Timiș County
Timiș County
Județul Timiș | |
---|---|
UTC+3 (EEST) | |
SIRUTA code | 350 |
Registration plate | TM |
Website | cjtimis |
Timiș (Romanian pronunciation: [ˈtimiʃ]) is a county (județ) of western Romania on the border with Hungary and Serbia, in the historical region of Banat, with the county seat at Timișoara. It is the westernmost and the largest county in Romania in terms of land area. The county is also part of the Danube–Criș–Mureș–Tisa Euroregion.
Name
The name of the county comes from the
Geography
Timiș is the largest county in Romania, occupying 8,696.7 km2, i.e. 3.65% of the country's area.[6]: 3 It is crossed by the 46th parallel north, the 21st meridian east and the 22nd meridian east. On its territory is the westernmost point of Romania, i.e. Beba Veche, at 20°15'44", in the Triplex Confinium point.[7]
Timiș County is part of the
Relief
The relief is characterized by the predominance of plains, which cover the western part (low plain) and the central part (high plain) of the county. Timiș County features all landforms, with altitudes between 75 m in Banat Plain and 1,374 m in Poiana Ruscă Mountains. Proportionally, the plain covers about 6,700 km2, representing 77.2% of the county's area; the hills cover about 1,650 km2, i.e. 19.01%; and the mountains cover a relatively small area of 300 km2, i.e. 3.45%.[6]: 3
The plain penetrates in a gulf-like manner the hilly areas, on the valleys of
Natural resources
Located in the southeastern part of the
Hydrography
The hydrographic network of Timiș County, spread over 3,104 km, is composed of two hydrographic basins: Bega–Timiș–Caraș and Mureș. The most important rivers in size and hydropower potential in the county, which cross the territory through the center, dividing it into two halves, south and north, are
The natural lakes, with small areas and depths, are represented by the lake complex of Satchinez (40 ha; 1.5 m deep), the two lakes of Becicherecu Mic (one of 33 ha and another of 13 ha), the Petra pond of Jebel, etc. Between 1969 and 1975, pond-like lakes for flood control, irrigation and fishing were arranged on the courses of both Timiș and Bega. The largest of these, Lake Surduc, was arranged on Gladna stream, a tributary of the Bega, and has an area of 460 ha and a volume of 51 million m3.[12] In the county there are also two lakes with hot (20 °C) and mineral water at Românești, with an area of 50 m2 and the muddy volcano from Ohaba-Forgaci, in the Magheruș valley, of 50 m2.
The high density of the hydrographic network, the low slopes of the riverbeds in the plain sector, the reduced depth of the groundwater, the presence of ultisols, all favor the floods and marshes. To reduce the amplitude of these phenomena, since the first half of the 18teenth century, large engineering works (damming, canalization, draining etc.) were made in the region, most of which are still functional today. Among the major flash floods and floods in the Banat Plain, the most important were those of May 1912, June 1966 and April 2005.[13]
Flora
The natural vegetation, strongly influenced by human activities, is characterized by the small-scale presence of
In Timiș County there are 45 nature reserves that total 134,766.49 ha or about 13% of the county's area.[14]
Fauna
The fauna, adapted to the relief and vegetation conditions, includes steppe species (hares, ground squirrels, polecats, field mice, moles, rollers, quails, partridges, larks, starlings, lizards, various insects), forest species (deer, squirrels, bears, wolves, foxes, wild boars, wildcats, dormice, jays, salamanders, etc.) and water species (herons, mallards, geese, storks, frogs and a wide variety of fish, such as pike, barbel, Prussian carp, wels, perch, carp, etc.).
Climate
The climate has a moderate temperate continental character, with hot summers and mild winters due to both the influences of the oceanic (from the west) and Mediterranean (from the south and southwest) air masses and the fact that over 85% of the territory belongs to the plain climate (the remaining 15% belongs to the climate of hilly and mountainous regions).[15]: 49 The western area of the Banat Plain is classified according to Köppen's guide as Cfa, and the mountainous area in the east of the county as Dfb.[15]: 50 Due to the high uniformity of the relief, the average annual temperatures are poorly differentiated on the territory of Timiș County. The annual averages are close to 11 °C in the region with plain climate and decrease by 1–2 °C on the hills in the east of the county.[10]: 9 The averages of the warmest month (July) exceed 21 °C in the plain and fall below 18 °C in the east. The averages of the coldest month (January) are higher than –2 °C in the plain and rise to values higher than –1 °C in the east of the county. The absolute maximum temperature (42 °C) was recorded in Banloc (24 July 2007), and the absolute minimum temperature (–35.3 °C) in Timișoara (29 January 1963).[15]: 55
The average multiannual precipitation amounts to increasing quantities from west to east, i.e. 569 mm in Jimbolia, 620.6 mm in Timișoara, 734 mm in Făget and over 1,200 mm on the ridges of the Poiana Ruscă Mountains. The maximum rainfall occurs in June, as a result of the intensification of cyclonic activity in the
Predominant winds blow from the north (16.9%), east (15%), northwest (9.1%) and south (8.4%), with average annual speeds between 1.2 and 3.8 m/s. Local winds include austru (dry wind from the south), coșavă (high-speed cold wind), rușavăț (in the Banat Plain) and mountain breezes (in the east).[15]: 65
Territory | Plain | Hills | Mountains | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Topoclimate | Low plain | High plain | Banat Hills | Poiana Ruscă | |
Average annual temperature (°C) | 10…11 | 10…11 | 8…11 | 2…6 | |
Average temperature (°C) in | January | >–2 | <–2 | <–3 | –4…–6 |
July | >21 | 20…21 | 18…19 | 14…17 | |
Average annual amplitude (°C) | >23 | 22…23 | 21…22 | 20…21 | |
No. of days with frost | <90 | <90 | 100…110 | >180 | |
No. of days without frost | 190 | 180…190 | 160…180 | 120…160 | |
No. of tropical days | >40 | 30…40 | 20…30 | <5 | |
Average annual rainfall (mm) | <600 | 600…700 | 800…1,000 | >1,200 | |
No. of days with snow cover | <40 | 40…50 | 50…75 | 75…100 | |
Relative humidity in July (%) | <64 | <64 | <64…>72 | 72…80 | |
No. of clear days | >60 | >60 | >50 | 40…50 | |
Sources: [16][17] |
History
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Demographics
According to the 2021 census, Timiș County had a population of 650,533 (or 3.4% of the country's population), being the sixth most populous county in Romania. The population density was 74.8/km2 (193.7/sq mi).[18]
Timiș County has an urbanization rate of 61.8%,[19]: 8 above the national rate but decreasing amid an expanding suburbanization.[20]
| ||||||||||||
Census[21][22] | Ethnic group | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Year | Population | Romanians | Hungarians | Germans | Jews | Roma | Ukrainians | Serbs | Slovaks | Bulgarians | ||
1880 | 454,145 | 200,834 (44.2%) | 33,947 (7.5%) | 171,539 (37.8%) | — | — | 64 (<0.1%) | 31,316 (6.9%) | 3,549 (0.8%) | — | ||
1890* | 502,582 | 211,748 (42.1%) | 45,998 (9.2%) | 195,588 (38.9%) | — | — | 49 (<0.1%) | 31,467 (6.3%) | 2,869 (0.6%) | — | ||
1900* | 541,849 | 221,305 (40.8%) | 70,338 (13%) | 201,795 (37.2%) | — | — | 69 (<0.1%) | 30,939 (5.7%) | 2,911 (0.5%) | — | ||
1910* | 560,258 | 223,816 (39.9%) | 96,364 (17.2%) | 188,440 (33.6%) | — | — | 296 (0.1%) | 32,430 (5.8%) | 3,269 (0.6%) | — | ||
1920 | 512,891 | 217,056 (42.3%) | 74,324 (14.5%) | 168,605 (32.9%) | 11,779 (2.3%) | — | — | — | — | — | ||
1930 | 559,591 | 236,305 (42.2%) | 84,756 (15.1%) | 178,238 (31.9%) | 9,768 (1.7%) | 8,090 (1.4%) | 1,399 (0.3%) | 27,075 (4.8%) | 3,919 (0.7%) | 7,527 (1.3%) | ||
1941 | 578,881 | 263,474 (45.5%) | 74,745 (12.9%) | 176,732 (30.5%) | — | — | — | — | — | — | ||
1956 | 568,881 | 325,834 (57.3%) | 77,530 (13.6%) | 114,194 (20.1%) | 7,378 (1.3%) | 6,089 (1.1%) | 1,405 (0.2%) | 23,781 (4.2%) | 2,667 (0.5%) | 7,440 (1.3%) | ||
1966 | 607,596 | 378,183 (62.2%) | 76,183 (12.5%) | 109,315 (18%) | 2,909 (0.5%) | 4,637 (0.8%) | 1,780 (0.3%) | 22,709 (3.7%) | 2,300 (0.4%) | 7,509 (1.2%) | ||
1977 | 696,884 | 472,912 (67.9%) | 77,525 (11.1%) | 98,296 (14.1%) | 1,799 (0.3%) | 9,828 (1.4%) | 3,773 (0.5%) | 20,891 (3%) | 2,128 (0.3%) | 7,151 (1%) | ||
1992 | 700,033 | 561,200 (80.2%) | 62,866 (9%) | 26,722 (3.8%) | 625 (0.1%) | 14,836 (2.1%) | 6,468 (0.9%) | 17,144 (2.4%) | 2,229 (0.3%) | 6,466 (0.9%) | ||
2002 | 677,926 | 565,639 (83.4%) | 50,556 (7.5%) | 14,174 (2.1%) | 441 (0.1%) | 16,084 (2.4%) | 7,321 (1.1%) | 13,273 (2%) | 1,908 (0.3%) | 5,562 (0.8%) | ||
2011 | 683,540 | 550,836 (80.6%) | 35,295 (5.2%) | 8,504 (1.2%) | 220 (<0.1%) | 14,525 (2.1%) | 5,950 (0.9%) | 10,344 (1.5%) | 1,424 (0.2%) | 4,478 (0.7%) | ||
*Censuses in italics are based on mother tongue and not ethnicity. |
According to the 2011 census, Hungarians are the largest ethnic minority in Timiș County, numbering 35,295 people or 5.2% of the county's population. Significant concentrations of the Hungarian population follow the areas where the policy of colonization of the Kingdom of Hungary manifested itself in the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. At the 2011 census, there were 16 localities – all rural – that had at least 20% Hungarian population. However, their total population represents only 12.6% of the Hungarian population in the county. This is explained by the migration of Hungarians from rural to urban areas after 1990. By weight, the largest Hungarian communities are found in Otelec (Ótelek; 75.1%), Cherestur (Pusztakeresztúr; 69.7%), Bodo (Nagybodófalva; 64%), Tormac (Végvár; 60.6%) and Otvești (Ötvösd; 52.6%).[23]
Roma are the second largest minority, with 14,525 people (or 2.1% of the county's population) at the 2011 census, although unofficial estimates put the figure at 45,000.[24] Măguri, a component locality of Lugoj municipality, is the only village in the county where the Roma have an absolute majority (69.4% in 2011).[25]
The largest communities of
Religion
In Timiș County there are over 300 places of worship.[29] Timisoara is the seat of the Archbishopric of Timișoara, the see of the Metropolis of Banat. The archbishopric has jurisdiction over the territory of Timiș County, which is divided into 273 parishes organized in six deaneries (Timișoara I, Timișoara II, Lugoj, Făget, Deta and Sânnicolau Mare).[30] Timișoara is also the seat of the Roman Catholic Archbishopric of Timișoara and the Serbian Orthodox Diocese of Timișoara and one of the nine deaneries of the Reformed Eparchy of Piatra Craiului. Lugoj is the seat of the Greek Catholic Archbishopric of Lugoj and one of the two deaneries of the Ukrainian Orthodox Vicarage.[31]
Politics and administration
Timiș County is administered by a county council (consiliu județean) consisting of 36 councilors. Following the 2020 local elections, the council is chaired by Alin Nica from PNL,[1] and the political composition of the council is as follows:[32]
Party | Seats | Current County Council | ||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
National Liberal Party (PNL) | 16 | |||||||||||||||||
Save Romania Union (USR) | 10 | |||||||||||||||||
Social Democratic Party–Social Liberal Humanist Party (PSD–PUSL) | 7 | |||||||||||||||||
PRO Romania (PRO) | 3 |
Administrative divisions
Timiș County is divided into two municipalities (municipiu), eight towns (oraș) and 89 communes (comună) with 313 villages:[33][19]: 1
- Municipalities
- Towns
- Sânnicolau Mare – population: 12,312 (as of 2011)
- Jimbolia – population: 10,808 (as of 2011)
- Recaș – population: 8,336 (as of 2011)
- Buziaș – population: 7,023 (as of 2011)
- Făget – population: 6,761 (as of 2011)
- Deta – population: 6,260 (as of 2011)
- Gătaia – population: 5,861 (as of 2011)
- Ciacova – population: 5,348 (as of 2011)
- Communes
- Balinț
- Banloc
- Bara
- Bârna
- Beba Veche
- Becicherecu Mic
- Belinț
- Bethausen
- Biled
- Birda
- Bogda
- Boldur
- Brestovăț
- Bucovăț
- Cărpiniș
- Cenad
- Cenei
- Checea
- Chevereșu Mare
- Comloșu Mare
- Coșteiu
- Criciova
- Curtea
- Darova
- Denta
- Dudeștii Noi
- Dudeștii Vechi
- Dumbrava
- Dumbrăvița
- Fârdea
- Fibiș
- Foeni
- Gavojdia
- Ghilad
- Ghiroda
- Ghizela
- Giarmata
- Giera
- Giroc
- Giulvăz
- Gottlob
- Iecea Mare
- Jamu Mare
- Jebel
- Lenauheim
- Liebling
- Livezile
- Lovrin
- Margina
- Mașloc
- Mănăștiur
- Moravița
- Moșnița Nouă
- Nădrag
- Nițchidorf
- Ohaba Lungă
- Orțișoara
- Otelec
- Parța
- Pădureni
- Peciu Nou
- Periam
- Pesac
- Pietroasa
- Pișchia
- Racovița
- Remetea Mare
- Sacoșu Turcesc
- Saravale
- Satchinez
- Săcălaz
- Sânandrei
- Sânmihaiu Român
- Sânpetru Mare
- Secaș
- Șag
- Șandra
- Știuca
- Teremia Mare
- Tomești
- Tomnatic
- Topolovățu Mare
- Tormac
- Traian Vuia
- Uivar
- Variaș
- Vălcani
- Victor Vlad Delamarina
- Voiteg
Official symbols
The flag of Timiș County has a rectangular shape, with its width equal to ⅔ of its length and consists of the county coat of arms superimposed on a white background. White chosen for the flag signifies purity and peace. Above the coat of arms is inscribed in capital letters in vermilion the word "Romania", and below it is inscribed with the same characters in cobalt blue the words "Timiș County". The county flag was approved in 2021.[34]
The coat of arms was approved in 2002 and consists of a cut
- Historical variants
-
In the interwar period
-
During the communist period
Economy
Timiș County has one of the most dynamic economies in Romania. The county's economy gradually transformed from a predominantly industrial one, sometimes with significant losses due to the non-use of labor and capital endowments, into a
In 2021, Timiș County had a GDP per capita of 31.519 euros, 40% above the national average, and an annual growth rate of 5–10%.
Timiș stands out as the second business pole at national level, after
Industry
The industry of Timiș County is strong and diversified, due to the high rate of
Agriculture
Timiș County ranks first in the country in terms of both agricultural and arable land. Timiș County has an agricultural area of 691,299 ha, of which 531,472 ha is arable land, 118,671 pastures, 28,632 hayfields, 4,121 vineyards and vine nurseries and 8,403 orchards and fruit nurseries.[19]: 74
One of the oldest and most important agricultural activities in the county, with favorable climatic conditions, is the cultivation of
: 80Unlike industry, trade and construction, which also generates a large part of the gross value added (GVA) of the county economy, agriculture stands out with a very high share of employment correlated with a low share in GDP (5%), although that it places the county on the first place at national level from the perspective of the GVA obtained in agriculture.[36]: 152
Banking
With several units of national and international banks operating here (BCR, Raiffeisen Bank, BT, BRD, CEC Bank, OTP Bank, UniCredit Bank, Alpha Bank, Citibank, Credit Europe Bank, Garanti BBVA, ING Bank, Intesa Sanpaolo Bank, etc.), Timiș County is a national leader in the field of financial intermediation.[37]: 23 As of 2021, the turnover of companies with financial and insurance activities was 69 million euros in Timișoara alone.[37]: 23
Tourism
The geographical position of the county in the immediate vicinity of the border with Hungary and Serbia leads to a high transit tourism, but with short and medium length of stay. The main form of tourism practiced in the county is business tourism, followed by recreational, shopping and gastronomic tourism.[41] The tourist infrastructure of Timiș County consists of 56 hotels, 14 hostels, two motels, a campsite, four tourist villas, 49 tourist pensions, 27 agritourism pensions and two camps for students and preschoolers with an accommodation capacity of 7,746 places.[19]: 94 In 2019, Timiș County had 396,644 tourists, of which 30% were foreigners.[19]: 95
Cultural-historical tourism includes many objectives in historical and archeological sites, architectural monuments and museums.
-
Historic centre of Timișoara
-
Spa ensemble in Buziaș
-
Nákó Castle in Sânnicolau Mare
-
Wooden church in Românești
-
Charlottenburg, the only Rundling in Banat
Culture
Music
Timiș County has a rich musical history. Notable in this respect are the choirs of Banat Bauer. Banat choirs have their origins in church music, learned in schools, where the teacher was both organist, choir conductor, and not infrequently, composer. The choirs, which were to become a real movement in Banat, were an important means of national manifestation of the people of Banat, through which the Romanian language and culture were promoted. The oldest Romanian choir in Banat was the plowmen's vocal choir, founded in 1857 in Chizătău, which was born from the old church choir. It was also the most famous and appreciated choral formation in the area, which had resounding success at various competitions and festivals, along with other Banat choirs.[44] Banat choirs had a rich repertoire, consisting of national, folk songs or choral works composed by Ion Vidu, Filaret Barbu or Iosif Velceanu.[45]
Timișoara was a reputed city of music in the 19th century. Many famous musicians performed here, including
Cuisine
Banat cuisine has been strongly influenced by the Austro-Hungarian one, but to a large extent by Greek, Italian and French cuisines too.[48] The dishes prepared in Banat are mostly made of pork, chicken or beef, with vegetables fried in lard or oil, with flour sauces, to make them more consistent, seasoned with pepper, thyme, paprika or caraway.[49] Broadly speaking, Banat cuisine is characterized by fatty, wholesome and tasty food; it can be individualized by the unusual association of salty and sweet taste, by the prevalence of soup to the detriment of stew and by showy desserts with multiple influences. Among the traditional dishes in this area are noodle soup, goulash, papricache , sauerkraut, sarme, pljeskavica, rasol, cotoroage and fresh pork preparations and semi-preparations (caltaboș , sângerete, maioș, sausages, slănină, șonc, tobă, etc.). Desserts include krofne, scovergi, bejgli with walnuts or poppy seeds, Cremeschnitte, Apfelküchle, knedles, dobostorta, ischler and vargabéles .[49][50]
Education
In the school year 2019/2020, Timiș County had a school population of 177,301: 25,266 children in
University[54] | Location | Founded | Faculties | Students[55] (2019/2020) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Public universities | ||||
West University | Timișoara | 1944 | 11 | 15,032 |
Politehnica University | Timișoara | 1920 | 10 | 12,613 |
Victor Babeș University of Medicine and Pharmacy |
Timișoara | 1944 | 3 | 7,326 |
Banat University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine |
Timișoara | 1945 | 6 | 5,530 |
Private universities | ||||
Ioan Slavici University | Timișoara | 2000 | 2 | — |
Tibiscus University | Timișoara | 1991 | 4 | — |
Dimitrie Cantemir Christian University | Timișoara | 1991 | 1 | — |
Drăgan European University | Lugoj | 1992 | 2 | — |
Healthcare
At the county level, there are 22 hospitals (15 public and seven private), five medical dispensaries, three mental health centers, 522 medical offices (school, student and family medicine), 846 dental offices, 115 medical laboratories, 87 dental laboratories and a transfusion center. Regarding the pharmaceutical network in Timiș County, in 2019 there were 295 pharmacies (16 public and 279 private), seven pharmaceutical points and 34 pharmaceutical warehouses.[19]: 53
Timișoara is nationally recognized as a center of excellence in medicine. Timișoara has made several breakthroughs in Romanian medicine, including the first
Transport
Road transport
Timiș County is connected to the European transport network by the Central and Global TEN-T networks, so the main corridor that serves it is the Rhine–Danube Corridor, which provides the connection with Vienna, with the central-southern part of Germany (Munich, Stuttgart and Nuremberg and with Strasbourg. The Orient/East–Med Corridor also crosses the county's territory and connects with Budapest.[59]
Inter- and intra-county connections are provided by the main and secondary national roads from which a dense network of local roads emerges. The public road network of Timiș County has a length of about 2,930 km, with a density of 33.7 km/100 km2. More detailed, there are about 563 km of national roads, 1,145 km of county roads and 1,222 km of communal roads.
Rail transport
The railway network totals 795 km, of which 113 are electrified railways.
In Timiș County there are 133 stations operated by state and private railway operators such as Căile Ferate Române (CFR), Astra Trans Carpatic and Regio Călători. The busiest of them is Timișoara North, with over 1.7 million passengers in 2011.[60]: 25
Air transport
Timiș County is served by
Cioca Airfield, used as an airport for a short period of time, between 1941 and 1942,[64] serves today as airfield for recreational aircraft, air taxis and utility aircraft and venue for various festivals. It is located in the northwest of Timișoara, about 5 km from it.
Timiș County is crossed by one of the few artificially arranged waterways in Romania, the Bega Canal. The Bega Canal is part of the Rhine–Main–Danube system, making possible the connection between the North Sea and the Black Sea. The length of the canal on the Romanian territory is about 44.5 km and 74 km on the Serbian territory. The navigable part of the canal starts from Timișoara from where it continues to the southwest until it flows into the Tisza, located on Serbian territory. The Bega Canal is the first navigable canal built in Romania. Originally built for the sanitation of floodplains around Timișoara, it was later arranged for navigation.[60]: 13–14
Timișoara is the only Romanian city with public transport by water, made with vaporetto-like boats along the nine stations on the Bega Canal.[65]
Notable people
- Dositej Obradović (1739–1811), educator, writer and reformer
- Nikolaus Lenau (1802–1850), poet
- Ion Ivanovici (1845–1902), military band conductor and composer
- Hermann Kövess von Kövessháza (1854–1924), Commander-in-Chief of the Austro-Hungarian Army
- Traian Vuia (1872–1950), inventor and aviation pioneer
- Béla Bartók (1881–1945), composer, pianist and ethnomusicologist
- Bela Lugosi (1882–1956), actor
- Károly Kerényi (1897–1973), scholar and philologist
- Johnny Weissmuller (1904–1984), Olympic swimmer, water polo player and actor
- Ștefan Kovács (1920–1995), football player and coach
- György Kurtág (b. 1926), composer and pianist
- Josef Posipal (1927–1997), footballer
- Iolanda Balaș (1936–2016), Olympic athlete
- Ana Blandiana (b. 1942), writer and civic activist
- Daniel Ciobotea (b. 1951), Patriarch of the Romanian Orthodox Church (2007–present)
- Herta Müller (b. 1953), writer and recipient of the 2009 Nobel Prize in Literature
- Cosmin Contra (b. 1975), football player and manager
- Edina Gallovits-Hall (b. 1984), tennis player
- Gabriel Torje (b. 1989), footballer
See also
- Krassó-Szörény, Temes and Torontál counties of the Kingdom of Hungary
- Severin and Timiș-Torontal counties of the Kingdom of Romania
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