Timeline of the Principality of Antioch

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The timeline of the Principality of Antioch is a chronological list of events of the history of the

crusader state in northern Syria
).

  • The crusader states and their neighbors in 1135
    The crusader states and their neighbors in 1135
  • The remnants of the crusader states in 1190
    The remnants of the crusader states in 1190

Background

See also: Crusades, Norman conquest of southern Italy, and Photian schism

867

869

  • Late. Pope Adrian II achieves the denunciation of Photios at a council of the Byzantine prelates.[3]

969

  • October. The Byzantines re-capture Antioch that they lost to the Arabs in 637.[4]

1016

1017

1046

  • Robert Guiscard—a younger son of a petty Normandian baron—settles in southern Italy.[7]

1050s

  • The Normans introduce Latin practices in the Greek churches in southern Italy.[8][9]

1052

1054

1059

1071

1070s

1078

1081

  • Early. Robert Guiscard sends his eldest son, Bohemond, to make preparations for his invasion of the Byzantine Empire.[17]

1082

  • February 21. Robert Guiscard takes Dyrrachium (now Durrës in Albania) in the Byzantine Empire.[18]

1083

  • Summer. The Byzantines and the Venetians chase the Normans from Dyrrachium.[19][20]

c. 1084

1085

1095

1096

  • September. Bohemond assists Roger Borsa in besieging Amalfi, but he abandons the siege as soon as he is informed of the crusade.[28][29]
  • October 26. Bohemond departs from Bari, accompanied by hundreds of Norman warriors, including his nephew, Tancred.[30][31]

1097

1098

  • c. January 31. The Byzantine general, Tatikios, leaves the crusader camp at Antioch. The crusaders regard his departure as a betrayal.[49][50]
  • February 9.
    Ridwan, the Seljuk ruler of Aleppo. The crusaders capture Harim.[51][52][53]
  • March 4. English ships arrive at St Symeon.[46]
  • March 7. Yağısıyan's troops attack the crusaders across the Iron Gate on the Orontes River, but the crusaders annihilate them.[54]
  • April–May. Secret negotiations between Bohemond and a wealthy burgher of Antioch, Firouz, who is willing to give the crusaders access to the town.[55]
  • May 4–25. Kerbogha, the atabeg (or regent) of Mosul, besieges Baldwin of Boulogne at Edessa during his march towards Antioch.[56][57]
  • May 29. The crusader leaders accept Bohemond's claim to rule Antioch if he achieves the surrender of the town.[58]
  • June 3. Bohemond's troops enter Antioch with Firouz's assistance and the crusaders occupy the town. Yağısıyan's son, Shams ad-Daulah, resists them in the citadel.[59][60]
  • June 4. Kerbogha's army reaches Antioch and lays siege to the town.[56]
  • June 10. Crusaders start fleeing from Antioch because of starvation and fear.[61]
  • June 14. A Provençal visionary, Peter Bartholomew, claims to have miraculously found the Holy Lance in the Church of Saint Peter. The discovery of the alleged relic raises the crusaders' morale.[62]
  • c. June 15. Alexios I abandons his campaign towards Antioch after Stephen of Blois, who deserted the crusaders' camp, informs him about the crusaders' desperate situation.[63]
  • June 25. The crusaders elect Bohemond as commander-in-chief.[64]
  • June 28. The crusaders break out of Antioch and route Kerbogha's troops, forcing him to abandon the siege. Shams ad-Daulah surrenders the citadel to the crusaders.[65][66]
  • Well-preserved buildings of stone with a courtyard
    Shrine of Michael the Archangel on Mount Gargano
  • A man wearing a tiara preaches in a church
    Pope Urban II preaching the First Crusade
  • A man on the walls of a town speaks with a crowned man standing by the walls
    Tancred and Baldwin at Tarsus

Crusader state

Establishment

1098

  • Early July. The crusader leaders send Hugh, Count of Vermandois and Baldwin II, Count of Hainaut to Constantinople to inform Alexios I about the conquest of Antioch. Bohemond takes control of most parts of the town, because most crusader leaders cede the districts that they had protected during the siege to him. Raymond IV retains his district and Peter Bartholomew declares him the protector of the Holy Lance.[67][68]
  • July 14. Bohemond grants the Church of Saint John, 30 nearby houses and a warehouse to the Genoese in Antioch.[69]
  • c. July 17. An Aquitanian knight, Raymond Pilet, assemble an army and invades the plateau near Antioch. He forces the Muslim peasants to convert to Christianity.[70]
  • c. August 1. A plague decimates the crusaders. Their leaders retreat to the nearby regions to avoid infection.[71][72]
  • August. Bohemond stays in Cilicia.[53]
  • September 11. The crusader leaders urge the Pope in a letter to take over supreme command of their military expedition. In a separate document, Bohemond asks the Pope to annul the crusader leaders' treaties with Alexios I.[73]
  • c. September 25. Raymond IV takes Albara. The crusaders massacre or enslave hundreds of Muslims. Raymond IV establishes the
    Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch, John the Oxite, consecrates Peter.[71][74]
  • November 18. The crusader leaders acknowledge Bohemond's right to rule Antioch, but he is required to promise to accompany them towards Jerusalem.[56][72]
  • December 12. Raymond IV, Robert II and Bohemond capture Maarrat al-Nu'man. The crusaders massacre the vast majority of the local Muslims.[75]

1099

1100

1101

1102

  • After his return to Syria, Raymond IV withdraws his troops from Latakia and marches to Tripoli to lay siege to the town.[93]

1102–1103

  • The emir of Homs, Janah ad-Daula, captures the fortress of Asfouna and massacres its Frank garrison.[94]

1103

  • April–May. Tancred occupies Latakia.[69][95]
  • May. Patriarch Bernard and the Armenian ruler of Raban and Kaisun, Kogh Vasil, ransom of Bohemond who returns to Antioch.[94][95]
  • Summer. Bohemond makes plundering raids in Aleppan territory and forces Ridwan to pay a tribute.[96]
  • Autumn. The Byzantines capture the Cilician coast.[95]

1104

1105

1106

  • Spring. Tancred unsuccessfully besieges Apamea (Qalaat al-Madiq) that was captured by the Nizari (Assassin) leader Abu Tahir al-Sa'igh.[103]
  • May 26. Pope Paschal II's legate preaches a new crusade and names Bohemond as its leader at a council in Poitiers. Bohemond marries Philip I of France's daughter, Constance.[104]
  • September. Bohemond's letter to the Pope is the first extant document in which he styles himself as "prince of Antioch".[105]
  • August. Tancred captures Apamea with the support of its former Muslim ruler's sons and grants them estates in the principality.[103]

1107

  • October. Bohemond invades the Byzantine Empire from Epirus and lays siege to Dyrrachium. Venetian and Byzantine fleets deny supplies to his troops. Alexios I withdraws his troops from Cilicia, charging Oshin with its defence.[106][107][108]
  • November–October. Tancred and a Genoese fleet capture Mamistra.[106][109]

1107/1108

  • Tancred captures Latakia from the Byzantines.[110]

1108

  • c. August 15. Baldwin II is released from captivity in Mosul. Tancred denies to return Edessa to him unless Baldwin II swears allegiance to him. The Armenisans support the Byzantines in recapturing Mamistra.[111][112]
  • September. Treaty of Devol: Bohemond accepts Byzantine sovereignty and agrees to restore John the Oxite in Antioch; he also promises to persuade Tancred to cede Latakia and Cilicia to the Byzantines. Bohemond returns to southern Italy and does not make efforts to enforce Tancred to implementat the treaty.[107][113]
  • September 18. Patriarch Bernard mediates a reconciliation between Tancred and Baldwin II to prevent an armed conflict. Tancred restores Edessa to Baldwin II.[114][115]
  • Late September. Tancred routes the united armies of Jawali Saqawa, Baldwin II, Joscelin I and Kogh Vasil near Turbessel.[114][116]
  • Tancred styles himself as "prince of Antioch" in two charters.[117]

Late 1108/Early 1109

  • Raymond IV's son,
    Jabala, but Tancred banishes him from the principality.[118]

1109.

1110

1111

1112

  • February. Bertrand dies. His son and successor, Pons, takes possession of the estates that Bertrand held in fief from Tancred with Tancred's concession.[130]
  • Easter. After lengthy negotiations, Baldwin I and Joscelin I refutes to conclude an alliance with the Byzantines against Antioch.[131]
  • Summer-Autumn. Kogh Vasil captures Hisn Mansur. Tancred invades Kogh Vasil's domains and captures Raban. He restores Raban to Kogh Vasil in return for two fortresses.[132]
  • December 12. Tancred dies.[124]

1113

  • Early. Tancred's nephew, Roger, becomes the ruler of Antioch and marries Baldwin II's sister, Cecilia of Le Bourcq. Tancred is styled as prince in contemporaneous documents. He demands tribute from the Muslim rulers of Aleppo and Shaizar.[133]

1114

  • November 13. An earthquake destroys the citadel at Mamistra and its garrison.[134]
  • November 29. An earthquake demolishes parts of Antioch and Marash (now Kahramanmaraş in Turkey).[134]

1115

1116

  • Tancred and Pons besiege
    Marqab, but they cannot capture it.[136]

c. 1117

1117

1118

  • Summer. Ilghazi cannot prevent Roger and the Armenian Leo from capturing Azaz near Aleppo.[137][138]

1119

Under regents' rule

1119

  • Early August. Baldwin II, who became king of Jerusalem in 1118, and Pons hurry to Antioch to defend the principality against Ilghazi. The Antiochene barons elect Baldwin II as regent for the absent Bohemond II. Ilghazi captures al-Atharib and Zardana, the Munqidhites seize Maarrat al-Nu'man and the nearby fortresses.[141]
  • August 14. Battle of Hab: Baldwin II forces Ilghazi and Toghtekin to withdraw from the principality.[142]

1120

  • May–June. Ilghazi and Toghtekin invade the principality, but Baldwin II prevents them from conquering new territories. Ilghazi agrees to sign a one-year truce.[143]

1121

  • April–June. Baldwin II makes raids in the region of al-Atharib, forcing Ilghazi to renew the truce.[144]
  • July–September. Taking advantage of a conflict between Ilghazi and his son, Sulaiman, Antiochene troops seize Zardana and Baldwin pillages a number of villages near Aleppo.[144]

1122

  • July. Ilghazi lays siege to Zardana, but Baldwin II relieves the town.[145]
  • November–December. After Ilghazi's death, Baldwin II occupies al-Bab and Albara.[145]

1123

1124

  • January. Balak, Toghtekin and Aqsunqur al-Bursuqi, the atabeg of Mosul, besiege Azaz, but a crusader army force them to abandon the siege.[146]
  • Spring. Balak's troops raid the region of Azaz.[146]
  • May 6. Salak dies fighting against a rebellious vassal.[149]
  • August 29. Ilghazi's son, Timurtash, releases Baldwin II in return for 80,000 dinars and a promise to surrender the fortresses of al-Atharib, Zardana, Azaz and Kafartab to him.[150][146]
  • September 6. Patriarch Bernard forbids Baldwin II to cede Antiochene territories to Timurtash.[151]
  • October 29. Baldwin II lays siege to Aleppo. Timurtash fails to support the citizens who seek Aqsunqur's assistance.[150][152]

1125

1126

  • October 23 – November 22. Bohemond II arrives at Antioch. He is installed as prince in Baldwin II's presence. Bohemond II marries Baldwin II's daughter, Alice.[154][155]

1127

1128

1129

  • Thoros I, the Armenian ruler of Cilicia, captures Anazarba.[159][161]

1130

c. 1131

1130s

1131

1132

1133

1135

  • Early summer. Patriarch Bernard dies. The clergymen assemble to elect his successor, but the burghers proclaim
    Saint Peter the Apostle.[173][174]

1136

1137

  • July. Zengi besieges Fulk in the castle of Montferrand (at present-day Baarin in Syria). Raymond leaves a relieving army to Montferrand, but Fulk surrenders it to Zengi before Raymond's arrival.[178]
  • July–August. John II occupies Cilicia. Danishmend troops besiege Marash and Kaisun, but they abandon the siege because of the advance of the Byzantine army.[179][180]
  • August 29. John II lays siege to Antioch.[178]
  • September. Raymond swears fealty to John II and promises to renounce Antioch in return for Aleppo, Shaizar, Homs and Emesa after these towns are conquered.[181]

1138

  • Early. Raymond orders the arrest of the Muslim merchants in Antioch.[182]
  • Spring. The united Byzantine and crusader armies unsuccessfully besiege Aleppo, but they take al-Atarib and Kafartab. They lays siege to Shaizar, but John II abandons the siege in exchange for a tribute. With Raymond's support, two clerics accuse Patriarch Ralph of simony to achieve his deposition, but Ralph travels to Rome.[183][184]
  • May. John II enters Antioch and demands it from Raymond. After experiencing the burghers' protest, John II withdraws his troops from the town. Pope Innocent II confirms Ralph's election as patriarch and restores his jurisdiction over the archbishopric of Tyre.[178][185]

Late 1138-early 1139

  • Zengi captures Bizaah, Maarrat al-Nu'man and al-Atharib.[186]

1139

  • Spring. A Sicilian fleet accompanies Patriarch Ralph back to Antioch. Raymond forbids him to enter the town and the Patriarch settles in the County of Edessa.[185]
  • Earthquake destroys al-Atharib and Zardana.[186]
  • Sawar invades the principality, but Raymond overcomes him.[187]

1140

1140/1141

  • Turkomans launch a pillaging raid against the principality.[187]

1141

  • Antiochene troops pillage Kafartab and Sarmin. Sawar and Turkomans raid the principality as far as the gates of Antioch.[187][189]

1142

  • Invading forces from Aleppo rout Antiochene troops near Harim and at the Iron Bridge.[190]
  • September–October. John II leads his forces to northern Syria and demands Antioch from Raymond. Byzantine troops pillage the suburbs of Antioch before they withdraw to winter in Cilicia.[189][191]

1143

  • April 8. John I dies in hunting accident in Cilicia.[192][142]
  • April/May. Raymond unsuccessfully besieges Bizaah.[193]

1144

  • December 23. Zengi captures Edessa.[194] This leads to many Syriac Orthoxo refugees seeking shelter in the cities and towns of the principality.[195]

1156

  • Due to the increased number of Syriac Orthox refugees from the county of Edessa, a new church is built dedicated to Mor Barsauma who is also increasingly venerated among Franks. The first prior is a monk from the Mor Bar Sauma Monastery with which the church maintains a close ties.[196]

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Sources

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