Timeline of the evolutionary history of life

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Not to be confused with History of evolutionary thought.
This article is about the evolution of all life on Earth. For more detailed and comprehensive coverage, see History of life.

The timeline of the evolutionary history of life represents the current scientific theory outlining the major events during the development of life on planet Earth. Dates in this article are consensus estimates based on scientific evidence, mainly fossils.

In

biological organization, from kingdoms to species, and individual organisms and molecules, such as DNA and proteins. The similarities between all present day organisms imply a common ancestor from which all known species, living and extinct, have diverged. More than 99 percent of all species that ever lived (over five billion)[1] are estimated to be extinct.[2][3] Estimates on the number of Earth's current species range from 10 million to 14 million,[4] with about 1.2 million or 14% documented, the rest not yet described.[5] However, a 2016 report estimates an additional 1 trillion microbial species, with only 0.001% described.[6]

There has been controversy between more traditional views of steadily increasing biodiversity, and a newer view of cycles of annihilation and diversification, so that certain past times, such as the Cambrian explosion, experienced maximums of diversity followed by sharp winnowing.[7][8]

Extinction

Main article: Extinction event
Visual representation of the history of life on Earth as a spiral

Species go extinct constantly as environments change, as organisms compete for environmental niches, and as genetic mutation leads to the rise of new species from older ones. At long irregular intervals, Earth's biosphere suffers a catastrophic die-off, a

mass extinction,[9] often comprising an accumulation of smaller extinction events over a relatively brief period.[10]

The first known mass extinction was the Great Oxidation Event 2.4 billion years ago, which killed most of the planet's obligate anaerobes. Researchers have identified five other major extinction events in Earth's history, with estimated losses below:[11]

Smaller extinction events have occurred in the periods between, with some dividing geologic time periods and epochs. The Holocene extinction event is currently under way.[12]

Factors in mass extinctions include

glaciation, changes in sea level, and impact events.[10]

Detailed timeline

See also: List of bilaterian orders

In this timeline,

Ma
(for megaannum) means "million years ago," ka (for kiloannum) means "thousand years ago," and ya means "years ago."

Hadean Eon

Moon
Main article: Hadean

4540 Ma – 4000 Ma

Date Event
4540 Ma
accretion disc revolving around the young Sun, perhaps preceded by formation of organic compounds necessary for life in the surrounding protoplanetary disk of cosmic dust.[13][14]
4510 Ma According to the giant-impact hypothesis, the Moon originated when Earth and the hypothesized planet Theia collided, sending into orbit myriad moonlets which eventually coalesced into our single Moon.[15][16] The Moon's gravitational pull stabilised Earth's fluctuating axis of rotation, setting up regular climatic conditions favoring abiogenesis.[17]
4404 Ma Evidence of the first liquid water on Earth which were found in the oldest known zircon crystals.[18]
4280–3770 Ma Earliest possible appearance of life on Earth.[19][20][21][22]

Archean Eon

Main article: Archean
Museum of Natural History
in Vienna
The cyanobacterial-algal mat, salty lake on the White Sea seaside
Halobacterium sp. strain NRC-1

4000 Ma – 2500 Ma

Date Event
4100 Ma Earliest possible preservation of biogenic carbon.[23][24]
4100–3800 Ma Late Heavy Bombardment (LHB): extended barrage by meteoroids impacting the inner planets. Thermal flux from widespread hydrothermal activity during the LHB may have aided abiogenesis and life's early diversification.[25] Possible remains of biotic life were found in 4.1 billion-year-old rocks in Western Australia.[26][27] Probable origin of life.
4000 Ma Formation of a
Slave craton in northwest Canada - the oldest known rock belt.[28]
3900–2500 Ma Cells resembling prokaryotes appear.[29] These first organisms are believed to have been chemoautotrophs, using carbon dioxide as a carbon source and oxidizing inorganic materials to extract energy.
3800 Ma Formation of a greenstone belt of the
metasedimentary rocks in western Greenland;[31] and microbial mat fossils in 3.48 billion-year-old sandstone in Western Australia.[32][33]
3800–3500 Ma Last universal common ancestor (LUCA):[34][35] split between bacteria and archaea.[36]

Bacteria develop primitive photosynthesis, which at first did not produce oxygen.[37] These organisms exploit a proton gradient to generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a mechanism used by virtually all subsequent organisms.[38][39][40]

3000 Ma Photosynthesizing
Great Oxygenation Event
.
2800 Ma Oldest evidence for microbial life on land in the form of organic matter-rich paleosols, ephemeral ponds and alluvial sequences, some bearing microfossils.[42]

Proterozoic Eon

Detail of the eukaryote endomembrane system and its components
Dinoflagellate Ceratium furca
Blepharisma japonicum, a free-living ciliated protozoan
Dickinsonia costata, an iconic Ediacaran organism, displays the characteristic quilted appearance of Ediacaran enigmata.
Main article: Proterozoic

2500 Ma – 539 Ma. Contains the

Palaeoproterozoic, Mesoproterozoic and Neoproterozoic
eras.

Date Event
2500 Ma Great Oxidation Event led by cyanobacteria's oxygenic photosynthesis.[41] Commencement of plate tectonics with old marine crust dense enough to subduct.[28]
2023 Ma Formation of the Vredefort impact structure, one of the largest and oldest verified impact structures on Earth. The crater is estimated to have been between 170–300 kilometres (110–190 mi) across when it first formed.[43]
By 1850 Ma Eukaryotic cells, containing membrane-bound organelles with diverse functions, probably derived from prokaryotes engulfing each other via phagocytosis. (See Symbiogenesis and Endosymbiont). Bacterial viruses (bacteriophages) emerge before or soon after the divergence of the prokaryotic and eukaryotic lineages.[44] Red beds show an oxidising atmosphere, favouring the spread of eukaryotic life.[45][46][47]
1500 Ma Volyn biota, a collection of exceptionally well-preserved microfossils with varying morphologies.[48]
1300 Ma Earliest land fungi.[49]
By 1200 Ma
RNA world.[51] Sexual reproduction may have increased the rate of evolution.[52]
By 1000 Ma First non-marine eukaryotes move onto land. They were photosynthetic and multicellular, indicating that plants evolved much earlier than originally thought.[53]
750 Ma Beginning of animal evolution.[54][55]
720–630 Ma Possible global glaciation[56][57] which increased the atmospheric oxygen and decreased carbon dioxide, and was either caused by land plant evolution[58] or resulted in it.[59] Opinion is divided on whether it increased or decreased biodiversity or the rate of evolution.[60][61][62]
600 Ma Accumulation of atmospheric oxygen allows the formation of an ozone layer.[63] Previous land-based life would probably have required other chemicals to attenuate ultraviolet radiation.[42]
580–542 Ma Ediacaran biota, the first large, complex aquatic multicellular organisms.[64]
580–500 Ma Cambrian explosion: most modern animal phyla appear.[65][66]
550–540 Ma Ctenophora (comb jellies),[67] Porifera (sponges),[68] Anthozoa (corals and sea anemones),[69] Ikaria wariootia (an early Bilaterian).[70]

Phanerozoic Eon

Main article: Phanerozoic

539 Ma – present

The

mass extinctions
at division points.

Palaeozoic Era

Main article: Paleozoic

538.8 Ma – 251.9 Ma and contains the Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous and Permian periods.

Late Cambrian, where they constituted the main predatory animals.[71]
jawless fish, is popularized as one of the earliest fishes and probably a basal chordate or a basal craniate.[72]
Ferns first appear in the fossil record about 360 million years ago in the late Devonian period.[73]
Synapsids such as Dimetrodon were the largest terrestrial vertebrates in the Permian
period, 299 to 251 million years ago.
Date Event
535 Ma
chordates, echinoderms, molluscs, brachiopods, foraminifers and radiolarians
, etc.
530 Ma The first known footprints on land date to 530 Ma.[74]
520 Ma Earliest
graptolites.[75]
511 Ma Earliest crustaceans.[76]
505 Ma Fossilization of the Burgess Shale
500 Ma Jellyfish have existed since at least this time.
485 Ma First vertebrates with true bones (jawless fishes).
450 Ma First complete conodonts and echinoids appear.
440 Ma First agnathan fishes: Heterostraci, Galeaspida, and Pituriaspida.
420 Ma Earliest ray-finned fishes, trigonotarbid arachnids, and land scorpions.[77]
410 Ma First signs of teeth in fish. Earliest
lycophytes, and trimerophytes
.
488–400 Ma First cephalopods (nautiloids)[78] and chitons.[79]
395 Ma First lichens, stoneworts. Earliest harvestmen, mites, hexapods (springtails) and ammonoids. The earliest known tracks on land named the Zachelmie trackways which are possibly related to icthyostegalians.[80]
375 Ma Tiktaalik, a lobe-finned fish with some anatomical features similar to early tetrapods. It has been suggested to be a transitional species between fish and tetrapods.[81]
365 Ma Acanthostega is one of the earliest vertebrates capable of walking.[82]
363 Ma By the start of the
seed-bearing plants and forests
soon to flourish.

Four-limbed tetrapods gradually gain adaptations which will help them occupy a terrestrial life-habit.

360 Ma First crabs and ferns. Land flora dominated by seed ferns. The Xinhang forest grows around this time.[84]
350 Ma First large sharks,
tetrapods
(with five digits and no fins and scales).
350 Ma Diversification of amphibians.[85]
325-335 Ma First Reptiliomorpha.[86]
330-320 Ma First amniote vertebrates (Paleothyris).[87]
320 Ma
Synapsids (precursors to mammals) separate from sauropsids (reptiles) in late Carboniferous.[88]
305 Ma The Carboniferous rainforest collapse occurs, causing a minor extinction event, as well as paving the way for amniotes to become dominant over amphibians and seed plants over ferns and lycophytes.

First diapsid reptiles (e.g. Petrolacosaurus).

280 Ma Earliest
sphenopsids decrease. Terrestrial temnospondyl amphibians and pelycosaurs (e.g. Dimetrodon
) diversify in species.
275 Ma Therapsid synapsids separate from pelycosaur synapsids.
265 Ma Gorgonopsians appear in the fossil record.[89]
251.9–251.4 Ma The Permian–Triassic extinction event eliminates over 90-95% of marine species. Terrestrial organisms were not as seriously affected as the marine biota. This "clearing of the slate" may have led to an ensuing diversification, but life on land took 30 million years to completely recover.[90]

Mesozoic Era

Main article: Mesozoic
Utatsusaurus is the earliest-known ichthyopterygian.
Plateosaurus engelhardti
Cycas circinalis
For about 150 million years, dinosaurs were the dominant land animals on Earth.

From 251.9 Ma to 66 Ma and containing the Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous periods.

Date Event
250 Ma
sessile
marine groups; the "balance of power" in the oceans shifts dramatically as some groups of prey adapt more rapidly and effectively than others.
250 Ma
Triadobatrachus massinoti
 is the earliest known frog.
248 Ma
Acipenseridae
) first appear.
245 Ma Earliest ichthyosaurs
240 Ma Increase in diversity of cynodonts and rhynchosaurs
225 Ma Earliest dinosaurs (
teleost fishes. First mammals (Adelobasileus
).
220 Ma Seed-producing
mammals from small-sized cynodonts
, which transitioned towards a nocturnal, insectivorous, and endothermic lifestyle.
205 Ma
pterosaurs
filled the air.
200 Ma First accepted evidence for viruses infecting eukaryotic cells (the group Geminiviridae).[91] However, viruses are still poorly understood and may have arisen before "life" itself, or may be a more recent phenomenon.

Major extinctions in terrestrial vertebrates and large amphibians. Earliest examples of armoured dinosaurs.

195 Ma First pterosaurs with specialized feeding (
fabrosaurids, and scelidosaurids
.
190 Ma Pliosauroids appear in the fossil record. First lepidopteran insects (Archaeolepis), hermit crabs, modern starfish, irregular echinoids, corbulid bivalves, and tubulipore bryozoans. Extensive development of sponge reefs.
176 Ma First Stegosaurian dinosaurs.
170 Ma Earliest
plesiosaurs, and cladotherian
mammals. Sauropod dinosaurs diversify.
168 Ma First lizards.
165 Ma First rays and glycymeridid bivalves. First vampire squids.[92]
163 Ma Pterodactyloid pterosaurs first appear.[93]
161 Ma Ceratopsian dinosaurs appear in the fossil record (Yinlong) and the oldest known eutherian mammal: Juramaia.
160 Ma Multituberculate mammals (genus Rugosodon) appear in eastern China.
155 Ma First blood-sucking insects (
theropod
dinosaurs.
131 Ma First pine trees.
140 Ma Orb-weaver spiders appear.
135 Ma Rise of the angiosperms. Some of these flowering plants bear structures that attract insects and other animals to spread pollen; other angiosperms are pollinated by wind or water. This innovation causes a major burst of animal coevolution. First freshwater pelomedusid turtles. Earliest krill.
120 Ma Oldest fossils of
heterokonts, including both marine diatoms and silicoflagellates
.
115 Ma First monotreme mammals.
114 Ma Earliest bees.[94]
112 Ma Xiphactinus, a large predatory fish, appears in the fossil record.
110 Ma First hesperornithes, toothed diving birds. Earliest limopsid, verticordiid, and thyasirid bivalves.
100 Ma First ants.[95]
100–95 Ma Spinosaurus, the largest theropod dinosaur, appears in the fossil record.[96]
95 Ma First crocodilians evolve.[97]
90 Ma Extinction of ichthyosaurs. Earliest snakes and nuculanid bivalves. Large diversification in angiosperms: magnoliids, rosids, hamamelidids, monocots, and ginger. Earliest examples of ticks. Probable origins of placental mammals (earliest undisputed fossil evidence is 66 Ma).
86–76 Ma Diversification of therian mammals.[98][99]
70 Ma Multituberculate mammals increase in diversity. First
ungulates
(Protungulatum).
68–66 Ma Tyrannosaurus, the largest terrestrial predator of western North America, appears in the fossil record. First species of Triceratops.[100]

Cenozoic Era

Main article: Cenozoic

66 Ma – present

Mount of oxyaenid Patriofelis from the American Museum of Natural History
The bat Icaronycteris appeared 52.2 million years ago
Grass flowers
Reconstructed skeletons of flightless terror bird and ground sloth at the Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro
Quaternary extinction event
, along with every other Australian creature over 100 kg (220 lb).
50,000 years ago several different human species coexisted on Earth including modern humans and Homo floresiensis (pictured).
American lions exceeded extant lions in size and ranged over much of North America until 11,000 BP.
Date Event
66 Ma The
ammonites, belemnites, rudist and inoceramid bivalves, most planktic foraminifers, and all of the dinosaurs excluding the birds.[101]
66 Ma- Rapid dominance of conifers and
ginkgos in high latitudes, along with mammals becoming the dominant species. First psammobiid bivalves. Earliest rodents
. Rapid diversification in ants.
63 Ma Evolution of the creodonts, an important group of meat-eating (carnivorous) mammals.
62 Ma Evolution of the first penguins.
60 Ma Diversification of large,
miacids) were alive.[citation needed
]
59 Ma Earliest sailfish appear.
56 Ma Gastornis, a large flightless bird, appears in the fossil record.
55 Ma Modern bird groups diversify (first
artiodactyla and perissodactyla, with some members
of the former returning to the sea.
52 Ma First bats appear (Onychonycteris).
50 Ma Peak diversity of dinoflagellates and
anomalodesmatan and heteroconch bivalves, brontotheres, tapirs, rhinoceroses, and camels
appear in the fossil record, diversification of primates.
40 Ma Modern-type
moths appear. Extinction of Gastornis. Basilosaurus
, one of the first of the giant whales, appeared in the fossil record.
38 Ma Earliest bears.
37 Ma First
ruminants
.
35 Ma
canids, peccaries, and the first eagles and hawks. Diversity in toothed and baleen
whales.
33 Ma Evolution of the thylacinid marsupials (Badjcinus).
30 Ma First balanids and eucalypts, extinction of embrithopod and brontothere mammals, earliest pigs and cats.
28 Ma Paraceratherium appears in the fossil record, the largest terrestrial mammal that ever lived. First pelicans.
25 Ma
Pelagornis sandersi
 appears in the fossil record, the largest flying bird that ever lived.
25 Ma First deer.
24 Ma First pinnipeds.
23 Ma Earliest
ostriches, trees representative of most major groups of oaks have appeared by now.[102]
20 Ma First giraffes, hyenas, and giant anteaters, increase in bird diversity.
17 Ma First birds of the genus Corvus (crows).
15 Ma Genus
Mammut appears in the fossil record, first bovids and kangaroos, diversity in Australian megafauna
.
10 Ma Grasslands and savannas are established, diversity in insects, especially ants and termites, horses increase in body size and develop high-crowned teeth, major diversification in grassland mammals and snakes.
9.5 Ma [dubious – discuss]
saber-toothed cats, jaguars, bears, coaties, ferrets, otters, skunks
and deer entered South America.
9 Ma First platypuses.
6.5 Ma First hominins (Sahelanthropus).
6 Ma Australopithecines diversify (Orrorin, Ardipithecus).
5 Ma First tree sloths and hippopotami, diversification of grazing herbivores like zebras and elephants, large carnivorous mammals like lions and the genus Canis, burrowing rodents, kangaroos, birds, and small carnivores, vultures increase in size, decrease in the number of perissodactyl mammals. Extinction of nimravid carnivores. First leopard seals.
4.8 Ma Mammoths appear in the fossil record.
4.5 Ma Marine iguanas diverge from land iguanas.
4 Ma Australopithecus evolves. Stupendemys appears in the fossil record as the largest freshwater turtle, first modern elephants, giraffes, zebras, lions, rhinoceros and gazelles appear in the fossil record
3.6 Ma Blue whales grow to modern size.
3 Ma Earliest swordfish.
2.7 Ma Paranthropus evolves.
2.5 Ma Earliest species of Arctodus and Smilodon evolve.
2 Ma First members of genus Homo, Homo Habilis, appear in the fossil record. Diversification of conifers in high latitudes. The eventual ancestor of cattle, aurochs (Bos primigenus), evolves in India.
1.7 Ma Australopithecines go extinct.
1.2 Ma Evolution of Homo antecessor. The last members of Paranthropus die out.
1 Ma First coyotes.
810 ka First
wolves
600 ka Evolution of Homo heidelbergensis.
400 ka First polar bears.
350 ka Evolution of Neanderthals.
300 ka Gigantopithecus, a giant relative of the orangutan from Asia dies out.
250 ka Anatomically modern humans appear in Africa.[103][104][105] Around 50 ka they start colonising the other continents, replacing Neanderthals in Europe and other hominins in Asia.
70 ka Genetic bottleneck in humans (Toba catastrophe theory).
40 ka Last giant monitor lizards (Varanus priscus) die out.
35-25 ka Extinction of Neanderthals. Domestication of dogs.
15 ka Last woolly rhinoceros (Coelodonta antiquitatis) are believed to have gone extinct.
11 ka Short-faced bears vanish from North America, with the last
ungulates
.
10 ka
epoch starts[106] after the Last Glacial Maximum. Last mainland species of woolly mammoth
(Mammuthus primigenus) die out, as does the last Smilodon species.
8 ka The Giant Lemur dies out.

See also

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Bibliography

Further reading

External links
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