al-Tirmidhi

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al-Tirmidhi
الترمذي
al-Bukhari

Muhammad ibn Isa al-Tirmidhi (

Six Books in Sunni Islam
.

Born in

al-Bukhari, al-Darimi and Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj. Al-Tirmidhi also wrote Shama'il al-Muhammadiyya, a compilation of hadiths concerning the person and character of the Islamic prophet, Muhammad
.

Al-Tirmidhi was also well versed in Arabic grammar, favoring the school of Kufa over Basra due to the former's preservation of Arabic poetry as a primary source.[3]

Biography

Name and lineage

Al-Tirmidhi's given name (

nasab
(patronymic) has variously been given as:

  • Muḥammad ibn ‛Īsá ibn Sawrah (محمد بن عيسى بن سورة)‎[4]
  • Muḥammad ibn ‛Īsá ibn Sawrah ibn Mūsá ibn aḍ-Ḍaḥḥāk (محمد بن عيسى بن سورة بن موسى بن الضحاك)‎[5][6][7][8]
  • Muḥammad ibn ‛Īsá ibn Sawrah ibn Shaddād (محمد بن عيسى بن سورة بن شداد)‎[9]
  • Muḥammad ibn ‛Īsá ibn Sawrah ibn Shaddād ibn aḍ-Ḍaḥḥāk (محمد بن عيسى بن سورة بن شداد بن الضحاك)‎[10]
  • Muḥammad ibn ‛Īsá ibn Sawrah ibn Shaddād ibn ‛Īsá (محمد بن عيسى بن سورة بن شداد بن عيسى)‎[8]
  • Muḥammad ibn ‛Īsá ibn Yazīd ibn Sawrah ibn as-Sakan (محمد بن عيسى بن يزيد بن سورة بن السكن)‎[5][6][8]
  • Muḥammad ibn ‛Īsá ibn Sahl (محمد بن عيسى بن سهل)‎[11][12]
  • Muḥammad ibn ‛Īsá ibn Sahl ibn Sawrah (محمد بن عيسى بن سهل بن سورة)‎[13]

He was also known by the

laqab "ad-Darir" ("the Blind"). It has been said that he was born blind, but the majority of scholars agree that he became blind later in his life.[5][14]

At-Tirmidhi's grandfather was originally from Marw (Persian: Merv), but moved to Tirmidh.[5] According to

Britannica Online, he was an Arab.[15] According to S.H. Nasr and M. Mutahhari in The Cambridge History of Iran, Al-Tirmidhi was of Persian ethnicity.[16] His uncle was the famous Sufi Abu Bakr al-Warraq.[17] Al-Warraq was the teacher of Al-Hakim al-Samarqandi, a known associate of the famous theologian Abu Mansur Al-Matuiridi.[citation needed
]

Birth

Muhammad ibn `Isa at-Tirmidhi was born during the reign of the

nisbats "at-Tirmidhi" and "al-Bughi").[19][21][23][24]

Hadith studies

At-Tirmidhi began the study of hadith at the age of 20. From the year 235 AH (849/850) he traveled widely in

Hijaz in order to collect hadith.[4][9][10]
His teachers and those he narrated from included:

  • al-Bukhari[4][6][7][9][10][14][18][22]
  • Abū Rajā’ Qutaybah ibn Sa‘īd al-Balkhī al-Baghlāni[6][7][10][18]
  • ‘Alī ibn Ḥujr ibn Iyās as-Sa‘dī al-Marwazī[6][7][10][18]
  • Muḥammad ibn Bashshār al-Baṣrī[7][10][18]
  • ‘Abd Allāh ibn Mu‘āwiyah al-Jumaḥī al-Baṣrī[6]
  • Abū Muṣ‘ab az-Zuhrī al-Madanī[6]
  • Muḥammad ibn ‘Abd al-Mālik ibn Abī ash-Shawārib al-Umawī al-Baṣrī[6]
  • Ismā‘īl ibn Mūsá al-Fazārī al-Kūfi[6]
  • Muḥammad ibn Abī Ma‘shar as-Sindī al-Madanī[6]
  • Abū Kurayb Muḥammad ibn al-‘Alā’ al-Kūfī[6][10]
  • Hanād ibn al-Sarī al-Kūfī[6][10]
  • Ibrāhīm ibn ‘Abd Allāh al-Harawī[6]
  • Suwayd ibn Naṣr ibn Suwayd al-Marwazī[6]
  • Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Baṣrī[10]
  • Zayd ibn Akhzam al-Baṣrī[14]
  • al-‘Abbās al-‘Anbarī al-Baṣrī[14]
  • Muḥammad ibn al-Muthanná al-Baṣrī[14]
  • Muḥammad ibn Ma‘mar al-Baṣrī[14]
  • ad-Darimi[10][18]
  • Muslim[14][18][22]
  • Abu Dawud[9][14][22]

At the time, Khurasan, at-Tirmidhi's native land, was a major center of learning, being home to a large number of

muhaddiths. Other major centers of learning visited by at-Tirmidhi were the Iraqi cities of Kufa and Basra. At-Tirmidhi reported hadith from 42 Kufan teachers. In his Jami`, he used more reports from Kufan teachers than from teachers of any other town.[14]

At-Tirmidhi was a pupil of

Abu Hanifah. Because he never received a reliable chain of narrators to mention Abu Hanifa's decrees, he would instead attribute them to "some people of Kufa."[14] Al-Bukhari held at-Tirmidhi in high regard as well. He is reported to have told at-Tirmidhi, "I have profited more from you than you have from me," and in his Sahih he narrated two hadith from at-Tirmidhi.[14][18]

At-Tirmidhi also narrated some hadiths from Abu Dawud, and one from Muslim.[14] Muslim also narrated one hadith from at-Tirmidhi in his own Sahih.[18]

A.J. Wensinck mentions Ahmad ibn Hanbal as among at-Tirmidhi's teachers.[9][14] However, Hoosen states that according to the most reliable sources, at-Tirmidhi never went to Baghdad, nor did he attend any lectures of Ahmad ibn Hanbal. Furthermore, at-Tirmidhi never directly narrates from Ahmad ibn Hanbal in his Jami`.[14]

Several of at-Tirmidhi's teachers also taught al-Bukhari, Muslim, Abu Dawud,

an-Nasa'i
.

Writings

  • Al-Jami' al-Mukhtasar min as-Sunan 'an Rasul Allah, known as
    Jami' at-Tirmidhi
  • Al-'Ilal as-Sughra
  • Az-Zuhd
  • Al-'Ilal al-Kubra
  • Ash-Shama'il an-Nabawiyya wa'l-Fada'il al-Mustafawiyya
  • Al-Asma' wa'l-Kuna
  • Kitab at-Tarikh

Accusation of heresy by some Hanbalites

Al-Tirmidhi was accused of being a

Qur'an about the praiseworthy station of Muhammad known as "al-Maqam al-Mahmud".[25][26][27]

The verse is: "And from [part of] the night, pray[a] with it [i.e., recitation of the Qur’ān] as additional [worship] for you; it is expected that[b] your Lord will resurrect you to a praised station."[c][Quran 17:79 -Sahih International]

The Hanbalites interpreted the Praiseworthy Station as the seating of Muhammad on the Throne next to God, despite the overall weakness of the narrations supporting it.[28]

Death

At-Tirmidhi was blind in the last two years of his life, according to adh-Dhahabi.[10] His blindness is said to have been the consequence of excessive weeping, either due to fear of God or over the death of al-Bukhari.[4][5][10][14][18]

He died on Monday night, 13 Rajab 279 AH (Sunday night, 8 October 892)[d] in Bugh.[7][10][14]

At-Tirmidhi is buried on the outskirts of Sherobod, 60 kilometers north of Termez in Uzbekistan. In Termez he is locally known as Abu Isa at-Termezi or "Termez Ota" ("Father of Termez").[24]

See also

Early Islam scholars

Early Islamic scholars
Muhammad, The final Messenger of God(570–632 the Constitution of Medina, taught the Quran, and advised his companions
Abu Hurairah
(603–681) taught
Urwah ibn Zubayr (died 713) taught by Aisha, he then taught
Said ibn al-Musayyib (637–715) taughtAbdullah ibn Umar (614–693) taughtAbd Allah ibn al-Zubayr (624–692) taught by Aisha, he then taught
Umar ibn Abdul Aziz
(682–720) raised and taught by Abdullah ibn Umar
Hammad bin ibi Sulman taught
Farwah bint al-Qasim
Jafar's mother
Ja'far bin Muhammad Al-Baqir (702–765) Muhammad and Ali's great great grand son, jurisprudence followed by Shia, he taught
Malik ibn Anas (711–795) wrote Muwatta, jurisprudence from early Medina period now mostly followed by Sunni in Africa, Sunni Sufi and taughtAl-Waqidi (748–822) wrote history books like Kitab al-Tarikh wa al-Maghazi, student of Malik ibn AnasAbu Muhammad Abdullah ibn Abdul Hakam (died 829) wrote biographies and history books, student of Malik ibn Anas
Ismail ibn Ibrahim
Ali ibn al-Madini (778–849) wrote The Book of Knowledge of the CompanionsIbn Hisham (died 833) wrote early history and As-Sirah an-Nabawiyyah, Muhammad's biography
Jami` at-Tirmidhi hadith books
Al-Baladhuri (died 892) wrote early history Futuh al-Buldan, Genealogies of the Nobles
Sunan Abu Dawood
Hadith Book
Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari (838–923) wrote History of the Prophets and Kings, Tafsir al-Tabari
Abu Hasan al-Ash'ari (874–936) wrote Maqālāt al-islāmīyīn, Kitāb al-luma, Kitāb al-ibāna 'an usūl al-diyāna
Diwan-e Shams-e Tabrizi
on Sufism
Key: Some of Muhammad's CompanionsKey: Taught in MedinaKey: Taught in IraqKey: Worked in SyriaKey: Travelled extensively collecting the sayings of Muhammad and compiled books of hadithKey: Worked in Persia

Notes

  1. ^ Literally, "arise from sleep for prayer."
  2. ^ This is a promise from Allāh to Muhammad.
  3. ^ The position of intercession by permission of Allāh and the highest degree in Paradise.
  4. ^ In the Islamic calendar, the weekday begins at sunset.

References

  1. JSTOR 40377944. Archived
    from the original on 2021-12-26. Retrieved 2021-12-26 – via JSTOR.
  2. ISBN 90-04-11211-1.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link
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  3. ISBN 9789004105959
  4. ^ a b c d e Juynboll, G.H.A. (24 April 2012). "al-Tirmidhī". Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Brill Online. Archived from the original on 2016-09-21. Retrieved 2016-09-16.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g Abdul Mawjood, Salahuddin ʻAli (2007). The Biography of Imām at-Tirmidhī. Translated by Abu Bakr ibn Nasir (1st ed.). Riyadh: Darussalam.
    ISBN 978-9960983691
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    ISBN 9773700100. Archived from the original on 2016-06-24. Retrieved 2015-10-19.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link
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    Baron Mac Guckin de Slane. Paris: Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. pp. 679
    –680.
  8. ^ a b c
    البداية والنهاية (al-Bidāyah wa-al-nihāyah) (in Arabic). Vol. 11 – via Wikisource.{{citation}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link
    )
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  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Robson, James (June 1954). "The Transmission of Tirmidhī's Jāmi'". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. 16 (2).
    S2CID 127754171
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  11. ISBN 9004147004. Archived
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  12. ^ Sezgin, Fuat (1991). تاريخ التراث العربي (Tārīkh al-turāth al-'arabī) (in Arabic). Vol. 1. Translated by Mahmud Fahmi Hijazi. Part 4. p.209. Archived from the original on 2016-05-10. Retrieved 2015-10-19.
  13. ^ Rushdī Abū Shabānah ʻAlī al-Rashīdī (2007). التضامن الدولي في النظام الإسلامي والنظم الوضعية : دراسة مقارنة (al-Taḍāmun al-dawlī fī al-niẓām al-Islāmī wa-al-nuẓum al-waḍʻīyah : dirāsah muqāranah) (1st ed.). Mansoura, Egypt: Dār al-Yaqīn.
    ISBN 9789773362409
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  14. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Hoosen, Abdool Kader (1990). Imam Tirmidhi's contribution towards Hadith (1st ed.). Newcastle, South Africa: A.K. Hoosen.
    ISBN 9780620153140
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  15. ^ "Al-Tirmidhī | Muslim scholar | Britannica".
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    ISBN 1563162040. Archived
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  19. ^ a b
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  20. ^ Nur al-Din Itr (1978). "تصدير Taṣdīr" [Preface]. In Ibn Rajab al-Hanbali (ed.). شرح علل الترمذي Sharḥ 'Ilal al-Tirmidhī (in Arabic) (1st ed.). Dār al-Mallāḥ. p. 11. Archived from the original on 2016-05-11. Retrieved 2015-10-19.
  21. ^
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    from the original on 2016-07-23. Retrieved 2015-10-19.
  22. ^ a b c d Siddiqi, Muhammad Zubayr. Hadith Literature: Its Origin, Development & Special Features. p. 64.
  23. ISBN 9780810861619. Archived
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  24. ^ a b "Termez". www.uzbek-travel.com. Archived from the original on 2012-09-24. Retrieved 2013-01-08.
  25. ^ Abu Bakr al-Khallal. "Kitab al-Sunna (The Book of the Sunna)". Archived from the original on 2022-07-08. Retrieved 2020-09-25. فقد كان أحدث هذا الترمذي المبتدع ببلدنا ما اتصل بنا أنه حدث ببلدكم، وهذا أمر قد كان اضمحل وأخمله الله، وأخمل أهله وقائله، وليس بموجود في الناس، قد سلب عقله، أخزاه الله وأخزى أشياعه، وقد كان الشيوخ سئلوا عنه في حياة أبي بكر رحمه الله ومحدثي بغداد والكوفة وغير ذلك، فلم يكن منهم أحد إلا أنكره، وكره من أمره ما كتبنا به إليكم لتقفوا عليه، فأما ما قال العباس بن محمد الدوري عند سؤالهم إياه عنه ورده حديث مجاهد: ذكر أن هذا الترمذي الذي رد حديث مجاهد ما رآه قط عند محدث، ولا يعرفه بالطلب، وإن هذا الحديث لا ينكره إلا مبتدع جهمي، فنحن نسأل الله العافية من بدعته وضلالته، فما أعظم ما جاء به هذا من الضلالة والبدع، عمد إلى حديث فيه فضيلة للنبي صلى الله عليه وسلم فأراد أن يزيله ويتكلم في من رواه، وقد قال النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم: « لا تزال طائفة من أمتي على الحق، لا يضرهم من ناوأهم » ونحن نحذر عن هذا الرجل أن تستمعوا منه، وممن قال بقوله، أو تصدقوهم في شيء، فإن السنة عندنا إحياء ذكر هذا الحديث، وما أشبهه مما ترده الجهمية
  26. ^ Yusuf Aba al-Khail (17 May 2017). "محنة الإمام الترمذي مع التكفير". www.alarabiya.net. Al Arabiya. Archived from the original on 2022-07-08. Retrieved 2022-07-08.
  27. ^ Yusuf Aba al-Khail. "محنة الإمام الترمذي مع التكفير". www.alriyadh.com. Al Riyadh. Archived from the original on 2021-04-10. Retrieved 2020-09-25.
  28. Gibril Fouad Haddad. "The Prophet's (s) Seating on the Throne". www.naqshbandi.ca. Naqshbandi Order in Montreal. Archived
    from the original on 2021-01-25. Retrieved 2020-09-25.

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