Timeline of the Muslim presence in the Iberian Peninsula

This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Timeline of the Muslim presence in the Iberian Peninsula" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) This article's factual accuracy is disputed. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are reliably sourced. (February 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

This is a timeline of notable events during the period of Muslim presence in

Conquest (711–756)

• 711 – A
  Caliph Al-Walid I
  , enters the Iberian peninsula from North Africa.
  • At the Battle of Guadalete, Tariq ibn Ziyad defeats Visigothic king Roderic.
• 712 – The Muslim governor of Northern Africa, Musa ibn Nusayr, follows Tariq ibn Ziyad with an army of 5,000 Arabs to make the total of the army 12,000. He takes Medina-Sidonia, Seville and Mértola.
• 713 – Abd al-Aziz ibn Musa, Musa ibn Nusair's son, takes Jaén, Murcia, Granada, Sagunto.
• 714 – First Umayyad campaigns in the lower Ebro valley and southeast part of the Iberian Peninsula.
  • Abd al-Aziz ibn Musa takes Évora, Santarém and Coimbra.
• 715 – Abd al-Aziz ibn Musa is left in charge and makes his capital the city of Seville. The Al-Walid's successor, Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik, orders Abd al-Aziz ibn Musa assassinated.
• 717 – Córdoba becomes the capital of Muslim Al-Andalus.
• 718 –
  Pelayo, a Christian Asturian noble and possibly (but not certainly) comrade-in-arms of King Roderic at the Battle of Guadalete
  , leads the fight against the Umayyads in the Asturian region.
• 720 – The Umayyads conquer Barcelona and Narbonne and Septimania.^[1]
• 721 – A combined force of
  Odo of Aquitaine defeat an Umayyad army at the Battle of Toulouse
  .
• 725 – Anbasa ibn Suhaym al-Kalbi raids Autun in Burgundy, Frankish Kingdom.
• 731 – Berbers allied of Odo of Aquitaine rebel in
  Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi
  .
• 732 – The Cordovan army led by Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi defeats an Aquitanian force under Duke Odo of Aquitaine on the Garonne next to Bordeaux.
  • Frankish commander
    Battle of Tours-Poitiers
    , killing Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi.
• 735 – Umayyads take
  Rhône
  Valley.
• 739 – Berbers revolt in North Africa, thereafter expanding to Iberia.
  • Rebels in North Africa defeat a
    Kulthum
    .
  • Revolt drives Muslim army out of Galicia.
• 740 – Berbers rebel against the ethnically exclusive Arab Umayyad Caliphate and refuse to support them with tax revenues.
• 741 – The 10,000 survivors of Kulthum's force arrive in Iberia under a new leader, Talaba ibn Salama.
• 742 – Internal conflict in Al-Andalus continues for the next 4 years.
• 755 –
  Abbasids
  .
• 756 – Abd ar-Rahman I defeats
  Yusuf al-Fihri
  outside Córdoba.

The Umayyad Emirate of Córdoba (756–929)

• 756 –
  Emir of Córdoba
  .
• 759 – The Andalusis lose the city of Narbonne, last Muslim stronghold north of the Pyrenees.
• 764 – Abd ar-Rahman I takes Toledo from
  Hisham ibn Urwa
  .
• 766 – Said al-Matari rebels in Seville.
• 771 – Syrians under Abd al-Ghaffar rebel against Abd ar-Rahman I, but the latter defeats the Syrians on the river Bembezar in 774.
• 777 – Abd ar-Rahman I suppresses an Abbasid-inspired revolt.
• 778 – The
  Franks led by Charlemagne attack Zaragoza
  , but are forced to withdraw empty-handed.
• 785 – Building of the
  Great Mosque of Córdoba
  begins on the grounds of a Visigothic church; it is completed in 976.
• 788 – Death of Abd ar-Rahman I, founder of the independent Umayyad Emirate of Córdoba. His successor is
  Hisham I
  .
• 791 –
  Douro River
  .
• 791 – Battle of the Burbia River, where the Umayyad Cordovans defeat the Asturians.
  • A Muslim force raids into Galicia.^{[citation needed]}
• 792 –
  Marca Hispanica and Gothia
  (eastern Pyrenees).
• 794 –
  Asturians defeat the Umayyad Cordovans at the Battle of Lutos
  .
• 795 – An Umayyad force occupies
  Astorga
  .
• 796 – Al-Hakam I becomes Emir of Córdoba.
• 798 – In a raid across western al-Andalus, Alfonso II of Asturias captures and sacks Lisbon, but does not retain it.
• 799 – Basques revolt and kill the local Cordovan governor in Pamplona (Mutarrif ibn-Musa).
• 800 – Charlemagne takes Barcelona. He is granted the title of "Holy Roman Emperor" by Pope Leo III in order to guarantee his protection of Rome against the invading Lombards.
• 801 – William of Gellone and Louis the Pious, Charlemagne's son, take Barcelona from Andalusi lords.
• 806 – Frankish conquest of Pamplona.
• 808 – Franks fail to take Tortosa.
• 809 – An Umayyad prince defeats and executes Tumlus, a Muslim rebel who had seized power in Lisbon some years before.
• 811 – Charlemagne fails to take control of Tarragona; "Hispanic March" (designation until 874) established to the south of Barcelona.
• 813 – The grave of
  James the Apostle is 'revealed' near Santiago de Compostela, in Galicia
  .
• 816 – Forces of the Emirate of Cordoba under
  Balask al-Yalasqi
  .
• 822 –
  Abd-ar-Rahman II
  becomes Emir of Córdoba.
• 824 – Basques destroy a Carolingian army at the second
  Kingdom of Pamplona
  established.
• 825 – Andalusian forces attempt to invade Christian territory from Coimbra and Viseu but are driven back.
• 827 –
  Bernat of Septimania holds Barcelona against Gothic
  rebels who have Umayyad assistance.
• 829 – Another insurrection in Mérida.
• 839 – Alfonso II of Asturias commands a military force in the region of Viseu.
• 844 – Vikings raid the Galician estuaries, are defeated by Ramiro I, attack Lisbon, and sack Seville, but are shortly afterwards wiped out by a Córdoban relief army.
  • St. James
    is claimed to have aided a Christian Army.
• 848 – William, son of
  Bernat of Septimania
  , seizes Barcelona.
• 850–859 – Perfectus, a Christian priest in Andalusi Córdoba, is beheaded after refusing to retract numerous insults hurled at Muhammad. Numerous other priests, monks, and laity would follow.
  • Forty-eight Christian men and women are decapitated for refusing to convert or recurrently blaspheming Muhammad – Martyrs of Córdoba.
• 852 – Death of
  Abd at-Rahman II
  .
  • Muhammad I
    becomes Emir of Córdoba.
• 854 – Afonso Betotes takes Tui.
• 859 –
  García Íñiguez of Pamplona
  .
• 859 –
  Musa ibn Musa at Albelda
  .
• 868 – Vímara Peres captures Porto and establishes the County of Portugal.
• 872 – Count Odoario captures Chaves
• 873 – Over the next 25 years
  Frankish
  kings.
• 878 – The city of Coimbra is taken from the Moors. Hermenegildo Gutiérrez is made Count of Coimbra.
• 886 – Al-Mundhir becomes Emir of Córdoba.
  • Revolts in Al-Andalus continue till 912
• 888 –
  Abdallah ibn Muhammad
  becomes Emir of Córdoba.
• 893 – Zamora is taken for Alfonso III of Asturias.
• 899 – Simancas is taken for Alfonso III of Asturias.
• 900 – Toro is taken for Alfonso III of Asturias.
• 905 –
  Alfonso III of León, Raymond I, Count of Pallars and Ribagorza and the Banu Qasi
  .
• 912
  • Abd al-Rahman III becomes the Emir of Córdoba. Every spring, Emirate troops or those of vassals launch raiding campaigns against the Christian frontier.
  • Osma
    is taken for the Christians.
• 913 – An expedition commanded by Ordoño II of León takes Évora (Talavera) from the Muslims.
  • The capital city of the Kingdom of Asturias is moved from Oviedo to León, becomes Kingdom of León.
• 916 –
  Valdejunquera
  .
• 917 – Battle of San Esteban de Gormaz. Ordoño II defeats an army under Emir Abd al-Rahman III.
• 919 – The Muslims again attack the city of San Esteban de Gormaz at the Battle of San Esteban de Gormaz (919)
  • Mozarabic rite
    .
• 920 – Battle of Valdejunquera, where the armies of Abd al-Rahman III defeat the armies of the Kingdom of León.
• 920 – Muslim forces under the command of Abd al-Rahman III take the city of San Esteban de Gormaz
• 920 – Muslim forces cross the Pyrenees, enter Gascony, and reach as far as the gates of Toulouse. The garrison of Muez is killed.
• 924 – The city of Pamplona is destroyed by forces led by Abd al-Rahman III.

The Umayyad Caliphate of Córdoba (929–1009)

• 929 –
  Fatimids, proclaims himself Caliph of Córdoba, breaking all ties with the Abbasid Caliphate in Baghdad
  . Under the reign of Abd al-Rahman III Muslim Al-Andalus reaches its greatest height before its slow decline over the next four centuries.
• 930 – Over the next 20 years
  Osma, and Talavera
  .
• 933 – Battle of Osma where Castilian–Leónese troops, under Fernán González of Castile, defeat the Muslim army of Abd al-Rahman III.
• 939 – Battle of Simancas where Ramiro II of León defeats Abd al-Rahman III. Christians defeat Al-nasir at Alhandega.
  • Madrid is recaptured from Muslim forces. The encounter between the two rulers finally took place in 939, when, at the so-called ditch of Simancas (Shant Mankus), Ramiro II of León severely defeated the Muslims, and Abd al-Rahman III narrowly escapes with his life. After that defeat Abd al-Rahman III resolved never to take personal charge of another expedition. But Madrid recaptured by Muslims in 940.
• 953 –
  Emperor Otto I
  sends representatives to Córdoba to ask Caliph Abd al-Rahman III to call off some Muslim raiders who had set themselves up in Alpine passes and are attacking merchant caravans going in and out of Italy.
  • Big Moorish incursion in
    Galicia
    .
• 955 – Ordoño III of León attacks Lisbon.
• 961 – Al-Hakam II becomes Umayyad Caliph of Córdoba.
• 974 – A Córdoban expedition under Ibn Tumlus crushes a rebellion in Seville.
• 976 – Caliph Al-Hakam II dies, and Al-Mansur takes over in the name of his protégé Hisham II, becoming a military dictator usurping caliphal powers and launching a big number of offensive campaigns against the Christians. The Christians take advantage of the resulting confusion and commence raids into Muslim territory.
  • Al-Mansur sacks Barcelona.
• 977 – Al-Mansur volunteers to lead the army against the Christians, and is successful.
• 978 – Leonese forces under
  Garci Fernández and Ramiro III of León suffer the worst in a string of defeats at San Esteban de Gormaz (Also defeated at Rueda and Torrevicente), eventually leading to the revolt of the Galacian nobles and the abdication of Ramiro in favor of Bermudo II of León
  .
• 981 – Al-Mansur defeats his old friend
  García Fernandez. Ghalib is killed in the battle. Al-Mansur subsequently kills off both Ibn al-Andalusi and Man ibn Abd al-Aziz al-Tujibi
  .
  • 981 – Ramiro III of León is defeated by Al-Mansur at Rueda at the Battle of Rueda and is obliged to pay tribute to the Caliph of Córdoba.
• 983 – After failing in a rebellion in the Maghreb, the Berber Chief Zawi ibn Ziri, of the Tunisian royal family, brings a formidable force of Sanhaja horsemen to join Al-Mansur. However, they are not allowed to cross the straits for many years (sometime 1002–1008).
• 985 – Under Al-Mansur and subsequently his son, Christian cities are subjected to numerous raids.
• 985 – Al-Mansur sacks Barcelona.
• 986 – Al-Mansur burns down the monastery of Sant Cugat del Vallès.
• 987
  • Al-Mansur retakes Christian Coimbra.
  • Al-Mansur seizes the castles north of the
    Douro River, and arrives at the city of Santiago de Compostela. The city had been evacuated and Al-Mansur burns it to the ground. Al-Mansur has the basilica
    doors and bells of the Christian shrine of Santiago de Compostela taken to the Córdoba Mosque and has the rest of the Church destroyed.
• 988 – Al-Mansur razes
  León to the ground. He sacks Leon, Zamora, and Sahagun
  , and sets fire to the great monasteries of Eslonza and Sahagun.
• 989 – Al-Mansur seizes
  Osma
  .
• 995 – Despite stout resistance by the
  Santa Maria de Carrion
  .
• 997 – Under the leadership of Al-Mansur, Muslim forces march out of the city of Córdoba and head north to capture Christian lands.
• 998 –
  Slav and the best Andalusian commander of the time, takes Fez in Morocco
  with a large force.
  • Muslims briefly attempt to establish a garrison at
    Zamora
    .
• 1000 –
  Sancho III of Navarre
  , inflicts major losses on the Muslims, and nearly clinches a remarkable victory.
• 1000–1033 –
  García III of Pamplona, Castile to Fernando I, and Aragon to Ramiro I
  .
• 1002 – Al-Mansur raids into
  La Rioja
  .
  • Al-Mansur dies in the village of Salem.
  • Power in Al-Andalus subsequently divided between the old
    Slav
    slaves.
• 1002–1008 – Al-Mansur's son Al-Muzaffar conducts annual raids against the Christians.
• 1003 – Moors lay waste to the city of
  León
  .
• 1008 – On the death of al-Muzaffar, Abd al-Rahman ibn Al-Mansur, another son of Al-Mansur, takes over the role of unofficial ruler. In winter he leads his army against the Christians.
  • Muhammad II – great-grandson of Abd al-Rahman III – deposes Hisham II
    as Caliph and destroys Al-Mansur's palace complex of al-Madinat al-Zahira near Córdoba.
  • Mohammed II al-Mahdi becomes Umayyad Caliph of Córdoba.
  • The period of anarchy over the next 23 years out of which emerged approximately two dozen taifa states.

Political fragmentation (1009–1094)

• 1009 – Muslims lay waste to
  León
  again.
  • The Berbers are expelled from Córdoba and set up camp at Calatrava. Their Generals nominate another descendant of Abd al-Rahman III – Sulayman al-Mustain – as a rival Caliph.
  • Suleiman seeks the aid of Count Sancho García of Castile against Mohammed II of Umayyad. The joint Berber-Castilian
    army defeats the Arab militia of Muhammad II and sacks Córdoba.
  • Sulaiman al-Mustain becomes Umayyad Caliph of Córdoba as Suleiman II, after deposing Mohammed II.
  • The Taifa (independent Moorish kingdom) of Badajoz becomes independent of the Caliph of Córdoba and governs the territory between Coimbra and North Alentejo.
• 1010
  • Having fled to Toledo, Mohammed II seeks the aid of
    Count of Barcelona and Urgel. The Catalan
    army defeats Sulaiman II's Berbers at Aqabat al-Baqar and again near the river Guadiaro (near Ronda).
  • Mohammed II reclaims Córdoba supported by the
    Wadih
    , but is assassinated.
  • Hisham II is restored as Umayyad Caliph of Córdoba by slave troops of the Caliphate under Wahdid.
• 1012 – Berber forces capture Córdoba and order that half the population be executed.
  • Sulaiman II is restored as Umayyad Caliph of Córdoba by the Berber armies.
• 1013 – A Berber reign of terror in Córdoba that kills the deposed Hisham II.
  • The powerless Sulaiman II is forced to hand out provincial governorships to the Berber chiefs.
  • Jews are expelled from the Umayyad Caliphate of Córdoba, then ruled by Suleiman II.
  • Samuel ibn Naghrillah flees to Málaga when Suleiman attacks Córdoba.
  • Samuel ibn Naghrillah becomes vizier to the Emir of Granada, as does his son,
    Joseph ibn Naghrela
    . Many other Jews flee to Granada.
  • Caliphate of Córdoba begins to break up. Many Taifas (independent Moorish kingdoms) begin to spring up.
• 1014 – The Berber chief Zawi ibn Ziri – leader of the Sanhaja confederation, and a member of the Tunisian royal family – makes Granada his capital.
• 1015 – The
  Mujāhid al-‘Āmirī, sets out from his base in the Balearic Islands with a fleet of 125 ships in an attempt to take Sardinia
  .
  • Ali ibn Hammud, Emir of Ceuta
    , declares himself the rightful Caliph and marches on Córdoba. A Berber general deposes and executes Caliph Suleiman II.
  • Mujāhid al-‘Āmirī is dislodged from Sardinia by a force from Genoa and Pisa
    .
• 1018 – Self-proclaimed Caliph
  Abd ar-Rahman IV al-Mutada
   – the Umayyad claimant.
  • The Taifa of the Algarve becomes independent.
• 1021 – Abd-ar-Rahman IV becomes Umayyad Caliph of Córdoba.
  • Yahya, the son of Ali ibn Hammud al-Nasir, rebels in Málaga
    with the support of the Berbers.
• 1022 –
  Abd-ar-Rahman V
  becomes Umayyad Caliph of Córdoba with the support of Berber troops.
  • The Taifa (independent Moorish kingdom) of Lisbon emerges. It will be annexed by the Taifa of Badajoz.
• 1023 –
  Muhammad III
  becomes Umayyad Caliph of Córdoba with the support of Berber troops.
  • The
    Abbadid Emir of Seville, Abu al-Qasim Muhammad ibn Abbad
    , declares independence from Muhammad III, Umayyad Caliph of Córdoba.
• 1025 – Abu al-Qasim Muhammad ibn Abbad,
  Abbadid
  Emir of Seville, captures two castles at Alafões to the north-west of Viseu.
• 1027 –
  Hisham III
  becomes Umayyad Caliph of Córdoba.
• 1028 –
  Alfonso V, king of Asturias
  and León, lays siege to Viseu but is killed by a bolt from the walls.
  • The Moorish Caliphate of Córdoba falls.
• 1031 – The Moorish Caliphate of Córdoba falls.
  • Hisham III
    , the last of the Umayyad Caliphs disappears into obscurity.
• 1033 – The Taifa (independent Moorish kingdom) of Mértola becomes independent.
• 1034 – The Leonese destroy a raiding force under Ismail ibn Abbad of Seville. Ismail ibn Abbad flees to Lisbon.
  • Gonçalo Trastemires – a Portuguese frontiersman – captures Montemor castle on the Mondego river.
  • Over the next 28 years
    Garcia II
    .
• 1035 –
  Bermudo III of León defeats the Moors at the Battle of Cesar, in the Aveiro region
  .
• 1038 – Granadine armies under the vizier wage almost continuous war against their Muslim neighbours, primarily Seville.
• 1040 – The Taifa of
  Silves
  becomes independent.
• 1043 – Zaragoza and Toledo fight over the border city of
  Navarrese
  to raid into Zaragoza; similarly, Zaragoza pays the León–Castilians to raid into Toledo. The Christian armies ravage the respective Muslim lands unchecked.
  • Rodrigo Diaz Vivar, whom the Muslims would name "El Cid Campeador" (Lord Winner of Battles) is born in Burgos.
• 1044 –
  Abbadid Emir of Seville Abbad II al-Mu'tadid, retakes Mértola
  , since 1033 an independent Taifa.
• 1051 –
  Emir of Lleida, is paying the Catalans
  to protect against his own family in Zaragoza.
  • The Taifa of the Algarve is annexed by the Taifa of Seville.
• 1053 – Emir
  Al-Mutadid of Seville
  drives Berbers from Arcos, Morón and Ronda.
• 1054 –
  Ferdinand I of Castile defeats that of his brother García III of Navarra, near Burgos
  . Several disaffected Navarrese knights join the Castilians before the battle and one of these men is believed to have killed Garcia. Garcia's son Sancho is proclaimed King on the field of battle and the war continues.
• 1055 – Emir Al-Mutadid of Seville drives Berbers from Algeciras.
• 1056 – The
  Almoravids
  (al-Murabitun) Dynasty begins its rise to power. This Berber dynasty who would rule North Africa and Islamic Iberia until 1147.
• 1057 – Emir Al-Mutadid of Seville drives Almoravids from Carmona.
  • Ferdinand I of Castile-León takes Lamego from the Moors.
• 1058 – Emir Al-Muzaffar al-Aftas (Abu Bekr Muhammad al-Mudaffar – Modafar I of Badajoz, Aftid Dynasty) pays the Christians to leave Badajoz, but not before Ferdinand I of Castile-León takes Viseu.
• 1060–1063 – Council (Ecumenical Synod) of Santiago de Compostela.
• 1060 – The heretic
  Berghouata Berbers set up a Taifa in Ceuta
  , but are eventually crushed by the Almoravids.
  • Ferdinand I of León imposes an annual tribute on Muslim Zaragoza. Emir Al-Muktadir ibn Hud of Zaragoza drives Slavs from Tortosa when the Tortosans rise against their Slav ruler.
• 1062 – Ferdinand I of Castile and León invades Muslim Toledo with a large army. Emir Al-Mamun becomes a tributary of Castile. Ferdinand then invades Muslim Badajoz, and extracts tribute from Emir Al-Mutadid of Seville.
• 1063 –
  Sancho Ramirez
  of Aragon. Seville feels obliged to pay Christians tribute.
  • The Taifa of Seville annexes the Taifa of
    Silves
    .
• 1064 – Ferdinand I of León-Castile besieges Muslim Coimbra from 20 January 1064 – 9 July 1064. The Muslim governor who surrendered is allowed to leave with his family, but 5,000 inhabitants are taken captive, and all Muslims are forced out of Portuguese territory across the Mondego river.
  • The
    Mozarabic (Christian) general Sisnando Davides
    , who led the siege of Coimbra, becomes Count of Coimbra.
  • The
    Hispanic calendar
    is adopted.
• 1065 – Civil War in Castile-León. In April Emir
  Garcia in Galicia
  .
• 1066 –
  Zirids of Sanhaja defeat the attempt and instigate a pogrom
  of the Jews in Granada.
  • Joseph and other Jews in Granada are attacked and murdered; many escapees flee to the north. "More than 1,500 Jewish families, numbering 4,000 persons, fell in one day, December 30, 1066."[2]
• 1067 – The Castilian army under Sancho II and the Alferez Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar – already known as El Cid by this time – besiege Zaragoza. The siege is lifted after Emir Al-Muqtadir pays a large ransom and promises tribute. War of the three Sanchos: Castile versus Aragon and Navarre. Aragon severely mauls the Castilians at Viana, however status quo is restored when the Zaragozan Vali of Huesca invades Aragon from the south.
• 1068 – Alfonso VI of León leads a campaign against Badajoz, but withdraws when Emir Mamun ibn Dhi-I-Nun of Toledo intercedes. Badajoz becomes tributary to León. Later the Emir of Badajoz dies and his two sons dispute the succession.
• 1069 – Alfonso VI of León overruns Badajoz early in the year. Seville takes Córdoba. The army consists of an advance guard of 300 horses and a main body of 1000.
• 1071 –
  Garcia II of Galicia proclaims himself King of Portugal. Sometime after 18 January 1071 and before May, Garcia II of Galicia is captured by his brother Sancho II of Castile (It is unclear if Garcia was captured in open battle at Santarém or by trickery). Garcia purchases his release and retires to the court of his tributary Al-Mutamid
  of Seville. Galicia is divided between his brothers Sancho and Alfonso.
• 1073 – The Emir of Granada rejects the Castilian demand for tribute, however,
  Abbad III al-Mu'tamid, the Emir of Seville offers to pay instead. Consequently, a joint Muslim-Castilian force builds the fortress of Belillos
  , from which the garrison raid into Granada.
• 1074 – Emir Al-Mutamid of Seville drives the Almoravids from Jaén.
• 1075 – Toledo takes Córdoba from Seville with the help of Castilian troops.
• 1076 – Emir Ahmad
  Denia. Ferdinand I of León-Castile besieges Muslims and takes Coria
  in Badajoz. After the Emir of Toledo dies, Seville takes Córdoba back from his son al-Qadir.
• 1078 –
  Ibn Ammar acquires Murcia nominally on behalf of Seville but in reality as his own. Seville takes Valencia from Toledo. As a result, Al-Qadir of Toledo is forced from the city by a coup and his opponents acknowledge al-Mutawwakil of Badajoz as their new ruler. The Almoravids take Tangier. Ceuta hangs on as the last Zanata
  outpost because its fleet can supply it from sea.
• 1079 –
  Rodrigo Díaz
  , defeats the Emir Abd Allah of Granada, who was helped by the Castilian Count García Ordíñez.
• Battle of Coria. Alfonso VI (already king of Castile and León) defeats the Muslim Emir of Badajoz, Al-Mutawwakkil. Al-Mutawwakkil renounces control of Toledo and al-Qadir is reinstated. A Leonese garrison is established at Zorita to the east of Toledo.
• 1080 – Ibn Ammar forced to flee Murcia.
• 1081 – El Cid, now a mercenary because he had been exiled by Alfonso IV of Castile, enters the service of the Moorish king of the northeast Spanish city of Zaragosa, al-Mu'tamin, and would remain there for his successor, al-Mu'tamin II.
• 1082 –
  Berenguer Ramón II
  , who is captured). When Emir Al-Mutamid of Seville pays his tribute in debased coinage, Alfonso of León-Castile leads an expedition in Muslim territory.
• 1083 – In June–July Almoravids take
  Straits of Gibraltar
  . Castile under Alfonso VI of León and Castile takes Madrid.
• 1084 – The Muslim army of Zaragoza under El Cid defeats the Aragonese. In autumn the Castilians start a loose siege of Toledo.
• 1085 – Christians take Salamanca.
  • Castile under Alfonso VI of León and Castile, Emperor of all Spains, takes Toledo.
• 1086 – Several Muslim Emirs (namely
  Battle of az-Zallaqah
  (North of Badajoz). He was debarred from following up his victory by trouble in North Africa which he had to settle in person.
  • Raymond of Burgundy, son of William I, Count of Burgundy, comes to Iberia for the 1st time to fight against the Moors, bringing with him his younger cousin Henry of Burgundy, grandson of Robert I, Duke of Burgundy.
  • In spring the Castilians besiege Zaragoza, but the siege is called off when the Almoravids land in the south. In June the Almoravids advance guard of 500 men take possession of Algeciras. The remaining 12–20,000 soon follow. Castilians under Alvar Fañez install al-Qadir as Emir of Valencia.
  • Almoravids, rampage through parts of Iberia, especially Granada and Lucena. There are persecutions and massacres. The wealthier Jews flee to Christian-held Iberia.^{[citation needed]}
  • The Christian advance obliges the Muslim kings of Granada, Seville and Badajoz to call to their aid the Almoravids.
  • Sir ibn Abi Bakr
    and Dawud ibn Aisha are reported to have fought well during the battle.
• 1087 – Alfonso VI of León and Castile takes the fortress of
  Aledo
  in the territory of Murcia, blocking the route from Seville and Granada to the eastern provinces.
  • After his crushing defeat at
    Zallaqa
    , Alfonso VI of León and Castile swallows his pride and recalls El Cid from exile.
• 1088 – Yusuf ibn Tashfin arrives back in
  Aledo
  for 4 months, but Yusuf ibn Tashfin returns to Africa unsuccessful.
• 1090 – Yusuf ibn Tashfin returns to the Peninsula for the third time, takes over the kingdoms of Granada and Málaga in September and is back in Africa by the end of the year. However, this time his nephew Sir ibn Abi Bakr is left to continue the conquest. Between 30 April 1090 and 8 May 1090, Christian troops enter Santarém, Lisbon and Sintra. These were recently ceded by the Al-Mutawwakil of Badajoz in return for protection from the Almoravids.
  • Yusuf ibn Tashfin, King of the Almoravids, captures Granada.
• 1091 – The Almoravids led by Muhammad ibn al-Hajj take Córdoba and the Guadalquivir valley early in the year, and then defeat a Castilian force under Álvar Fáñez who were attempting to aid Al-Mutamid of Seville. In September Seville surrenders without much of a fight to Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr. Subsequently, other Almoravids armies take Aledo and Almería. Ronda also falls and the Almoravid commander Garur executes al-Radi (the son al-Mutamid of Seville).
  • The Taifa of Mértola falls to the Almoravids.
• 1092 – With El Cid away in Zaragoza, the Valencians under the qadi Ibn Jahhaf and supported by a small Almoravid force, drive the Castilian garrison out and execute their Emir al-Qadir. Ibn Jahhaf promptly sets himself up at Emir and starts negotiating with both El Cid and the Almoravids.
  • Toledo falls to the Reconquista and will remain in Christian hands thereafter
• 1093 – An Almoravid army (Abu Bakr ibn Ibrahiim) approaches Valencia but then retreats without striking a blow.
  • Almoravid Sir ibn Abi Bakr takes Badajoz and Lisbon. Fall of the Taifa of Badajoz.
  • El Cid captures Valencia from the Moors, carving out his own kingdom along the Mediterranean that is only nominally subservient to Alfonso VI of León and Castile. Valencia would be both Christian and Muslim, with adherents of both religions serving in his army.
  • The Almoravids from Morocco land near Cuarte and lay siege to Valencia with 50,000 men. El Cid, however, breaks the siege and forces the Almoravids to flee – the first Christian victory against the hard-fighting Africans.

Almoravid-Almohad period (1094–1238)

• 1094 – By 1094, Yusuf had annexed most of the major taifas, with the exception of the one at Zaragoza. The Almoravids were victorious at the Battle of Consuegra, during which the son of El Cid, Diego Rodríguez, perished. Alfonso, with some Leónese, retreated into the castle of Consuegra, which was besieged for eight days until the Almoravids withdrew to the south.
• 1095 – The Almoravids take Santarém.
• 1097 – El Cid defeats Almoravid (Ali ibn al-Hajj) at the Battle of Bairén south of Valencia.
  • Almoravid (Muhammad ibn al-Hajj) defeat Castilians (Alfonso VI) at Consuegra. El Cid's son, Diego, is one of the dead.
  • Almoravid (Muhammad ibn Aisha) defeat Castilians (Alva Fañez) at Cuenca before ravaging the lands of Valencia.
  • Yusuf ibn Tashfin assumes the title of Amir al Muslimin (Prince of the Muslims).
• 1099 – The Almoravids besiege El Cid's Valencia, where he dies on 10 July 1099.
• 1100 – Molina falls to the Reconquista and will remain in Christian hands thereafter
• Beginning of 12th century – According to estimates, the Muslim population in Iberia may have reached 5.5 million, including Arabs, Berber and indigenous converts.^[3]
• 1102 – The followers of El Cid leave Valencia and the Muslims occupy the Peninsula as far as Zaragoza; Battle of Mollerussa near Lleida on 14 September.
  • Main Muslim mosque in Toledo converted to a church, Muslim population is sparse.
  • Christians evacuate Valencia in April–May. Almoravid (
    Albarracin
    remain independent.
• 1103 – Ali, the brother of the Almoravid governor of Granada, Muhammad ibn al-Hajj, is killed in battle with the Castilians near Talavera.
• 1105 – The
  Almohads, founded by Ibn Tumart, began as a religious movement to rid Islam of impurities. Most specifically, the Almohads were opposed to anthropomorphisms which had slipped into Iberian Islam. Ibn Tumart's successor, Abd al-Mu'min
  , turned the movement against non-Muslims, specifically Jews and Christians. Sweeping across North Africa and into Muslim Iberia, the zealous Almohads initiate riots and persecutions of both Muslims and non-Muslims. In some towns Jews and Christians are given the choice of conversion, exile, or death.
• 1106 – Yusuf ibn Tashfin dies and his son, Ali, takes over the Almoravid empire.
• 1108 – The Almoravids under Tamim ibn Yusuf ibn Tashfin, the brother of the ruler; another general is Muhammad ibn Fatima, the grandson of Sir ibn Abi Bakr, take the small town of Uclés to the east of Toledo, but a ridge top fortress holds out. Alfonso VI of León and Castile sends a relieving army under Alvar Fañez. The Almoravids decisively beat the Castilians and many leaders are killed, including Sancho, Alfonso's only son (by Zaïda, a Muslim princess) and heir. Subsequently, the Almoravids pretend to withdraw then launch a successful surprise attack on the castle. As a result, the Christians abandon Cuenca and Huete.
  • Almoravid (Tamim ibn Yusuf ibn Tashfin) storm Talavera on the Tagus to the west of Toledo. The country to the north and south of Toledo is ravaged and the city unsuccessfully besieged for a month. Alvar Fañez leads the defence. Emir Ali ibn Yusuf ibn Tashfin joined this year's Jihad but does not mention him in the actions.
• 1110 – Al-Mustain of Zaragoza leads an expedition against the Christians, but is killed at Valtierra. His son, Imad al-Din, fails to establish his rule and the Almoravid (ibn al-Hajj) marches in (30 May 1110).
• 1111 – Almoravids led by Sir ibn Abi Bakr occupy Lisbon and Santarém in the west. These cities were occupied by the Almoravids in 1094-95 this suggests a fluctuating border in Portugal.
  • Henry, Count of Portugal grants city rights and privileges to Coimbra and captures Santarém to the Moors.
• 1112 – By this time the Aragonese have taken Huesca. Almoravid (ibn al-Hajj) raids into Aragonese territory and reaches the foothills of the Pyrenees.
• 1114 – A major Almoravid expedition (ibn al-Hajj from Zaragoza and Ibn Aisha of Valencia) raids into Catalonia. The army ravages Christian territory but is ambushed on its return and both Almoravid generals are killed. The Catalans under Count Ramon Berengar III take over the Balearic Islands upon the death of Emir Mubashir ibn Sulayman of Majorca.
  • The Taifa of
    Beja
    and Évora becomes independent.
• 1115 – The new Almoravid governor of Zaragoza, Abu Bakr ibn Ibrahim ibn Tifilwit, lays siege to Barcelona for 20 days. The Almoravids withdraw when Count Ramon Berengar III returns from Majorca. The Almoravid fleet takes the Balearic Islands. The Almoravid general and governor of Granada Mazdali ibn Tilankan dies in battle this year. He led expeditions against the Christians from 1111, so he might have led an expedition separate from those of Abu Bakr and the fleet. His son, Muhammad, governor of Córdoba, also dies in battle this year (against the Castilians), so it may have been the same expedition.
• 1117 – Almoravids under Emir Ali ibn Yusuf himself siege Coimbra, but abandon the city after failing to capture it.
• 1118 –
  Saragossa
  from the Muslims. Settlers in the reconquered no-man's lands of Castile are granted fueros, special rights.
  • The Aragonese led Alfonso–I the Battler seize Zaragoza and most of the central lands of the Ebro. The siege of Zaragoza lasts from 22 May 1118 to 18 December 1118. The garrison has 20 mangonels and is supported by a determined militia. As a result of a plea for help of 3 December the Almoravid governor of Valencia sends a relief force, but this is too small to help. Lleida only remains in Muslim hands because it is tributary to Barcelona.
  • Zaragoza falls to the Reconquista and will remain in Christian hands thereafter
• 1120 – Alfonso I of Aragon decisively defeats an Almoravid army including many Andalusian volunteers at Cutanda in summer.
• 1121 – The Aragonese take Calatayud. The Córdobans rebel against the Almoravids, and drive the governor and his troops from the city. The Emir Ali ibn Yusuf ibn Tashfin leads an army from Africa to suppress the rebellion. The Almoravids besiege the city, and persuade the Córdobans to lay down their arms.
• 1122 – Aragonese take Daroca.
• 1125 – In September, Alfonso I of Aragon sets out south with an army of 4,000 knights. He travels down the east coast, bypasses the cities and ravages the countryside. He reaches Guadix unopposed in December.
• 1126 – The Almoravids deport Christians to Morocco.
  • Alfonso I of Aragon defeats the Almoravids at Arinzul near Lucena. After symbolically fishing at Motril on the south coast, Alfonso returns home undefeated.
• 1129 – Alfonso I of Aragon defeats an Almoravid army led by Ali ibn Majjuz, the governor of Seville deep inside Valencian territory. This is probably at Cullera or Alcalá near Alzira.

• 1130 –
  Gaston IV of Béarn of the First Crusade
  .
• 1133 – The Christian militia of Toledo reach the gates of Seville and kill the Almoravid governor (Abu Hafs Umar ibn Ali ibn al-Hajj). Further damage is averted by the intervention of Tashfin ibn Ali ibn Yusuf.
• 1134 – Almoravid (Tashfin ibn Ali ibn Yusuf) raids in the Caceres area.
  • Aragonese
    Alfonso I of Aragon is ambushed while raiding Lleida
    and is severely wounded and dies soon after.
• 1135 – Birth of Rabbi Moses Ben Maimon (called "
  Rambam" or Moses Maimonides
  ).
• 1136 – Almoravid (Yahya ibn Ali ibn Ghaniya; Sa'd ibn Mardanish) retakes Mequinenza on the lower Ebro.
• 1137 – Almoravid (Tashfin ibn Ali ibn Yusuf) defeat the Castilians near Alcázar de San Juan and sack the castle at Escalona north of the Tagus.
  • Prince Afonso I of Portugal tries and fails to take Lisbon from the Moors.
• 1139 – Battle of Ourique between the Portuguese, led by Afonso I of Portugal, and the Almoravids, led by Ali ibn Yusuf.
• 1140 – Poema del Mio Cid written.
  • King Afonso I of Portugal tries and fails to take Lisbon from the Moors.
• 1144 – The
  Silves in his name, and the governor of Beja, Sidray ibn Wazir, also supports him. Ibn al-Mundhir and Sidray ibn Wazir kill the garrison of Monchique castle, and 70 men take Mértola by surprise (12 Aug). Soon after, the Andalusian governor of Niebla, Yusuf ibn Ahmad al-Bitruji declares for the Muridun. The Almoravid Yahya ibn Ali ibn Ghaniya
  drives the Muridun back from Seville, and afterwards Sidray ibn Wazir splits off from the other Muridun.
  • The Taifa of
    Silves
    again become independent.
• 1145 – The Córdobans evict the Almoravid governor at the beginning of the year and raise up Hamdin ibn Huhammad ibn Hamdin as Emir. A Zaragozan adventurer in Castilian employ (
  Sayf al-Dawla ibn Hud al-Mustansir) briefly seizes power from ibn Hamdin in March but flees to the Levante due to popular hostility. Ibn Hamdin returns to power but is soon dispossessed by the Almoravid (Yahya ibn Ali ibn Ghaniya). In March the Andalusian Jund
  in Valencia raise up the qadi Marwan ibn Abd al-Aziz as Emir. When he cannot pay them they replace him with their own leader Ibn Iyad.
  • Portugal retakes Leiria from the Moors.
  • The Taifa of Badajoz again becomes independent and takes the Taifa of Mértola.
• 1146 – Al-Mustansir accepts the crowns of Valencia and Murcia from the hands of Ibn Iyad. The Christians defeat the Valencians (Al-Mustansir) near
  Muhammad ibn Sa'd ibn Mardanish
  becomes ruler.
  • The Taifa of Mértola gains independence from Badajoz.
• 1147
  • Alfonso VII of Castile takes Calatrava
    .
  • March – King Afonso I of Portugal takes the Taifa of Santarém in a surprise attack.
  • King Afonso I of Portugal captures Santarém and the city will remain in Christian hands thereafter
  • An international Christian coalition attacks Almería by land and sea. Alfonso VII of Castile and Sancho Ramirez of Navarre march overland taking Andújar and Baeza en route. Ramon Berengar IV of Aragon-Catalonia and a Genoese naval contingent join them at Almería. There is no opposition from the Almoravid fleet. Almería falls on 17 Oct and is given to the Genoese.
  • A Crusaders' fleet arrives at the Portuguese city of Porto, and are convinced to join King Afonso I of Portugal in the Siege of Lisbon, which falls after several months. Lisbon falls to the Reconquista and will remain in Christian hands thereafter Some Muslims are killed, and the city was thoroughly plundered by the Crusaders.
  • The towns of Almada and Palmela, just south of Lisbon, are taken from the Moors by the Portuguese.
• 1148 – Almohads take Seville. Aragonese take Tortosa.
• 1149 – Aragonese take Lleida and Fraga.
  • A new Berber dynasty, the Almohads, led by Emir Abd al-Mu'min al-Kumi, takes North Africa from the Almoravids and soon invades the Iberian Peninsula.
• 1150 – The Taifas of
  Beja
  and Évora are taken by the Almohads.
• 1151 – The Almohads, another more conservative African Muslim dynasty who have displaced the Almoravids, retake Almería. Jews and Mozárabes (Christians in Muslim lands) flee to the northern Christian kingdoms of Spain, or to Africa and the East, including
  Rambam
  .
  • King Afonso I of Portugal tries and fails to take Alcácer do Sal from the Moors.
  • The Taifa of Mértola is taken by the Almohads.
• 1155 – Almohads take Granada from Almoravids.
  • The Taifa of
    Silves
    is taken by the Almohads.
• 1157 – Almohads take Almería from Genoese.
• 1158 – King Afonso I of Portugal takes Alcácer do Sal from the Moors.
• 1159 – Évora and
  Beja, in the southern province of Alentejo
  , are taken from the Moors by the Portuguese.
• 1160 –
  Fez in Morocco
  , which had been spared by the Almohads.
• 1161 – Évora, Beja and Alcácer do Sal are retaken by the Moors.
• 1162 – King Afonso I of Portugal retakes Beja from the Moors.
• 1163 – The Almohad Caliph
  Abu Ya'qub Yusuf I
  .
• 1165 – Faked conversions become widespread with the accession of the sultan Abu Yakub. His son, Yakub Al-Mansur (1184–1199) imposes several restrictions upon the new converts. They could marry only among themselves and were forbidden to engage in large-scale trading, Doubting the sincerity of their conversion, in 1198, he also ordered them to wear a special degrading garb: a blue tunic one cubit long with ridiculously long wide sleeves. The converts were compelled to wear a blue skullcap which fell below their ears in the shape of a donkey's packsaddle, instead of the usual turbans.
• 1165 –
  Fez
  .
  • The Portuguese armies, led by
    Geraldo the Fearless
    , retake Évora from the Moors.
• 1166 – The Portuguese take
  Moura (in Alentejo
  ) from the Moors.
• 1168 – Portuguese frontiersman
  Geraldo the Fearless
  goes into the territory of Badajoz.
• 1169 – King Afonso I of Portugal grants the Knights Templar one third of all they take from the Moors in Alentejo.
  • Geraldo the Fearless
    seizes Badajoz from the Almohads.
  • King Afonso I of Portugal is wounded by a fall from his horse in Badajoz, and is captured by the competing forces of King Ferdinand II of León. As ransom King Afonso I was obliged to surrender almost all the conquests he had made in Galicia in the previous years, as well as Badajoz, that the Leonese gave back to the Almohads as a vassal territory.
• 1170 – The Almohads transfer their capital to Seville.
• 1171 – Almohad Muslims begin building the Alcázar, their palace.
• 1172 – Almohads capture Murcia. Almohads take over Valencia when ibn Mardanish dies.
• 1179 – Castile and Aragon agree on future partition of Al-Andalus.
• 1184 – The Portuguese defeat the Almohads at Santarém.
  • Abu Yusuf Ya'qub al-Mansur
    .
• 1189 – King Sancho I of Portugal captures Silves.
• 1190
  • Maimonides writes the Moreh Nebukhim, or Guide to the Perplexed, using rationalism to reconcile Judaism with Aristotle's laws of nature, and Shloshah-Asar Ikkarim, the Thirteen Articles of Faith.
  • First major
    Almohad campaign against Portugal
    .
  • Gualdim Pais successfully defends Tomar from the Almohads.
• 1191
  • Second major
    Almohad campaign against Portugal. Alcácer do Sal, Palmela, Coina, Almada, Beja, Silves
    , fall to the Muslims.
• 1195 – The Almohads defeat the Castilians at Alarcos.
• 1199 – The Almohad Caliph Abu Yusuf Ya'qub al-Mansur dies and is succeeded by
  Muhammad an-Nasir
  .
• 1200 – Ibn Tumart's successor, Abd al-Mumin, turned the movement against non-Muslims, specifically Jews and Christians. Sweeping across North Africa and into Muslim Iberia, the zealous Almohads initiated riots and persecutions of Muslims and non-Muslims. In some towns Jews and Christians were given the choice of conversion, exile, or death.
• 1203 – The Almohads take
  Majorca
  from the Almoravid.
• 1205 – Death of Maimonides in Egypt.
• 1212 –
  Military Orders (Knights Templar, Knights Hospitaller, Santiago, Cavatrava), and urban militias
  . After the defeat the Almohad empire goes into a serious decline in Spain and in North Africa.
• 1213 –
  Abu Ya'qub Yusuf II
  becomes Almohad Caliph.
• 1217 – The Portuguese take the town of Alcácer do Sal from the Moors.
• 1217–1252 –
  Fernando III, king of Castile and León, conquers Córdoba, Murcia, Jaén
  , and Seville. Granada remains as the sole independent Muslim kingdom.
• 1227 –
  Denia
  falls to the Reconquista and will remain in Christian hands thereafter.
  • The Muslim governor of Murcia, Ibn Hud, becomes the leader of rebellions against the Almohad rulers.
• 1228 – Badajoz falls to the Reconquista and will remain in Christian hands thereafter.
  • Ibn Hud establishes himself emir of Murcia.
• 1229 –
  Murviedro-Sagunto
  which will remain in Christian hands thereafter.
• 1230 –
  Alfonso IX of Leon advances along the River Guadiana, takes Mérida
  and Badajoz, and opens up the way for the conquest of Seville.
• 1230 – Castilian forces under
  Taifa of Jayyān
  when the Castilian forces withdrew upon hearing news of the death of Alfonso IX of León.
• 1232 – Ibiza falls to the Reconquista and will remain in Christian hands thereafter.
  • Mohammed ibn Alhamar proclaims himself sultan of Arjona and founds the Nasrid dynasty
    .
• 1233 – Castile defeats Granada at the Battle of Jerez.
• 1234
  • Paio Peres Correia captures Aljustrel for Portugal.
  • King Sancho II of Portugal captures Beja.
• 1236
  • Castile forces under Ferdinand III of Castile recapture Córdoba which will remain in Christian hands thereafter. Ibn Hud is forced to sign a truce.
  • Castilian forces include urban militia.
  • The Nasrid ruler, Mohammed ibn Alhamar, approaches Ferdinand III of Castile to propose that in return for cooperating in the conquest of Muslim Seville, Granada would be granted independence as a subject of Castile. Fernando agrees and takes Seville.
• 1237 – Mohammed ibn Alhamar enters Granada, soon to become the new capital of his dominion. On returning to Granada, the embarrassed ibn-Alhamar announces "there is no victor but Allah", which was to become the motto of the Nasrid dynasty and to be inscribed all over the Alhambra palace.
• 1238
  • Aragon captures Valencia. Aragonese forces include urban militia.
  • The Emirate of Granada is officially founded.
  • James I retakes Valencia,
    Albarracin, Alpuente, Tortosa from the Muslims, all of which would remain in Christian hands thereafter. He also gains control of the prized paper manufacturing centre at Xàtiva
    .
  • Paio Peres Correia of the Order of Santiago captures Mértola for Portugal.
  • King Sancho II of Portugal captures Ayamonte.
  • Paio Peres Correia captures Estômbar and Alvor for Portugal.
  • Paio Peres Correia relinquishes Estômbar and Alvor in exchange for Cacela Velha.

Granada-Marinid period, Decline and submission to Christian rule (1243–1481)

• 1243 – James I retakes Murcia from the Moors and it will remain in Christian control thereafter.
• 1244 – Arjona and Baeza fall to the Reconquista and will remain in Christian hands thereafter.
  • James I of Aragon captures the Xativa Castle and city from Abu Bakr who signs the Treaty of Xàtiva effectively becoming a vassal to the Christian Kingdom.
• 1245 – Muslim troubles start in Valencia.
  • Muslim commander Al-Azraq surrenders to James I of Aragon and signs the Al-Azraq Treaty of 1245. Cartagena was captured by Aragon and will remain in Christian control thereafter.
• 1246 – Carmona falls to the Reconquista and will remain in Christian hands thereafter
  • handed over by Mohammed ibn Alhamar to Ferdinand III of Castile. They sign the Treaty of Jaén, which establishes the Emirate of Granada as vassal state
    of Castile.
• 1247 – Having had time to secretly regroup his forces Al-Azraq breaks the treaty that he had signed in 1245 and leads a revolt in Valencia.
  • The Muslim rebels in Valencia retreat into the territory controlled by the
    Alcalá valley. They seize more castles and continue a successful guerrilla war
    .
• 1248 – Christian armies under
  armor
  . Castilian forces include urban militia.
  • 4 December,
    Alfonso X the Wise reconquest Alicante
    to Castile.
• 1249 – King Afonso III of Portugal takes Faro, Porches, Albufeira and Aljezur in the Algarve, thus completing the Portuguese Reconquista.
  • The Muslims fend off a major Christian offensive under King James I of Aragon.
  • Orihuela falls to the Reconquista and will remain in Christian hands thereafter.
• 1250 –
  Jerez
  fall to the Reconquista and will remain in Christian hands thereafter.
• 1252–1284 – Alfonso X the Wise continues the Christian reconquest of the peninsula and is obliged to face the Mudéjar revolts of Andalusia and Murcia. He seeks election as emperor of the Holy Roman Empire in 1257. He drafts the Fuero de las Leyes, the forerunner of the Siete Partidas.
• 1256 – Fighting flares up between the Valencia rebels and the Aragonese.
• 1257 – Muslims use some form of incendiary weapon at Niebla.
• 1258 – King James I of Aragon takes
  al-Azraq
  's main citadel and suppresses the Valencian rebellion.
• 1262 – Niebla and Cádiz falls to the Reconquista and will remain in Christian hands thereafter.
• 1264 – Muslim revolt in Andalusia.
• 1266 – Lorca, Murcia, Purchena and Segura are retaken from the Muslims and will remain in Christian hands thereafter.
• 1275 – Four
  Marinid
  expeditions to Iberia.
  • Muslims defeat Christians at the Battle of Ecija.
• 1276 – Muslim revolt in Valencia.
• 1280 – Muslim Granadian forces under the command of Muhammad II defeat invading Christian forces under the command of Gonzalo Ruiz Girón at the Battle of Moclín.
• 1280 – Muslims use some form of incendiary weapon at Córdoba.
• 1287 – Menorca falls to the Reconquista and will remain in Christian hands thereafter.
• 1292 – Castile captures
  Marinids
  .
• 1306 – Muslims use some form of incendiary weapon at Gibraltar.
• 1309 – Ferdinand IV of Castile takes Gibraltar.
  • Algeciras falls to the Reconquista and will remain in Christian hands thereafter.
• 1310 – Castile captures Gibraltar.
• 1312–1350 – War between
  Alfonso XI
  and Granada
• 1319 – Granada defeats Castilian invasion.
• 1324 – First recorded use of fire arms in the Iberian peninsula whit the with the employ of cannons by the nasrid troops in the siege of Huescar.^[4]
• 1325 – Alfonso XI decides to avenge the defeat against his army in 1319. His armies re-attack Granada. This time, they are victorious and manage to defeat Muhammad IV.
• 1331 – Granada uses iron balls propelled by fire or containing fire against Alicante and Orihuela.
• 1333 – Granada retakes Gibraltar from the Castilians.
• 1340 – The combined armies of King
  Battle of Rio Salado
  .
• 1343 – Granada uses cannons in the (unsuccessful) defence of Algeciras.
• 1410 – An attack against Granada is led by Ferdinand, regent of Castile and future king of Aragon. He does not take Granada, but he takes the city of Antequera. This is considered the most important victory against the Muslims since the reign of Alfonso XI.
• 1415 – Portugal takes the city of Ceuta in North Africa.
• 1462 – Castile takes Gibraltar again.

Castile-Aragón conquers the emirate of Granada (1481–1491)

• 26 December 1481 – The Granadines (Emir
  Abu l-Hasan Ali) surprise the Castilian garrison of Zahara
  on a stormy night. The population is enslaved.
• 1482 – Forces of Castile–Aragon (2500 cavalry and 3000 infantry) under
  Rodrigo Ponce de León, Marquis of Cadiz gather at Marchena (25 Feb), march to Antequera, cross the Sierra Alzerifa, and then seize Granadine Alhama on a stormy night before dawn (28 February 1482). Abu l-Hasan attempts to retake Alhama by siege (5–19 March) but withdraws unsuccessfully to Granada. Muslim troops from Ronda raid the Arcos area to try to tempt the Marquis out of Alhama. In support of his men at Alhama, King Ferdinand marches to Lucena
  , sends reinforcements to Alhama (30 April 1482), withdraws to Córdoba to organise a major force, and then formally takes over Alhama (14 May 1482).
  • Siege of
    octogenarian father-in-law of Muhammad XII. Ferdinand II of Aragon returns to Córdoba. Abu l-Hasan marches on Loja and sweeps the Rio Frio
    in mid July.
• 1483 – Battle of Lucena. A fast moving Castilian force raids very close of Lucena. Emir Muhammad XII of Granada becomes the first King of Granada to be captured by the Christians.
• 1484 – The Castilian-Aragónese army led by King Ferdinand II of Aragon assembles at Antequera in Spring, marches to Álora, raids Coín, Cazabonela, Almjia, Cártama, Pupiana, Alhendrin, and the fertile valley of Málaga before returning to Antequera. They capture Álora and Senetil and raid into the fertile valley of Granada.
• 1485 –
  Moclin. The third Castilian-Aragonese group (Ferdinand) joins the other two and they take the castles of Cambil and Albahar (23 September 1485). The Castilian-Aragonese of Alhama also take the castle of Zalea
  in September.
• 1487 – Málaga falls to the Reconquista after the Siege of Málaga (1487).
• 1489 – Spain captures Baza. Al-Zagal surrenders to Spain.
  • Almería falls to the Reconquista.
• 1491 – Granada surrenders to the Castilian-Aragonese forces.
  Treaty of Granada
  .

Aftermath (1492–1614)

• 2 January 1492 – The
  Catholic Monarchs, Queen Isabella I of Castile and King Ferdinand II of Aragon
  , take over Granada.
• 1492–1507 – The remaining Muslims in the Crown of Castile were ordered to become
  Moriscos. Jews who were forcefully converted are known as marranos
  . Hundreds of thousands of Jews who did not accept conversion were expelled from Spain. They fled with nothing more than the clothes on their backs for the Ottoman Empire, Italy, Egypt and other areas.
• 1496 – All Muslims (and Jews) in Portugal were
  expelled from Portugal
  .
• 1499-1501 – A Muslim rebellion in Granada, following forced conversion of Muslims, contrary to terms of surrender; The rebellion was defeated in 1501.
• 1501-1502 All Muslims in the Crown of Castile (including the former Emirate of Granada) were forced to convert to Christianity.^[5]
• 1504 – The Oran fatwa was issued, following the forced conversion of 1501–1502, providing the basis of the secret practice of Islam in Spain.^[6]
• 1516 – King Charles I, the grandson of Ferdinand and Isabella, rises to the throne of both Castile and Aragon. With the conquest of Granada and Iberian Navarre, the modern state of Spain is formed. Muslims in the kingdom of Navarre are forced to convert.
• 1519–1522 – Revolt of the Brotherhoods in the Kingdom of Valencia. A middle-class rebellion simultaneously targeting the noble landed class and Muslim peasantry, resulting in the killing and forced conversions of many of the latter, known as Mudéjars.
• 1525 – Muslims in the Crown of Aragon are forced to convert to Christianity as a concession to the old-Christian guilds or Germanías which had revolted a few years earlier.^{[citation needed]}
• 1526 – After convening a council to examine the problem, King Charles I declares that the forced conversions of the Muslims of Valencia and Aragon were valid, because they could have chosen death rather than convert.
• 1568 –
  Rebellion of the Alpujarras. After King Philip II introduces laws prohibiting Moorish culture, the people who had forcefully converted to Christianity in order to remain in Spain, then known as Moriscos, revolt under the leadership of Aben Humeya in Granada. The rebellion is suppressed in 1571 by John of Austria
  , Philip II's half-brother, and rebels are deported to different parts of the northern half of the Iberian peninsula.
• 1570 – Around 80,000 Moriscos are deported from the Kingdom of Granada resettled in towns and villages throughout Andalusia and Castile.
• 1609 – Expulsion of the Moriscos – King Philip III issues the Act of Expulsion for all remaining Moriscos, claiming that they appealed to the Ottoman Empire for military intervention in Spain.^[7] They are viewed by some as a fifth column trying to rebuild the Muslim state in the Peninsula.
• 1614 – The process of expulsion ends.

See also

• Timeline of Córdoba, Andalusia^[8]
• Timeline of Seville^[8]

Notes