The Adventures of Tintin
The Adventures of Tintin (
The series first appeared in French on 10 January 1929 in Le Petit Vingtième (The Little Twentieth), a youth supplement to the Belgian newspaper Le Vingtième Siècle (The Twentieth Century). The success of the series led to serialised strips published in Belgium's leading newspaper Le Soir (The Evening) and spun into a successful Tintin magazine. In 1950, Hergé created Studios Hergé, which produced the canonical versions of ten Tintin albums.
The series is set during a largely realistic[3] 20th century. Its protagonist is Tintin, a courageous young Belgian reporter and adventurer aided by his faithful dog Snowy (Milou in the original French edition). Other allies include the brash and cynical Captain Haddock, the intelligent but hearing-impaired Professor Calculus (French: Professeur Tournesol), incompetent detectives Thomson and Thompson (French: Dupont et Dupond), and the opera diva Bianca Castafiore.
The series has been admired for its clean, expressive drawings in Hergé's signature ligne claire ("clear line") style.[4] Its well-researched[5] plots straddle a variety of genres: swashbuckling adventures with elements of fantasy, mysteries, political thrillers, and science fiction. The stories feature slapstick humour, offset by dashes of sophisticated satire with political or cultural commentary.
History
Le Vingtième Siècle: 1929–1939
"The idea for the character of Tintin and the sort of adventures that would befall him came to me, I believe, in five minutes, the moment I first made a sketch of the figure of this hero: that is to say, he had not haunted my youth nor even my dreams. Although it's possible that as a child I imagined myself in the role of a sort of Tintin".
—Hergé, 15 November 1966.[6]
Georges Prosper Remi, best known under the pen name Hergé, was employed as an illustrator at Le Vingtième Siècle (The Twentieth Century), a staunchly Roman Catholic, conservative Belgian newspaper based in Hergé's native Brussels. Run by the Abbé Norbert Wallez, the paper described itself as a "Catholic Newspaper for Doctrine and Information" and disseminated a fascist viewpoint.[7] Wallez appointed Hergé editor of a new Thursday youth supplement, titled Le Petit Vingtième ("The Little Twentieth").[8] Propagating Wallez's sociopolitical views to its young readership, it contained explicitly pro-fascist and antisemitic sentiment.[9] In addition to editing the supplement, Hergé illustrated L'extraordinaire aventure de Flup, Nénesse, Poussette et Cochonnet (The Extraordinary Adventure of Flup, Nénesse, Poussette and Cochonnet),[10] a comic strip authored by a member of the newspaper's sport staff. Dissatisfied with this, Hergé wanted to write and draw his own cartoon strip.[11]
He already had experience creating comic strips. From July 1926, he had written a strip about a Boy Scout patrol leader titled
Although Hergé wanted to send Tintin to the United States, Wallez ordered him to set his adventure in the
For the third adventure, Tintin in America, serialised from September 1931 to October 1932, Hergé finally got to deal with a scenario of his own choice, and used the work to push an anti-capitalist, anti-consumerist agenda in keeping with the paper's ultraconservative ideology.[21] The Adventures of Tintin had been syndicated to a Catholic magazine named Cœurs Vaillants (Brave Hearts) since 1930, and Hergé was soon receiving syndication requests from Swiss and Portuguese newspapers, too.[22]
Hergé wrote a string of Adventures of Tintin, sending his character to real locations such as the Belgian Congo, United States,
Le Soir: 1940–1945
In May 1940, Nazi Germany invaded Belgium as World War II spread further across Europe. Although Hergé briefly fled to France and considered a self-imposed exile, he ultimately decided to return to his occupied homeland.[24] For political reasons, the Nazi authorities closed down Le Vingtième Siècle, leaving Hergé unemployed.[25] In search of employment, he got a job as an illustrator at Belgium's leading newspaper, Le Soir (The Evening), which was allowed to continue publication under German management.[26] On 17 October 1940, he was made editor of the children's supplement, Le Soir Jeunesse, in which he set about producing new Tintin adventures.[27] In this new, more repressive political climate of German-occupied Belgium, Hergé could no longer politicize The Adventures of Tintin lest he be arrested by the Gestapo. As Harry Thompson noted, Tintin's role as a reporter came to an end, to be replaced by his new role as an explorer.[28]
Le Journal de Tintin: 1946–1983
In September 1944, the Allies entered Brussels and Hergé's German employers fled. Le Soir was shut down and The Adventures of Tintin was put on hold.[29] Then in 1946, Hergé accepted an invitation from Belgian comic publisher Raymond Leblanc and his new publishing company Le Lombard to continue The Adventures of Tintin in the new Le journal de Tintin (Tintin magazine).[30] Hergé quickly learned that he no longer had the independence he preferred; he was required to produce two coloured pages a week for Leblanc's magazine, a tall order.[31]
In 1950, Hergé began to poach the better members of the Tintin magazine staff to work in the large house on Avenue Louise that contained the fledgling
Characters
Tintin and Snowy
Tintin is a young Belgian reporter and adventurer who becomes involved in dangerous cases in which he takes heroic action to save the day. The Adventures may feature Tintin hard at work in his investigative journalism, but seldom is he seen actually turning in a story. Readers and critics have described Tintin as a well-rounded yet open-ended, intelligent, and creative character, noting that his lack of backstory and neutral personality permits a reflection of the evil, folly, and foolhardiness which surrounds him. The character never compromises his Boy Scout ideals, which represent Hergé's own, and his status allows the reader to assume his position within the story, rather than merely following the adventures of a strong protagonist.[36] Tintin's iconic representation enhances this aspect, with Scott McCloud noting that it "allows readers to mask themselves in a character and safely enter a sensually stimulating world".[37] Tintin frequently is depicted wearing plus fours, a type of trouser favored by golfers and aristocrats.
Snowy (Milou in Hergé's original version), a white Wire Fox Terrier dog, is Tintin's loyal companion. Like Captain Haddock, Snowy is fond of Loch Lomond brand Scotch whisky, and his occasional bouts of drinking tend to get him into unintentional trouble, as does his only fear: arachnophobia.
Captain Haddock
Captain Archibald Haddock (Capitaine Haddock in Hergé's original version) is a
Professor Calculus
Professor Cuthbert Calculus (Professeur Tryphon Tournesol in Hergé's original version; tournesol is the French word for 'sunflower') is an absent-minded and partially deaf physicist and a regular character alongside Tintin, Snowy, and Captain Haddock. He was introduced in Red Rackham's Treasure, and based partially on Auguste Piccard, a Swiss physicist.[38]
Supporting characters
"Everybody wants to be Tintin: generation after generation. In a world of
Bolt-the-builders—Tintin represents an unattainable ideal of goodness, cleanness, authenticity".
—Literary critic Tom McCarthy, 2006[39]
Hergé's supporting characters have been cited as far more developed than the central character, each imbued with strength of character and depth of personality, which has been compared with that of the characters of Charles Dickens.[40] Hergé used the supporting characters to create a realistic world[3] in which to set his protagonists' adventures. To further the realism and continuity, characters would recur throughout the series. The occupation of Belgium and the restrictions imposed upon Hergé forced him to focus on characterisation to avoid depicting troublesome political situations. As a result, the colourful supporting cast was developed during this period.[41]
Other recurring characters include
Settings
The settings within Tintin have also added depth to the strips. Hergé mixes real and fictional lands into his stories. In King Ottokar's Sceptre (revisited once more in The Calculus Affair) Hergé creates two fictional countries,
Research
Hergé's extensive research began with The Blue Lotus; Hergé said that "it was from that time that I undertook research and really interested myself in the people and countries to which I sent Tintin, out of a sense of responsibility to my readers".[46]
Hergé's use of research and photographic reference allowed him to build a realised universe for Tintin, going so far as to create fictionalised countries, dressing them with specific political cultures. These were heavily informed by the cultures evident in Hergé's lifetime. Pierre Skilling has asserted that Hergé saw monarchy as "the legitimate form of government", noting that democratic "values seem underrepresented in [such] a classic Franco-Belgian strip".
Hergé's use of research would include months of preparation for Tintin's voyage to the Moon in the two-part storyline spread across
Influences
In his youth, Hergé admired Benjamin Rabier and suggested that a number of images within Tintin in the Land of the Soviets reflected his influence, particularly the pictures of animals. René Vincent, the Art Deco designer, also affected early Tintin adventures: "His influence can be detected at the beginning of the Soviets, where my drawings are designed along a decorative line, like an 'S'".[51] Hergé also readily adopted the image of round noses from George McManus, feeling they were "so much fun that I used them, without scruples!"[52]
During the extensive research Hergé carried out for The Blue Lotus, he became influenced by Chinese and Japanese illustrative styles and woodcuts. This is especially noticeable in the seascapes, which are reminiscent of works by Hokusai and Hiroshige.[53]
Hergé also declared Mark Twain an influence, although this admiration may have led him astray when depicting Incas as having no knowledge of an upcoming solar eclipse in Prisoners of the Sun, an error T. F. Mills attributed to an attempt to portray "Incas in awe of a latter-day 'Connecticut Yankee'".[54]
Translation into English
British
Tintin first appeared in English in the weekly British children's comic
The process of translating Tintin into British English was then commissioned in 1958 by Methuen, Hergé's British publishers. It was a joint operation, headed by Leslie Lonsdale-Cooper and Michael Turner,[57] who worked closely with Hergé to attain a translation as true as possible to the original work.[58] Due in part to the large amount of language-specific word play (such as punning) in the series, especially the jokes which played on Professor Calculus' partial deafness, it was never the intention to translate literally; instead they strove to fashion a work whose idioms and jokes would be meritorious in their own right. Despite the free hand Hergé afforded the two, they worked closely with the original text, asking for regular assistance to understand Hergé's intentions.[58]
The British translations were also Anglicised to appeal to British customs and values. Milou, for example, was renamed Snowy at the translators' discretion. Captain Haddock's Le château de Moulinsart was renamed Marlinspike Hall.[59]
When it came time to translate
American
The Tintin books have had relatively limited popularity in the United States.[62]
The works were first adapted for the
From 1966 to 1979, Children's Digest included monthly instalments of The Adventures of Tintin. These serialisations served to increase Tintin's popularity, introducing him to many thousands of new readers in the United States.[b][64]
Digital
Lettering and typography
The English-language Adventures of Tintin books were originally published with handwritten lettering created by cartographer Neil Hyslop.
Reception
Awards
On 1 June 2006, the Dalai Lama bestowed the International Campaign for Tibet's Light of Truth Award upon the Hergé Foundation, along with South African Archbishop Desmond Tutu.[69] The award was in recognition of Hergé's book Tintin in Tibet, Hergé's most personal adventure,[70] which the executive director of ICT Europe Tsering Jampa noted was "for many ... their introduction to the awe-inspiring landscape and culture of Tibet".[71] In 2001, the Hergé Foundation demanded the recall of the Chinese translation of the work, which had been released with the title Tintin in Chinese Tibet. The work was subsequently published with the correct translation of the title.[72] Accepting on behalf of the Hergé Foundation, Hergé's widow Fanny Rodwell said: "We never thought that this story of friendship would have a resonance more than 40 years later".[69]
Literary criticism
The study of Tintin, sometimes referred to as "Tintinology", has become the life work of some literary critics in Belgium, France and England.[73] Belgian author Philippe Goddin has written Hergé et Tintin reporters: Du Petit Vingtième au Journal Tintin (1986, later republished in English as Hergé and Tintin Reporters: From "Le Petit Vingtième" to "Tintin" Magazine in 1987) and Hergé et les Bigotudos (1993) amongst other books on the series. In 1983, French author Benoît Peeters released Le Monde d'Hergé, subsequently published in English as Tintin and the World of Hergé in 1988.[74] English reporter Michael Farr has written works such as Tintin, 60 Years of Adventure (1989), Tintin: The Complete Companion (2001),[75] Tintin & Co. (2007)[76] and The Adventures of Hergé (2007),[77] while English television producer Harry Thompson authored Tintin: Hergé and his Creation (1991).[78]
Literary critics, primarily in French-speaking Europe, have also examined The Adventures of Tintin. In 1984, Jean-Marie Apostolidès published his study of the Adventures of Tintin from a more "adult" perspective as Les Métamorphoses de Tintin, published in English as The Metamorphoses of Tintin, or Tintin for Adults in 2010.[79] In reviewing Apostolidès' book, Nathan Perl-Rosenthal of The New Republic thought that it was "not for the faint of heart: it is densely-packed with close textual analysis and laden with psychological jargon".[80] Following Apostolidès's work, French psychoanalyst Serge Tisseron examined the series in his books Tintin et les Secrets de Famille ("Tintin and the Family Secrets"), which was published in 1990,[81] and Tintin et le Secret d'Hergé ("Tintin and Hergé's Secret"), published in 1993.[82]
The first English-language work of literary criticism devoted to the series was Tintin and the Secret of Literature, written by the novelist
Controversy
The earliest stories in The Adventures of Tintin have been criticised
In Tintin in the Land of the Soviets, the
Tintin in the Congo has been criticised as presenting the Africans as naïve and primitive.[94] In the original work, Tintin is shown at a blackboard addressing a class of African children: "My dear friends. I am going to talk to you today about your fatherland: Belgium".[c] Hergé redrew this in 1946 to show a lesson in mathematics.[95] Hergé later admitted the flaws in the original story, excusing it saying: "I portrayed these Africans according to ... this purely paternalistic spirit of the time".[52] Sue Buswell, who was the editor of Tintin at Methuen, summarised the perceived problems with the book in 1988 as "all to do with rubbery lips and heaps of dead animals",[d] although Thompson noted her quote may have been "taken out of context".[96]
Drawing on André Maurois' Les Silences du colonel Bramble, Hergé presents Tintin as a big-game hunter, accidentally killing fifteen antelope as opposed to the one needed for the evening meal. However, concerns over the number of dead animals led Tintin's Scandinavian publishers to request changes. A page of Tintin killing a rhinoceros by drilling a hole in its back and inserting a stick of dynamite was deemed excessive; Hergé replaced the page with one in which the rhino accidentally discharges Tintin's rifle while he sleeps under a tree.[88] In 2007, the UK's Commission for Racial Equality called for the book to be pulled from shelves after a complaint, stating: "It beggars belief that in this day and age that any shop would think it acceptable to sell and display Tintin in the Congo".[97] In August 2007, a Congolese student filed a complaint in Brussels that the book was an insult to the Congolese people. Public prosecutors investigated, and a criminal case was initiated, although the matter was transferred to a civil court.[98] Belgium's Centre for Equal Opportunities warned against "over-reaction and hyper political correctness".[99]
Hergé altered some of the early albums in subsequent editions, usually at the demand of publishers. For example, at the instigation of his American publishers, many of the African characters in Tintin in America were re-coloured to make their race
Adaptations and memorabilia
The Adventures of Tintin has been adapted in a variety of media besides the original comic strip and its collections. Hergé encouraged adaptations and members of his studio working on the animated films. After Hergé's death in 1983, the Hergé Foundation and Moulinsart, the foundation's commercial and copyright wing, became responsible for authorising adaptations and exhibitions.[103]
Television and radio
Two animated television adaptations and one radio adaptation have been made.
The Adventures of Tintin (1992–93) radio series was produced by
The Adventures of Tintin were also released as
Cinema
Five feature-length Tintin films were made before Hergé's death in 1983 and one more in 2011.
The Crab with the Golden Claws (Le crabe aux pinces d'or) (1947) was the first successful attempt to adapt one of the comics into a feature film. Written and directed by Claude Misonne and João B Michiels, the film was a stop-motion puppet production created by a small Belgian studio.[108]
Tintin and the Golden Fleece (Tintin et le mystère de la Toison d'Or) (1961), the first live action Tintin film, was adapted not from one of Hergé's Adventures of Tintin but instead from an original script written by André Barret and Rémo Forlani.[109] Directed by Jean-Jacques Vierne and starring Jean-Pierre Talbot as Tintin and Georges Wilson as Haddock, the plot involves Tintin travelling to Istanbul to collect the Golden Fleece, a ship left to Haddock in the will of his friend, Themistocle Paparanic. Whilst in the city however, Tintin and Haddock discover that a group of villains also want possession of the ship, believing that it would lead them to a hidden treasure.[109]
Tintin and the Blue Oranges (Tintin et les oranges bleues) (1964), the second live action Tintin film, was released due to the success of the first. Again based upon an original script, once more by André Barret, it was directed by Philippe Condroyer and starred Talbot as Tintin and Jean Bouise as Haddock.[110] The plot reveals a new invention, the blue orange, that can grow in the desert and solve world famines, devised by Calculus' friend, the Spanish Professor Zalamea. An emir whose interests are threatened by the invention of the blue orange proceeds to kidnap both Zalamea and Calculus, and Tintin and Haddock travel to Spain in order to rescue them.[110]
Tintin and the Temple of the Sun (Tintin et le temple du soleil) (1969), the first traditional animation Tintin film, was adapted from two of Hergé's Adventures of Tintin: The Seven Crystal Balls and Prisoners of the Sun. The first full-length, animated film from Raymond Leblanc's Belvision, which had recently completed its television series based upon the Tintin stories; it was directed by Eddie Lateste and featured a musical score by the critically acclaimed composer François Rauber. The adaptation is mostly faithful, although the Seven Crystal Balls portion of the story was heavily condensed.[110]
Documentaries
I, Tintin (Moi, Tintin, 1976) was produced by Belvision Studios and Pierre Film.[115]
Tintin and I (Tintin et moi, 2003), a documentary film directed by Anders Høgsbro Østergaard and co-produced by companies from Denmark, Belgium, France, and Switzerland, was based on a taped interview with Hergé by Numa Sadoul from 1971. Although the interview was published as a book, Hergé was allowed to edit the work prior to publishing and much of the interview was excised.[116] Years after Hergé's death, the filmmaker returned to the original tapes and restored Hergé's often personal, insightful thoughts—and in the process brought viewers closer to the world of Tintin and Hergé.[115] It was broadcast in the US on the PBS network on 11 July 2006.[117]
Sur les traces de Tintin (On the trail of Tintin, 2010) was a five-part documentary television series which recaps several albums of the book series by combining comic panels (motionless or otherwise) with live-action imagery, with commentary provided.
Theatre
Hergé himself helped to create two stage plays, collaborating with humourist Jacques Van Melkebeke. Tintin in the Indies: The Mystery of the Blue Diamond (1941) covers much of the second half of Cigars of the Pharaoh as Tintin attempts to rescue a stolen blue diamond. Mr. Boullock's Disappearance (1941–1942) has Tintin, Snowy, and Thomson and Thompson travel around the world and back to Brussels again to unmask an impostor trying to lay claim to a missing millionaire's fortune. The plays were performed at the Théâtre Royal des Galeries in Brussels. The scripts of the plays are lost.[119]
In the late 1970s and early 1980s, two Tintin plays were produced at the Arts Theatre in the West End of London, adapted by Geoffrey Case for the Unicorn Theatre Company. These were Tintin's Great American Adventure, based on the comic Tintin in America (1976–1977) and Tintin and the Black Island, based on The Black Island (1980–81); this second play later toured.[h][118]
A
The
Video games
Tintin began appearing in
In 2001, Tintin became 3D in Tintin: Destination Adventure, released by Infogrames for Windows and PlayStation.[126] Then in 2011, an action-adventure game called The Adventures of Tintin: The Secret of the Unicorn, a tie-in to the 2011 movie, was released by Ubisoft in October.[127] In 2020, a match-3 mobile game called Tintin Match was released by 5th Planet games.[128] An adventure game, titled Tintin Reporter: Cigars of the Pharaoh, was released by Microids in 2023.[129]
Memorabilia and merchandise
Images from the series have long been
The Hergé Foundation has maintained control of the licenses, through Moulinsart (now Tintin Imaginatio),[132] the commercial wing of the foundation. Speaking in 2002, Peter Horemans, the then director general at Moulinsart, noted this control: "We have to be very protective of the property. We don't take lightly any potential partners and we have to be very selective ... for him to continue to be as popular as he is, great care needs to be taken of his use".[133] However, the Foundation has been criticised by scholars as "trivialising the work of Hergé by concentrating on the more lucrative merchandising" in the wake of a move in the late 1990s to charge them for using relevant images to illustrate their papers on the series.[134]
Tintin
Stamps and coins
Tintin's image has been used on postage stamps on numerous occasions. The first Tintin postage stamp was an eight-franc stamp issued by Belgian Post for the 50th anniversary of the publication of Tintin's first adventure on 29 September 1979, featuring Tintin and Snowy looking through a magnifying glass at several stamps.[138] In 1999, a nine-stamp block celebrating ten years of the Belgian Comic Strip Center was issued, with the center stamp a photo of Tintin's famous Moon rocket that dominates the Comic Strip Center's entry hall.[137] To mark the end of the Belgian Franc and to celebrate the seventieth anniversary of the publication of Tintin in the Congo, two more stamps were issued by Belgian Post on 31 December 2001: Tintin in a pith helmet and a souvenir sheet with a single stamp in the center. The stamps were jointly issued in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.[137] In 2004, Belgian Post celebrated its own seventy-fifth anniversary, as well as the fiftieth anniversary of the publication of Explorers on the Moon, and the thirty-fifth anniversary of the Moon landings with a souvenir sheet of five stamps based upon the Explorers on the Moon adventure.[139] To celebrate the centenary of Hergé's birth in 2007,[1] Belgian Post issued a sheet of 25 stamps depicting the album covers of all 24 Adventures of Tintin (in 24 languages) plus Hergé's portrait in the center.[137] A souvenir sheet of ten stamps called "Tintin on screen", issued 30 August 2011, depicts the Tintin film and television adaptations.[i][137]
Tintin has also been
Parody and pastiche
During Hergé's lifetime, parodies were produced of the Adventures of Tintin, with one of the earliest appearing in Belgian newspaper La Patrie after the liberation of the country from Nazi German occupation in September 1944. Entitled Tintin au pays de nazis ("Tintin in the Land of the Nazis"), the short and crudely drawn strip lampoons Hergé for working for a Nazi-run newspaper during the occupation.[146]
Following Hergé's death, hundreds more unofficial parodies and pastiches of the Adventures of Tintin were produced, covering a wide variety of different genres.[145] Tom McCarthy divided such works into three specific groupings: pornographic, political, and artistic.[147] In a number of cases, the actual name "Tintin" is replaced by something similar, like Nitnit, Timtim, or Quinquin, within these books.[145]
McCarthy's first group, pornographic parodies, includes 1976's Tintin en Suisse ("Tintin in Switzerland") and Jan Bucquoy's 1992 work La Vie Sexuelle de Tintin ("Tintin's Sex Life"), featuring Tintin and the other characters engaged in sexual acts.
Other parodies have been produced for political reasons: for instance, Tintin in Iraq lampoons the world politics of the early 21st century, with Hergé's character General Alcazar representing President of the United States George W. Bush.[145] Written by the pseudonymous Jack Daniels, Breaking Free (1989) is a revolutionary socialist comic set in Britain during the 1980s, with Tintin and his uncle (modelled after Captain Haddock) being working class Englishmen who turn to socialism in order to oppose the capitalist policies of the Conservative Party government of Margaret Thatcher. When first published in Britain, it caused an outrage in the mainstream press, with one paper issuing the headline that "Commie nutters turn Tintin into picket yob!"[145]
Other comic creators have chosen to create artistic stories that are more like fan fiction than parody. The Swiss artist Exem created the irreverent comic adventures of Zinzin, what The Guardian calls "the most beautifully produced of the pastiches."[145] Similarly, Canadian cartoonist Yves Rodier has produced a number of Tintin works, none of which have been authorised by the Hergé Foundation, including a 1986 "completion" of the unfinished Tintin and Alph-art, which he drew in Hergé's ligne claire style.[145]
The response to these parodies has been mixed in the Tintinological community. Many despise them, seeing them as an affront to Hergé's work.[145] Nick Rodwell of the Hergé Foundation took this view, declaring that "none of these copyists count as true fans of Hergé. If they were, they would respect his wishes that no one but him draw Tintin's adventures".[145] Where possible, the foundation has taken legal action against those known to be producing such items. Others have taken a different attitude, considering such parodies and pastiches to be tributes to Hergé, and collecting them has become a "niche specialty".[145]
Exhibitions
After Hergé's death in 1983, his art began to be honoured at exhibitions around the world, keeping Tintin awareness at a high level. The first major Tintin exhibition in London was Tintin: 60 years of Adventure, held in 1989 at the Town Hall in Chelsea. This early exhibition displayed many of Hergé's original sketches and inks, as well as some original gouaches.[151] In 2001, an exhibition entitled Mille Sabords! ("Billions of Blistering Barnacles!") was shown at the National Navy Museum (Musée national de la Marine) in Paris.[152] In 2002, the Bunkamura Museum of Art in Tokyo staged an exhibition of original Hergé drawings as well as of the submarine and rocket ship invented in the strips by Professor Calculus.[153] The National Maritime Museum in Greenwich, London, hosted the exhibition The Adventures of Tintin at Sea in 2004, focusing on Tintin's sea exploits, and in commemoration of the 75th anniversary of the publication of Tintin's first adventure.[154] 2004 also saw an exhibition in Halles Saint Géry in Brussels titled Tintin et la ville ("Tintin and the City") showcasing all cities in the world Tintin had travelled.[155]
The Belgian Comic Strip Center in the Brussels business district added exhibits dedicated to Hergé in 2004.[156] The Brussels' Comic Book Route in the center of Brussels added its first Tintin mural in July 2005.[157]
The centenary of Hergé's birth in 2007
2009 saw the opening of the Hergé Museum (Musée Hergé), designed in contemporary style, in the town of Louvain-la-Neuve, south of Brussels.[160] Visitors follow a sequence of eight permanent exhibit rooms covering the entire range of Hergé's work, showcasing the world of Tintin and his other creations.[161] In addition, the new museum has already seen many temporary exhibits, including Into Tibet With Tintin.[162]
Legacy
Hergé is recognised as one of the leading cartoonists of the twentieth century.[164] Most notably, Hergé's ligne claire style has been influential to creators of other Franco-Belgian comics. Contributors to Tintin magazine have employed ligne claire, and later artists Jacques Tardi, Yves Chaland, Jason Little, Phil Elliott, Martin Handford, Geof Darrow, Eric Heuvel, Garen Ewing, Joost Swarte, and others have produced works using it.[165]
In the wider art world, both Andy Warhol and Roy Lichtenstein have claimed Hergé as one of their most important influences.[166] Lichtenstein made paintings based on fragments from Tintin comics, whilst Warhol used ligne claire and even made a series of paintings with Hergé as the subject. Warhol, who admired Tintin's "great political and satirical dimensions",[166] said, "Hergé has influenced my work in the same way as Walt Disney. For me, Hergé was more than a comic strip artist".[167]
Hergé has been lauded as "creating in art a powerful graphic record of the 20th century's tortured history" through his work on Tintin,[117] whilst Maurice Horn's World Encyclopedia of Comics declares him to have "spear-headed the post-World War II renaissance of European comic art".[168] French philosopher Michel Serres noted that the twenty-three completed Tintin albums constituted a "chef-d'oeuvre" ("masterpiece") to which "the work of no French novelist is comparable in importance or greatness".[169]
In 1966, Charles de Gaulle said: "Basically, you know, my only international rival is Tintin! We are the little ones who don't let themselves be fooled by the big ones".[170][j]
In March 2015,
Tintin has become a symbol of Belgium and so was used in a variety of visual responses to the 2016 Brussels bombings.[172]
List of titles
The following are the twenty-four canonical Tintin comic albums, with their English titles. Publication dates are for the original French-language versions.
Album Number | Title | Serialisation | Album (B&W) | Album (colour) | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Tintin in the Land of the Soviets | 1929–1930 | 1930 | 2017 | Hergé prevented this book's republication until 1973. It became available in a coloured edition in 2017. |
2 | Tintin in the Congo | 1930–1931 | 1931 | 1946 | Re-published in colour and in a fixed 62-page format. Book 10 was the first to be originally published in colour. |
3 | Tintin in America | 1931–1932 | 1932 | 1945 | |
4 | Cigars of the Pharaoh | 1932–1934 | 1934 | 1955 | |
5 | The Blue Lotus | 1934–1935 | 1936 | 1946 | |
6 | The Broken Ear | 1935–1937 | 1937 | 1943 | |
7 | The Black Island | 1937–1938 | 1938 | 1943, 1966 | |
8 | King Ottokar's Sceptre | 1938–1939 | 1939 | 1947 | |
9 | The Crab with the Golden Claws | 1940–1941 | 1941 | 1943 | |
10 | The Shooting Star | 1941–1942 | 1942 | ||
11 | The Secret of the Unicorn | 1942–1943 | 1943 | Books 11 to 15 set a middle period for Hergé marked by war and changing collaborators. | |
12 | Red Rackham's Treasure | 1943 | 1944 | ||
13 | The Seven Crystal Balls | 1943–1946 | 1948 | ||
14 | Prisoners of the Sun | 1946–1948 | 1949 | ||
15 | Land of Black Gold | 1939-1940[k] 1948–1950 |
1950, 1971 | ||
16 | Destination Moon | 1950–1952 | 1953 | Books 16 to 23 (and revised editions of books 4, 7 & 15) are creations of Studios Hergé. | |
17 | Explorers on the Moon | 1952–1953 | 1954 | ||
18 | The Calculus Affair | 1954–1956 | 1956 | ||
19 | The Red Sea Sharks | 1956–1958 | 1958 | ||
20 | Tintin in Tibet | 1958–1959 | 1960 | ||
21 | The Castafiore Emerald | 1961–1962 | 1963 | ||
22 | Flight 714 to Sydney | 1966–1967 | 1968 | ||
23 | Tintin and the Picaros | 1975–1976 | 1976 | ||
24 | Tintin and Alph-Art | 1986 | 2004 | Hergé's unfinished book, published posthumously. |
The following are double albums with a continuing story arc:
- Cigars of the Pharaoh (no. 4) & The Blue Lotus (no. 5)
- The Secret of the Unicorn (no. 11) & Red Rackham's Treasure (no. 12)
- The Seven Crystal Balls (no. 13) & Prisoners of the Sun (no. 14)
- Destination Moon (no. 16) & Explorers on the Moon (no. 17)
Hergé attempted and then abandoned Le Thermozéro (1958). Outside the Tintin series, a 48-page comic album supervised (but not written) by Hergé, Tintin and the Lake of Sharks, was released in 1972; it was based on the film Tintin et le lac aux requins.
See also
- The Adventures of Jo, Zette and Jocko, another series by Hergé
- List of Tintin media
References
Notes
- ^ Tintin first appeared in Eagle Vol 2:17 (3 August), which ran in weekly parts in the lower half of the centerfold, beneath the cutaway drawings, until Vol 3:4 (2 May 1952).
- ^ At that time, Children's Digest had a circulation of around 700,000 copies monthly.
- ^ "Mes chers amis, je vais vous parler aujourd'hui de votre patrie: La Belgique."
- ^ "Dead animals" refers to the fashion for big-game hunting at the time of the work's original publication.
- ^ Two series were created. Series 1: Two books, twelve episodes, were adapted in black and white as a test of the studio's abilities; these were actually faithful to the original albums. Series 2: Eight books, 91 episodes, were adapted in colour; these were often unfaithful to the original albums. The animation quality of the series was very limited.[104]
- ^ Belvision had just been launched by Raymond Leblanc, who had created Tintin magazine a decade earlier.
- ^ The series ran for three seasons, 13 episodes each season; the 21 stories usually presented in two-part segments.
- ^ Geoffrey Case (adapted), Tony Wredden (directed): Tintin's Great American Adventure, Arts Theatre, London, 18 December 1976 to 20 February 1977, Unicorn Theatre Company. Tintin and the Black Island, Arts Theatre, London, 1980–81, Unicorn Theatre Company.
- ^ "Tintin on screen" depicts both Tintin television programs and four of the five Tintin film adaptations (Lake of Sharks was omitted).
- ^ "Au fond, vous savez, mon seul rival international c'est Tintin! Nous sommes les petits qui ne se laissent pas avoir par les grands." Spoken by Charles de Gaulle, according to his Minister for Cultural Affairs André Malraux. De Gaulle had just banned all NATO aircraft bases from France; "the great ones" referred to USA and USSR. De Gaulle then added, "On ne s'en apperçoit pas, à cause de ma taille." ("Only nobody notices the likeness because of my size".)[170]
- ^ The original serialization appeared in the Belgian newspaper Le Vingtième Siècle between 25 September 1939 and 8 May 1940, when it was interrupted due to the shutdown of the newspaper by the German occupation.
Citations
- ^ a b c d Pollard 2007; Bostock & Brennan 2007; The Age 24 May 2006; Junkers 2007.
- ^ Farr 2007a, p. 4.
- ^ a b Thompson 1991, p. 207–208.
- ^ Screech 2005, p. 27; Miller 2007, p. 18; Clements 2006; Wagner 2006; Lichfield 2006; Macintyre 2006; Gravett 2008.
- ^ Thompson 2003; Gravett 2005; Mills 1983.
- ^ a b Assouline 2009, p. 19.
- ^ Thompson 1991, p. 24; Peeters 2012, pp. 20–29.
- ^ Thompson 1991, pp. 24–25; Peeters 2012, pp. 31–32.
- ^ Assouline 2009, p. 38.
- ^ Goddin 2008, p. 44.
- ^ a b Farr 2001, p. 12.
- ^ Farr 2001, p. 12; Thompson 1991, p. 25; Assouline 2009.
- ^ Thompson 1991, p. 29.
- ^ Lofficier & Lofficier 2002, p. 19.
- ^ Assouline 2009, p. 17; Farr 2001, p. 18; Lofficier & Lofficier 2002, p. 18.
- ^ Goddin 2008, p. 67.
- ^ Assouline 2009, pp. 22–23; Peeters 2012, pp. 34–37.
- ^ Peeters 2012, pp. 39–41.
- ^ Assouline 2009, pp. 32–34; Peeters 2012, pp. 42–43.
- ^ Assouline 2009, pp. 26–29; Peeters 2012, pp. 45–47.
- ^ Assouline 2009, pp. 30–32.
- ^ Assouline 2009, p. 35.
- ^ Thompson 1991, p. 82.
- ^ Thompson 1991, pp. 91–92.
- ^ Thompson 1991, pp. 90–91.
- ^ Thompson 1991, pp. 92–93.
- ^ Thompson 1991, pp. 98–99.
- ^ Thompson 1991, p. 147.
- ^ Thompson 1991, p. 166.
- ^ a b Thompson 1991, p. 173.
- ^ Thompson 1991, p. 174.
- ^ a b Thompson 1991, p. 194.
- ^ Thompson 1991, pp. 202–203.
- ^ Thompson 1991, p. 203.
- ^ Thompson 1991, p. 289.
- ^ Walker 2005.
- ^ McCloud 1993.
- ^ Horeau 2004.
- ^ McCarthy 2006, pp. 160–161.
- ^ a b McCarthy 2006, p. 8.
- ^ Yusuf 2005.
- ^ How to tell a Thompson from a Thomson 2006.
- ^ Farr 2004.
- ^ Thompson 2003.
- ^ McLaughlin 2007, p. 187.
- ^ Gravett 2005.
- ^ McLaughlin 2007, pp. 173–234.
- ^ Assouline 2009.
- ^ a b Ewing 1995.
- ^ Pain 2004.
- ^ Moura 1999.
- ^ a b c d Sadoul & Didier 2003.
- ^ The Great Wave 2006.
- ^ Mills 1983.
- ^ Thompson 1991, p. 109.
- ^ Corn 1989; The Times 4 August 2009.
- ^ The Daily Telegraph 14 August 2009; The Times 4 August 2009.
- ^ a b c Owens 10 July 2004.
- ^ Farr 2001, p. 106.
- ^ Farr 2001, p. 72.
- ^ Egmont Group 2013.
- ^ BBC News 9 January 2009.
- ^ Thompson 1991, p. 103; A personal website (Netherlands) 2006.
- ^ a b c Owens 1 October 2004.
- ^ Hachette Book Group 2013.
- ^ "The Adventures of Tintin go digital – Tintin in the Congo in English". 3 June 2015.
- ^ a b c d Chris Owens (10 July 2004). "Interview with Michael Turner and Leslie Lonsdale-Cooper". Tintinologist. Retrieved 29 November 2014.
- ^ Kim Adrian (22 October 2012). "Casterman Makes Tragic Changes to Tintin: Hyslop's Handlettering vs. "Pretty" Computer Font". Retrieved 29 November 2014.
- ^ a b BBC News 2 June 2006.
- ^ Farr 2001, p. 162.
- ^ Int'l Campaign for Tibet 17 May 2006.
- ^ BBC News 22 May 2002.
- ^ Wagner 2006.
- ^ Peeters 1989.
- ^ Farr 2001.
- ^ Farr 2007.
- ^ Farr 2007a.
- ^ Thompson 1991.
- ^ Apostolidès 2010.
- ^ Perl-Rosenthal 2010.
- ^ Tisseron 1990.
- ^ Tisseron 1993.
- ^ McCarthy 2006, p. 10.
- ^ McCarthy 2006, p. 32.
- ^ McCarthy 2006, pp. 13–14.
- ^ McCarthy 2006, pp. 106–109.
- ^ Clements 2006.
- ^ a b Thompson 1991, pp. 38, 49; Farr 2001, p. 22.
- ^ BBC News 28 April 2010; Beckford 2007.
- ^ Farr 2001, p. 22.
- ^ Thompson 1991, p. 40.
- ^ BBC News 4 February 1999.
- ^ The Economist 28 January 1999.
- ^ BBC News 17 July 2007.
- ^ Cendrowicz 2010; Farr 2001, p. 25.
- ^ Thompson 1991, p. 44.
- ^ Beckford 2007; BBC News 12 July 2007.
- ^ Samuel 2011; BBC News 13 February 2012.
- ^ Vrielink 2012.
- ^ Mills 1996.
- ^ Eschner 2017.
- ^ Rösch 2014.
- ^ Thompson 1991, p. 289; Tintin.com Moulinsart 2010.
- ^ a b c Lofficier & Lofficier 2002, pp. 143–144.
- ^ a b Lofficier & Lofficier 2002, p. 148.
- ^ Baltimore Sun 16 November 1991.
- ^ a b says, Brooke L. A. "Mille sabords tintin games". Archived from the original on 9 August 2020. Retrieved 29 May 2020.
- ^ Lofficier & Lofficier 2002, p. 143.
- ^ a b Lofficier & Lofficier 2002, pp. 144–145.
- ^ a b c Lofficier & Lofficier 2002, pp. 145–146.
- ^ Da. 2003.
- ^ Lofficier & Lofficier 2002, p. 147.
- ^ Da. 2003; Lofficier & Lofficier 2002, p. 147.
- ^ Mulard 2012.
- ^ a b Lofficier & Lofficier 2002, p. 150.
- ^ Christensen 2003.
- ^ a b PBS July 2006.
- ^ a b Hodgson 2008; RLF: Current Fellows 2008; Cadambi Website: Plays & Musicals 2006.
- ^ Sadoul 1975, p. 143; Thompson 1991, pp. 132–133, 142; Lofficier & Lofficier 2002, pp. 148–149.
- ^ Le Devoir 14 December 2007; HLN.be 13 December 2007; Wainman 2006; Cadambi Website: Plays & Musicals 2006.
- ^ Billington 2005; YoungVic.org 2005; Barbican 2005; Cadambi Website: Plays & Musicals 2006.
- ^ Smurthwaite 2007; SoniaFriedman.com 2007.
- ^ MobyGames.com 1989; Sinclair Infoseek 1989.
- ^ MobyGames.com 1995.
- ^ MobyGames.com 1996.
- ^ MobyGames.com 2001.
- ^ MobyGames.com 2011.
- ^ "Tintin Match, the match-3 puzzler based on the popular series, is available now for iOS and Android". Pocketgamer. 31 August 2020. Retrieved 31 May 2021.
- ^ Romano, Sal (22 August 2022). "Tintin Reporter: Cigars of the Pharaoh launches in 2023 for PS5, Xbox Series, PS4, Xbox Series, Switch, and PC". Gematsu. Retrieved 22 August 2022.
- ^ a b Pignal 2010.
- ^ Conrad 2004.
- ^ "Moulinsart changes its name and presents its future projects for 2022 and 2023". Tintin.com. 20 May 2022. Retrieved 1 July 2022.
- ^ DITT 2002.
- ^ Bright 1999.
- ^ "Tintin Shop Singapore". SGnow. Asia City Online Ltd. 22 September 2014. Retrieved 18 July 2017.
- ^ Irish Times 9 January 1999.
- ^ a b c d e Ahl 2011; TintinMilou.free.fr 2011.
- ^ PostBeeld 2010; Ahl 2011; TintinMilou.free.fr 2011; Kenneally 1991.
- ^ White 2007; Ahl 2011; TintinMilou.free.fr 2011.
- ^ Chard 1995; OmniCoin 2009.
- ^ Tintinesque.com 2004.
- ^ a b BBC News 8 January 2004.
- ^ a b Numista 2006; Coin Database 2006.
- ^ Coin Talk 2007; NumisCollect 2007.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Coxhead 2007.
- ^ McCarthy 2006, pp. 186–187; Thompson 1991, p. 168.
- ^ McCarthy 2006, p. 186; BBC News 14 February 2001.
- ^ Coxhead 2007; McCarthy 2006, p. 186; Perrotte & Van Gong 2006.
- ^ BBC News 14 February 2001.
- ^ a b Le Figaro 20 December 2006; Der Spiegel 20 December 2006; Chiha 2007; Radio Télévision Suisse 28 June 2010; CentrePompidou.fr 2006; Wainman 2007.
- ^ Owens 25 February 2004; Cadambi Website: Exhibitions 2006.
- ^ BDzoom.com 2001; Tintin.com 21 March 2001; Sipa 3 January 2001; Cadambi Website: Exhibitions 2006.
- ^ Tintin.com 16 March 2002.
- ^ BBC News 29 March 2004; Kennedy 2003; RMG.co.uk 13 November 2003; Horeau 2004; Cadambi Website: Exhibitions 2006.
- ^ Soumous 2004; Cadambi Website: Exhibitions 2006.
- ^ The Independent 15 October 2011; Kenneally 1991.
- ^ City of Brussels Comic Book Route; de Koning Gans Website 2005.
- ^ designboom 2006.
- ^ Junkers 2007; TwoCircles 21 May 2007; Highbeam 21 May 2007.
- ^ The Economist 28 May 2009; Contimporist 3 June 2009; Tintin.com Musée Hergé 2009.
- ^ Tintin.com Musée Hergé 2009.
- ^ Musée Hergé May 2012.
- ^ The Economist 28 May 2009; Contimporist 3 June 2009.
- ^ Radio Télévision Suisse 28 June 2010.
- ^ Armitstead & Sprenger 2011.
- ^ a b Thompson 1991, p. 280.
- ^ BBC News10 January 1999.
- ^ Horn 1983.
- ^ Adair 1993.
- ^ a b Charles-de-Gaulle.org 1958; The New York Times 5 March 1983; Lofficier & Lofficier 2002, p. 9.
- ^ "TINTIN / A Brussels Airlines aircraft in Tintin colours". 16 March 2015.
- London Evening Standard.
Bibliography
Books
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Spielberg said he found a 'soul mate' in the person of Hergé.
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Tintin: Le Temple du Soleil. Tabas&Co 5005, 2002. (Charleroi cast)
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Further reading
Books
- ISBN 978-0-86719-724-2.
- ISBN 978-0-86719-763-1.
- Taylor, Raphaël (8 November 2012). Hergé: The Genius of Tintin: A Biography. London: Icon Books. ISBN 978-1-84831-275-3.
Journal articles
- Gabilliet, Jean-Paul (28 March 2013). "A Disappointing Crossing: The North American Reception of Asterix and Tintin". In Daniel Stein; Shane Denson; Christina Meyer (eds.). Transnational Perspectives on Graphic Narratives: Comics at the Crossroads. ISBN 9781441185235. - This is Chapter #16, in Part III: Translations, Transformations, Migrations
News Articles
- Dowling, Stephen (9 January 2004). "Boy reporter still a global hero". BBC News. London. Archived from the original on 10 November 2013. Retrieved 22 December 2012.
- Jessel, Stephen (29 November 1998). "Crazy for Tintin". BBC News. London. Archived from the original on 24 December 2013. Retrieved 22 December 2012.
- Pandey, Geeta (28 September 2005). "Tintin ventures into India's rural markets". BBC News. London. Archived from the original on 24 December 2013. Retrieved 22 December 2012.
- "Tintin conquers China". BBC News. London. 23 May 2001. Archived from the original on 24 December 2013. Retrieved 22 December 2012.
External links
- Official website
- Tintinologist.org, the oldest and largest English-language Tintin fan site
- The History of the Newspaper Le Vingtième Siècle, the newspaper where Tintin first appeared