire proposal during the October 1973 war.
  • November 11: the Soviet Union announces that, because of its opposition to the recent overthrow of the government of Chilean President Salvador Allende, it will not play a World Cup Soccer match against the Chilean team if the match is held in Santiago.

1974

1975

1976

1977

  • January 1: Charter 77 is signed by Czechoslovakian intellectuals, including Václav Havel.
  • January 20: Jimmy Carter becomes President of the United States.
  • March 8: a
    Shaba Province, Zaire
    .
  • May 30: The Mozambican Civil War begins.
  • June 6: U.S. Secretary of State Cyrus Vance assures skeptics that the Carter administration will hold the Soviet Union accountable for its recent crackdowns on human rights activists.
  • June 27: Djibouti becomes independent from France.
  • June 30: the Carter administration cancels the planned Rockwell B-1 Lancer bomber.
  • July 21–24:
    war
    at the Egyptian-Libyan border.
  • July 23: the Ogaden War begins when Somalia attacks Ethiopia.

1978

1979

1980s

1980

1981

1982

1983

1984

  • January: U.S. President Ronald Reagan outlines foreign policy which reinforces his previous statements.
  • January 1: Brunei gains independence from the UK.
  • February 13: Konstantin Chernenko is named General Secretary of the Soviet Communist Party.
  • May 24: the U.S. Congress ratifies the Boland Amendment banning U.S. aid to the contras.
  • June 1–10: Operation Blue Star begins.
  • July 28: various allies of the Soviet Union boycott the 1984 Summer Olympics (July 28 – August 12) in Los Angeles.
  • August 11: during a microphone sound check for his weekly radio address, President Ronald Reagan jokes about bombing the Soviet Union. "My fellow Americans", Reagan says. "I'm pleased to tell you today that I've signed legislation that will outlaw Russia forever. We begin bombing in five minutes." The quip is not aired but is leaked to the press.[52] The Soviet Union temporarily puts its defense forces on high alert.
  • October 31: Indira Gandhi assassinated.
  • December 16: Margaret Thatcher and the UK government, in a plan to open new channels of dialog with Soviet leadership candidates, meet with Mikhail Gorbachev at Chequers.

1985

1986

  • January 13: the
    South Yemen Civil War
    begins.
  • February 13: France launches
    Operation Epervier
    (Sparrowhawk) in an effort to repulse the Libyan invasion of Chad.
  • February 25: the People Power Revolution takes place in the Philippines, overthrowing President Ferdinand Marcos. The Philippines' first female president, Corazon Aquino, was installed as president.
  • April 15: U.S. planes bomb Libya in
    Operation El Dorado Canyon
    .
  • April 26: Chernobyl disaster: a Soviet nuclear power plant in the Ukraine explodes, resulting in the worst nuclear power plant accident in history.
  • July 22: the Surinamese Interior War occurs.
  • October 11–12:
    Reykjavik Summit
    : a breakthrough in nuclear arms control.
  • October 19: The pro-Marxist interim President of Mozambique, Samora Machel, is killed when the aircraft he is travelling in crashes in South Africa.
  • November 3: Iran–Contra affair: the Reagan administration publicly announces that it has been selling arms to Iran in exchange for hostages and illegally transferring the profits to the Contra rebels in Nicaragua.

1987

1988

1989

1990s

1990

1991

See also

References

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  64. ISBN 978-0-85773-586-7
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  75. ^ a b "TURKMENISTAN'S REFERENDUM ON INDEPENDENCE". Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe. October 26, 1991. Retrieved September 10, 2023. On October 26, 1991, Turkmenistan held a referendum on independence. Over 97 percent of eligible voters turned out to answer "Yes" or "No" to two questions, the first dealing with the republic's independence, the second seeking approval of President Saparmurad Niyazov's political and economic program. Over 94 percent of participants voted for independence; almost as high a percentage of voters voiced backing for Niyazov. On October 27, an extraordinary session of Turkmenistan's Supreme Soviet declared independence.
  76. ^ Lapidus, Gail W. (Summer 1998). "Contested Sovereignty: The Tragedy of Chechnya". International Security. 23 (1): 15–16. Retrieved April 18, 2024 – via JSTOR. The first stage in the unfolding conflict involved the emergence and radicalization of the Chechen national movement in the late 1980s, the election of Dudayev to the presidency, and the adoption of the law on state sovereignty of November 1, 1991.
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  79. ^ "The Collapse of the Soviet Union". United States Department of State: Office of the Historian. Retrieved September 11, 2023. On December 25, 1991, the Soviet hammer and sickle flag lowered for the last time over the Kremlin, thereafter replaced by the Russian tricolor.
  80. ^ "Address on Gorbachev Resignatio". c-span.org. December 25, 1991. Retrieved September 11, 2023.

Further reading

  • Arms, Thomas S. Encyclopedia of the Cold War (1994).
  • Brune, Lester H. Chronology of the Cold War, 1917–1992 (Routledge, 2006) 720 pp of brief facts
  • Hanes, Sharon M. and Richard C. Hanes. Cold War Almanac (2 vol 2003), 1460pp of brief facts
  • Parrish, Thomas. The Cold War Encyclopedia (1996)
  • Trahair, Richard C.S. and Robert Miller. Encyclopedia of Cold War Espionage, Spies, and Secret Operations (2012). excerpt
  • Tucker, Spencer C. and Priscilla Mary Roberts, eds. The Encyclopedia of the Cold War: A Political, Social, and Military History (5 Vol., 2007). excerpt
  • van Dijk, Ruud, ed. Encyclopedia of the Cold War (2 vol. 2017) excerpt

External links

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_the_Cold_War&oldid=1219632680"