Timeline of women in science

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
"A Female Scientist", in Women's Illustrated, Japan, 1939
Teresa K. Attwood, professor of bioinformatics

This is a timeline of women in science, spanning from ancient history up to the 21st century. While the timeline primarily focuses on women involved with natural sciences such as astronomy, biology, chemistry and physics, it also includes women from the social sciences (e.g. sociology, psychology) and the formal sciences (e.g. mathematics, computer science), as well as notable science educators and medical scientists. The chronological events listed in the timeline relate to both scientific achievements and gender equality within the sciences.

Ancient history

The Tapputi Belatekallim tablet
  • 1900 BCE: Aganice, also known as Athyrta, was an Egyptian princess during the Middle Kingdom (about 2000–1700 BCE) working on astronomy and natural philosophy.[1]
  • c. 1500 BCE: Hatshepsut, also known as the Queen Doctor, promoted a botanical expedition searching for officinal plants.[1]
  • 1200 BCE: The Mesopotamian perfume-maker Tapputi-Belatekallim was referenced in the text of a cuneiform tablet. She is often considered the world's first recorded chemist.[2]
  • 500 BCE: Theano was a Pythagorean philosopher.
  • c. 150 BCE: Aglaonice became the first female astronomer to be recorded in Ancient Greece.[3][4]
  • 1st century BCE: A woman known only as Fang became the earliest recorded Chinese female alchemist. She is credited with "the discovery of how to turn mercury into silver" – possibly the chemical process of boiling off mercury in order to extract pure silver residue from ores.[5]
  • 1st century CE: Mary the Jewess was among the world's first alchemists.[6]
  • c. 300–350 CE: Greek mathematician Pandrosion develops a numerical approximation for cube roots.[7]
  • c. 355–415 CE: Greek astronomer, mathematician and philosopher Hypatia became renowned as a respected academic teacher, commentator on mathematics, and head of her own science academy.[8][9]
  • 3rd century CE: Cleopatra the Alchemist, an early figure in chemistry and practical alchemy, is credited as inventing the alembic.[10]

Middle Ages

Hildegard of Bingen and her nuns

16th century

Danish scientist Sophia Brahe
  • 1561: Italian alchemist Isabella Cortese published her popular book The Secrets of Lady Isabella Cortese. The work included recipes for medicines, distilled oils and cosmetics, and was the only book published by a female alchemist in the 16th century.[19]
  • 1572: Italian botanist Loredana Marcello died from the plague – but not before developing several effective palliative formulas for plague sufferers, which were used by many physicians.[20][21]
  • 1572: Danish scientist Sophia Brahe (1556–1643) assisted her brother Tycho Brahe with his astronomical observations.[22]
  • 1590: After her husband's death, Caterina Vitale took over his position as chief pharmacist to the Order of St John, becoming the first female chemist and pharmacist in Malta.[23][24]

17th century

German–Polish astronomer Elisabetha Koopman Hevelius
German entomologist Maria Sibylla Merian
  • 1609: French midwife
    Louise Bourgeois Boursier became the first woman to write a book on childbirth practices.[25]
  • 1636: Anna Maria van Schurman is the first woman ever to attend university lectures.[26] She had to sit behind a screen so that her male fellow students would not see her.
  • 1642:
    mineralogist, was imprisoned in France on suspicion of witchcraft. Bertereau had published two written works on the science of mining and metallurgy before being arrested.[5]
  • 1650: Silesian astronomer Maria Cunitz published Urania Propitia, a work that both simplified and substantially improved Johannes Kepler's mathematical methods for locating planets. The book was published in both Latin and German, an unconventional decision that made the scientific text more accessible for non-university educated readers.[27]
  • 1656: French chemist and alchemist Marie Meurdrac published her book La Chymie Charitable et Facile, en Faveur des Dames (Useful and Easy Chemistry, for the Benefit of Ladies).[28]
  • 1667:
    Royal Society of London, in 1667, and she criticised and engaged with members and philosophers Thomas Hobbes, René Descartes, and Robert Boyle.[29]
  • 1668: After separating from her husband, French polymath Marguerite de la Sablière established a popular salon in Paris. Scientists and scholars from different countries visited the salon regularly to discuss ideas and share knowledge, and Sablière studied physics, astronomy and natural history with her guests.[30]
  • 1680: French astronomer
    Copernican theory of heliocentrism. She wrote "between the brain of a woman and that of a man there is no difference".[31]
  • 1685: Frisian poet and archaeologist Titia Brongersma supervised the first excavation of a dolmen in Borger, Netherlands. The excavation produced new evidence that the stone structures were graves constructed by prehistoric humans – rather than structures built by giants, which had been the prior common belief.[32]
  • 1690: German-Polish astronomer Elisabetha Koopman Hevelius, widow of Johannes Hevelius, whom she had assisted with his observations (and, probably, computations) for over twenty years, published in his name Prodromus Astronomiae, the largest and most accurate star catalog to that date.[33]
  • 1693–1698: German astronomer and illustrator Maria Clara Eimmart created more than 350 detailed drawings of the moon phases.[34]
  • 1699: German entomologist Maria Sibylla Merian, the first scientist to document the life cycle of insects for the public, embarked on a scientific expedition to Suriname, South America. She subsequently published Metamorphosis insectorum Surinamensium, a groundbreaking illustrated work on South American plants, animals and insects.[35]

18th century

Italian physicist Laura Bassi
French polymath Émilie du Châtelet
Swedish agronomist Eva Ekeblad

Early 19th century

English paleontologist Mary Anning
English mathematician and computer programmer Ada Lovelace
American astronomer Maria Mitchell

Late 19th century

Welsh astronomer Thereza Dillwyn Llewelyn
Sofia Kovalevskaya
American chemist Josephine Silone-Yates
British mathematician Philippa Fawcett
American geologist Florence Bascom
  • 1854: Mary Horner Lyell was a conchologist and geologist. She is most well known for her scientific work in 1854, where she studied her collection of land snails from the Canary Islands. She was married to the notable British geologist Charles Lyell and assisted him in his scientific work. It is believed by historians that she likely made major contributions to her husband's work.[82]
  • 1854–1855: Florence Nightingale organized care for wounded soldiers during the Crimean War. She was an English social reformer and statistician, and the founder of modern nursing. Her pie charts clearly showed that most deaths resulted from disease rather than battle wounds or "other causes," which led the general public to demand improved sanitation at field hospitals.[83]
  • 1855: Working with her father, Welsh astronomer and photographer Thereza Dillwyn Llewelyn produced some of the earliest photographs of the moon.[84]
  • 1856: American atmospheric scientist Eunice Newton Foote presented her paper "Circumstances affecting the heat of the sun's rays" at an annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Sciences. She was an early researcher of the greenhouse effect.[85]
  • 1862: Belgian botanist Marie-Anne Libert became the first woman to join the Royal Botanical Society of Belgium. She was named an honorary member.[63]
  • 1863: German naturalist
    Godeffroy Museum. She remained in Australia for the next decade, discovering a number of new plant and animal species in the process, but also became notorious in later years for her removal of Aboriginal skeletons – and the possible incitement of violence against Aboriginal people – for anthropological research purposes.[86][87]
  • 1865: English geologist Elizabeth Carne was elected the first female Fellow of the Royal Geological Society of Cornwall.[88]

1870s

1880s

1890s

Early 20th century

1900s

American geologist and geographer Zonia Baber
Italian physician and educator Maria Montessori

1910s

Polish-born physicist and chemist Marie Curie
American astronomer Henrietta Swan Leavitt
German physicist and mathematician Emmy Noether
Canadian geneticist Carrie Derick

1920s

British-American astronomer Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin
Japanese biologist Kono Yasui

1930s

French chemist Irène Joliot-Curie
Austrian-Swedish physicist Lise Meitner

1940s

Actress and inventor Hedy Lamarr
Austrian-American biochemist Gerty Cori
American biochemist Marie Maynard Daly

Late 20th century

1950s

British chemist Rosalind Franklin
American computer scientist Grace Hopper
Chinese-American physicist Chien-Shiung Wu
Australian geologist Dorothy Hill

1960s

British primatologist Jane Goodall
American NASA scientist Katherine Johnson
British astrophysicist Jocelyn Bell Burnell

1970s

1980s

Chinese-American virologist Flossie Wong-Staal

1990s

Lithuanian-Canadian primatologist Birutė Galdikas
Chilean astronomer María Teresa Ruiz

21st century

Moroccan astronomer Merieme Chadid
Canadian-American computer scientist Maria Klawe
Egyptian geomorphologist Eman Ghoneim
Kenyan ichthyologist Dorothy Wanja Nyingi
Norwegian neuroscientist May-Britt Moser
Canadian physicist Donna Strickland
American chemical engineer Frances Arnold

2000s

2010s

2020s

See also

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