Tin(IV) oxide
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IUPAC name
Tin (IV) Oxide
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Other names
Stannic oxide, Tin(IV) oxide, Flowers of tin,[1] Cassiterite
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Identifiers | |
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3D model (
JSmol ) |
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ChemSpider | |
ECHA InfoCard
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100.038.311 |
EC Number |
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PubChem CID
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RTECS number
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UNII | |
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
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Properties | |
O2Sn | |
Molar mass | 150.708 g·mol−1 |
Appearance | Yellowish or light grey powder[2] |
Odor | Odorless |
Density | 6.95 g/cm3 (20 °C)[3] 6.85 g/cm3 (24 °C)[4] |
Melting point | 1,630 °C (2,970 °F; 1,900 K)[3][4] |
Boiling point | 1,800–1,900 °C (3,270–3,450 °F; 2,070–2,170 K) Sublimes[3] |
Insoluble[4] | |
Solubility | Soluble in hot concentrated alkalis,[4] concentrated acids Insoluble in alcohol[3] |
−4.1·10−5 cm3/mol[4] | |
Refractive index (nD)
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2.006[5] |
Structure | |
Rutile tetragonal, tP6[6] | |
P42/mnm, No. 136[6] | |
4/m 2/m 2/m[6] | |
a = 4.737 Å, c = 3.185 Å[6] α = 90°, β = 90°, γ = 90°
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Octahedral (Sn4+) Trigonal planar (O2−) | |
Thermochemistry | |
Heat capacity (C)
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52.6 J/mol·K[4] |
Std molar
entropy (S⦵298) |
49.04 J/mol·K[4][7] |
Std enthalpy of (ΔfH⦵298)formation |
−577.63 kJ/mol[4][7] |
Gibbs free energy (ΔfG⦵)
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−515.8 kJ/mol[4] |
Hazards | |
NFPA 704 (fire diamond) | |
Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC): | |
LD50 (median dose)
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> 20 g/kg (rats, oral)[8] |
NIOSH (US health exposure limits): | |
PEL (Permissible)
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none[2] |
REL (Recommended)
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TWA 2 mg/m3[2] |
IDLH (Immediate danger) |
N.D.[2] |
Safety data sheet (SDS) | ICSC 0954 |
Related compounds | |
Tin(II) oxide | |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Tin(IV) oxide, also known as stannic oxide, is the
Structure
Tin(IV) oxide crystallises with the
Hydrous forms of SnO2 have been described as stannic acid. Such materials appear to be hydrated particles of SnO2 where the composition reflects the particle size.[11]
Preparation
Tin(IV) oxide occurs naturally. Synthetic tin(IV) oxide is produced by burning tin metal in air.[11] Annual production is in the range of 10 kilotons.[11] SnO2 is reduced industrially to the metal with carbon in a reverberatory furnace at 1200–1300 °C.[12]
Amphoterism
Although SnO2 is insoluble in water, it is
Tin oxides dissolve in acids. Halogen acids attack SnO2 to give hexahalostannates,
- SnO2 + 6 HI → H2SnI6 + 2 H2O
Similarly, SnO2 dissolves in sulfuric acid to give the sulfate:[11]
- SnO2 + 2 H2SO4 → Sn(SO4)2 + 2 H2O
The latter compound can add additional
SnO2 dissolves in strong bases to give "stannates," with the nominal formula Na2SnO3.[11] Dissolving the solidified SnO2/NaOH melt in water gives Na2[Sn(OH)6], "preparing salt," which is used in the dye industry.[11]
Uses
In conjunction with vanadium oxide, it is used as a catalyst for the oxidation of aromatic compounds in the synthesis of carboxylic acids and acid anhydrides.[9]
Ceramic glazes
Tin(IV) oxide has long been used as an
SnO2 has been used as pigment in the manufacture of glasses, enamels and ceramic glazes. Pure SnO2 gives a milky white colour; other colours are achieved when mixed with other metallic oxides e.g. V2O5 yellow; Cr2O3 pink; and Sb2O5 grey blue.[11]
Dyes
This oxide of tin has been utilized as a mordant in the dyeing process since ancient Egypt.[20] A German by the name of Kuster first introduced its use to London in 1533 and by means of it alone, the color scarlet was produced there.[21]
Polishing
Tin(IV) oxide can be used as a polishing powder,[11] sometimes in mixtures also with lead oxide, for polishing glass, jewelry, marble and silver.[1] Tin(IV) oxide for this use is sometimes called as "putty powder"[13] or "jeweler's putty".[1]
Glass coatings
SnO2 coatings can be applied using chemical vapor deposition, vapour deposition techniques that employ SnCl4[9] or organotin trihalides[22] e.g. butyltin trichloride as the volatile agent. This technique is used to coat glass bottles with a thin (<0.1 μm) layer of SnO2, which helps to adhere a subsequent, protective polymer coating such as polyethylene to the glass.[9]
Thicker layers doped with Sb or F ions are electrically conducting and used in electroluminescent devices and photovoltaics.[9]
Gas sensing
SnO2 is used in
References
- ^ a b c "Material Name: stannic oxide". Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. February 10, 2007. Archived from the original on November 4, 2012. Retrieved March 29, 2013.
- ^ a b c d NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. "#0616". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
- ^ a b c d CID 29011 from PubChem
- ^ ISBN 978-1-4200-9084-0.
- ISBN 0-07-049439-8.
- ^ .
- ^ a b Stannic oxide in Linstrom, Peter J.; Mallard, William G. (eds.); NIST Chemistry WebBook, NIST Standard Reference Database Number 69, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg (MD) (retrieved July 4, 2014)
- ^ a b "MSDS of Tin(IV) oxide". fishersci.ca. Fisher Scientific. Retrieved July 4, 2014.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-08-022057-4.
- ISBN 0-7487-7516-1
- ^ ISBN 0-12-352651-5
- ISBN 0-471-93620-0
- ^ a b Inorganic & Theoretical chemistry, F. Sherwood Taylor, Heineman, 6th Edition (1942)
- ^ Donaldson & Grimes in Chemistry of tin ed. P.G. Harrison Blackie (1989)
- .
- ISBN 978-0-08-022057-4.
- ^ Hermann Kühn, 1967, "Blei-Zinn-Gelb und seine Verwendung in der Malerei", Farbe und Lack 73: 938-949
- ^ 'A Treatise On Ceramic Industries.' E.Bourry. Fourth edition. Scott, Greenwood & son. London. 1926.
- ^ 'Ceramic Glazes' Third edition. C.W.Parmelee & C.G.Harman. Cahners Books, Boston, Massachusetts. 1973.
- ^ Sir Thomas Edward Thorpe History of Chemistry (1909) Vol. 1, pp. 11-12.
- ^ Thomas Mortimer, A General Dictionary of Commerce, Trade, and Manufactures (1810) "Dying or Dyeing"
- ^ US 4130673, Larkin, William A., "Process of applying tin oxide on glass using butyltin trichloride", published 1978-12-19, assigned to M & T Chemicals Inc.
- ISBN 0-8493-7346-8
- ^ Jayaweera, M.T.V.P., De Silva, R.C.L., Kottegoda, I.R.M. and Rosa, S.R.D., 2015. Synthesis, characterization and ethanol vapor sensing performance of SnO2/Graphene composite film. Sri Lankan Journal of Physics, 15, pp.1–10. DOI: http://doi.org/10.4038/sljp.v15i0.6345
- hdl:11449/30580.
- .
Further reading
- "How Pilkington Energy Advantage™ Low-E Glass Works" (PDF). Pilkington Group Limited. July 18, 2005. Retrieved December 2, 2012.[low-emissivity(low-E) windows. The report includes reflectance and transmittance spectra.
- "NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards - Tin(IV) oxide (as Sn)". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. April 4, 2011. Retrieved November 5, 2013. Information on chemical safety and exposure limits