Timor
Native name: Ilha de Timor ( Ramelau | |
---|---|
Administration | |
Largest settlement | Dili (pop. 277,488 as of 2023[update]) |
Province | East Nusa Tenggara |
Largest settlement | Kupang (West Timor) (pop. 455,850 as of 2021[update]) |
Demographics | |
Population | 3,311,735 (2020) |
Pop. density | 107.6/km2 (278.7/sq mi) |
Timor (
Language, ethnic groups and religion
Anthropologists identify eleven distinct
The official languages of East Timor are
Christianity is the dominant religion throughout the island of Timor, at about 90% of the population. However, it is unequally distributed as West Timor is 58% Protestant and 37% Catholic, and East Timor is 98% Catholic and 1% Protestant. Islam and animism make up most of the remainder at about 5% each across the island.
Geography
Timor is located north of
Timor is the principal island of the
The largest towns on the island are the provincial capital of Kupang in West Timor, Indonesia and the Portuguese colonial towns of Dili the capital, and Baucau in East Timor. Poor roads make transport to inland areas difficult, especially in East Timor.[5] Sources of revenue include gas and oil in the Timor Sea, coffee growing and tourism.
Geology
Timor is an aerially exposed portion of the Banda Forearc formed by collision of Eurasian oceanic crust and continental crust of the Australian plate. This is a unique convergent margin where a thick continental margin is forced under thinner oceanic crust. The result is a large accretionary wedge of imbricated thrust sheets composed of Cretaceous and Tertiary distal material of the Australian continental margin thrust on top of Australian continental shelf deposits. Timor is well known for its structural complexity. Debate continues about the nature of deformation of continental crust. Some researchers advocate shallow thin-skinned deformation, while others favor shallow thin-skinned with some basement deformation.[6]
Timor also has potential for significant petroleum development. Onshore and offshore exploration efforts have been attempted with varying success. Timor host dozens of natural oil and gas seeps with most exploration concentrated on the north end of the Island where oil seeps are prevalent. Carbon rich shales from the island have been found with TOC up to 23%. Such shales buried deep in the subsurface could act as high-quality source rocks. Jurassic marine shoreface and turbidite sands of the Plover and Militia Formations are proven reservoirs in the North Australian Shelf. Over pressured Upper Jurassic silt and mudstones shales may also provide adequate seals for hydrocarbons. Research focusing on the structure of deformed basement rocks provides insight into possible onshore and offshore structural and stratigraphic traps for future petroleum development.[6][7]
Administration
Name | Capital | Area km2 |
Population 2018[8][9] |
HDI 2019[10][11] | GDP per capita nominal US$[12] |
GDP per capita PPP US$[12][13] |
Country |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kupang City | Kupang | 160 | 423,800 | 0.796 (High) | 4,098 | 13,471 | Indonesia |
Kupang Regency | Oelamasi | 5,898 | 387,479 | 0.644 (Medium) | 1,407 | 4,625 | Indonesia |
North Central Timor Regency | Kefamenanu | 2,669 | 251,993 | 0.633 (Medium) | 1,146 | 3,767 | Indonesia |
Belu Regency | Atambua | 1,284 | 216,783 | 0.625 (Medium) | 1,462 | 4,806 | Indonesia |
South Central Timor Regency | Soe | 3,947 | 465,970 | 0.622 (Medium) | 1,204 | 3,958 | Indonesia |
Malaka Regency | Betun |
1,160 | 189,220 | 0.603 (Medium) | 1,036 | 3,406 | Indonesia |
Dili | Dili | 367 | 252,884 | 0.709 (High) | East Timor | ||
Liquiçá | Liquiçá | 549 | 73,027 | 0.613 (Medium) | East Timor | ||
Manufahi | Same | 1,323 | 52,246 | 0.598 (Medium) | East Timor | ||
Manatuto | Manatuto | 1,782 | 45,541 | 0.596 (Medium) | East Timor | ||
Covalima | Suai | 1,203 | 4,550 | 0.596 (Medium) | East Timor | ||
Aileu | Aileu | 737 | 48,554 | 0.594 (Medium) | East Timor | ||
Lautém | Lospalos | 1,813 | 64,135 | 0.586 (Medium) | East Timor | ||
Viqueque | Viqueque | 1,877 | 77,402 | 0.584 (Medium) | East Timor | ||
Bobonaro | Maliana | 1,376 | 98,932 | 0.584 (Medium) | East Timor | ||
Baucau | Baucau | 1,506 | 124,061 | 0.584 (Medium) | East Timor | ||
Ainaro | Ainaro | 804 | 66,397 | 0.545 (Low) | East Timor | ||
Ermera | Gleno | 768 | 127,283 | 0.543 (Low) | East Timor | ||
Oecusse (SAR) | Pante Macassar | 814 | 72,230 | 0.542 (Low) | East Timor | ||
West Timor | Kupang | 15,120 | 1,935,245 | 0.664 (Medium) | 1,884 | 6,193 | Indonesia |
East Timor | Dili | 15,007 | 1,183,643 | 0.606 (Medium) | 1,294 | 3,252 | East Timor |
Timor | – | 30,777 | 3,118,888 | 0.635 (Medium) | 1,589 | 4,722 |
West Timor
West Timor is part of the
East Timor
East Timor is divided into thirteen municipalities, which in turn are subdivided into 65 administrative posts, 442 sucos (villages), and 2,225 aldeias (hamlets).[14][15]
Flora and fauna
Timor and its offshore islands such as
Many trees are deciduous or partly deciduous, dropping their leaves during the dry season, there are also evergreen and thorn trees in the woodland. Typical trees of the lowland slopes include Sterculia foetida, Calophyllum teysmannii and Aleurites moluccanus.
During the
Fauna of today includes a number of endemic species such as the distinctive
Saltwater crocodiles are found in the wetlands whereas reticulated pythons can be found in forests and grasslands of Timor. However, the population sizes and status are unknown.
Frog species in Timor include
History
This section needs additional citations for verification. (October 2022) |
The earliest historical record about Timor island is the 13th-century Chinese Zhu Fan Zhi, where it is called Ti-wu and is noted for its sandalwood. Later on, in the 14th-century Javanese Nagarakretagama, Canto 14, Timur is identified as an island within Majapahit's realm. Timor was incorporated into ancient Javanese, Chinese and Indian trading networks of the 14th century as an exporter of aromatic sandalwood, slaves, honey and wax, and was settled by both the Portuguese, in the end of the 16th century, and the Dutch, based in Kupang, in the mid-17th century.
As the nearest island with a European settlement at the time, Timor was the destination of William Bligh and seamen loyal to him following the infamous Mutiny on the Bounty in 1789. It was also where survivors of the wrecked HMS Pandora, sent to arrest the Bounty mutineers, landed in 1791 after that ship sank in the Great Barrier Reef.
The island has been politically divided in two parts for centuries. The Dutch and Portuguese fought for control of the island until it was divided by
Although Portugal was neutral during
Following the military coup in Portugal in 1974 the Portuguese began to withdraw from Timor. The subsequent internal unrest and fear of the communist Fretilin party led to an invasion by Indonesia, who opposed the concept of an independent East Timor. In 1975, East Timor was annexed by Indonesia and became known as Timor Timur or 'Tim-Tim' for short. It was regarded by Indonesia as the country's 27th province, but this was never recognised by the United Nations (UN) or Portugal.
The people of East Timor, through
A group of people on the Indonesian side of Timor have been reported active since 2001 trying to establish a Great Timor state.[21] However, there is no real evidence that the people of West Timor, most of whom are ethnically Atoni, the traditional enemy of the East Timorese, have any interest in such a union.[citation needed] Furthermore, the current government of East Timor recognizes the existing boundary.[citation needed]
Time zone
- East Nusa Tenggara (West Timor)
- East Timor (most of state)
See also
- Battle of Timor
- Indonesian occupation of East Timor
- List of divided islands
- List of rulers of Timor
References
- ^ ISBN 978-0-300-10518-6.
- ^ Gary Holton; Laura C. Robinson (2014). "The linguistic position of the Timor-Alor-Pantar languages". In Klamer, Marian (ed.). The Alor-Pantar languages.
- ISBN 978-3-11-019919-2.
- ISBN 0-19-854185-6Harris, R.A. "The Nature of the Banda Arc-Continent Collision in the Timor Region" In In: D. Brown and P.D. Ryan, Arc-Continent Collision, Frontiers in Earth Sciences, DOI 10.1007/978-3-540-88558-0_7, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 163-211.
- S2CID 55022366.
- ^ .
- ^ Jones, Will; Tripathi, Anand; Rajagopal, Rajesh; Williams, Adrian (2011). "Petroleum Prospectivity of the West Timor Trough". PESA News (114): 61 – via AAPG Database.
- ^ Badan Pusat Statistik NTT (2020). Jumlah Penduduk Menurut Kelompok Umur dan Kabupaten/Kota di Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur, 2018. Kupang: Badan Pusat Statistik.
- ^ "Jornal da República: Diploma Ministerial no. 24/2014 de 24 de Julho, Orgânica dos Postos Administrativos". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016.
- ^ Badan Pusat Statistik NTT (2020). Indeks Pembangunan Manusia (IPM) Menurut Kabupaten/Kota Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur, 2010-2019. Kupang: Badan Pusat Statistik.
- ^ "Sub-national Human Development Index by Province, 1990-2018 (New Method)". Retrieved 26 March 2020.
- ^ a b Badan Pusat Statistik NTT (2020). Produk Domestik Regional Bruto (PDRB) Atas Dasar Harga Berlaku (ADHB) Menurut Kabupaten/Kota di Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur (Miliar Rupiah), 2012-2019. Kupang: Badan Pusat Statistik.
- ^ "GDP per capita, PPP (current international $) - Timor-Leste". data.worldbank.org. World Bank. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
- ^ "Diploma Ministerial No:199/GM/MAEOT/IX/09 de 15 de Setembro de 2009 Que fixa o número de Sucos e Aldeias em Território Nacional Exposição de motivos" (PDF), Jornal da Républica, Série I, N.° 33, 16 de Setembro de 2009, 3588-3620, archived from the original (PDF) on 1 March 2012
- ^ Population and Housing Census 2015, Preliminary Results (PDF), Direcção-Geral de Estatística, retrieved 15 January 2018
- ^ IUCN Red List: Northern Common Cuscus[permanent dead link] accessed 17 June 2010
- ^ "Timor and Wetar deciduous forests". Terrestrial Ecoregions. World Wildlife Fund.
- ^ Kaiser H, Ceballos J, Freed P, Heacox S, Lester B, Richards S, Trainor C, Sanchez C, O’Shea M (2011) The herpetofauna of Timor-Leste: a first report. ZooKeys 109: 19-86. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.109.1439
- ^ O'Shea, Marc and Sanchez, Caitlin. 2015. Herpetological Diversity of Timor-Leste: Updates and a Review of Species Distributions. Asian Herpetological Research, 6(2): 73-131. https://doi.org/10.16373/j.cnki.ahr.140066
- ^ J. H. F. Umbgrove, Structural History of the East Indies
- ^ "etan.org".