Tiruchirappalli

Coordinates: 10°47′25″N 78°42′17″E / 10.79028°N 78.70472°E / 10.79028; 78.70472
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This article is about the city in Tamil Nadu, India. For other uses, see Tiruchirappalli (disambiguation).

Tiruchirappalli
Trichy, Tiruchi (shortened)
Trichinopoly (colonial)
52nd

UTC+5:30 (IST)
PIN
620 xxx
Telephone code0431
Vehicle registrationTN-45, TN-48, TN-81, TN-81A
WebsiteTrichy City Municipal Corporation

Tiruchirappalli

Cauvery Delta begins 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) west of the city where the Kaveri river splits into two, forming the island of Srirangam which is now incorporated into the Tiruchirappalli City Municipal Corporation. The city occupies an area of 167.23 square kilometres (64.57 sq mi) and had a population of 916,857 in 2011.[a]

Tiruchirappalli's recorded history begins in the 3rd century BC, when it was under the rule of the

Carnatic Wars (1746–1763) between the British and the French East India companies
.

The city is an important educational centre in the state of Tamil Nadu, and houses nationally recognized institutions such as

Indian Institute of Information Technology (IIIT), Tamil Nadu National Law University (NLU), Government Medical College. Industrial units such as Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL), Golden Rock Railway Workshop, Ordnance Factory Tiruchirappalli (OFT) and High Energy Projectile Factory (HEPF) have their factories in the city. The presence of a large number of energy equipment manufacturing units in and around the city has earned it the title of "Energy Equipment and Fabrication Capital of India". It is one of the few towns and cities in List of AMRUT Smart cities in Tamil Nadu selected for AMRUT Schemes [14] from central government and the developmental activities are taken care by government of Tamil Nadu.[15]
Tiruchirappalli is internationally known for a brand of cheroot known as the Trichinopoly cigar, which was exported in large quantities to the United Kingdom during the 19th century.

A major road and railway hub in the state, the city is served by the Tiruchirappalli International Airport (TRZ) which operates direct flights to the Middle East and Southeast Asia.

Etymology

Historically, Tiruchirappalli was commonly referred to in English as "Trichinopoly".[16] The shortened forms "Trichy" or "Tiruchi" are used in everyday speech and the full name Tiruchirapalli appears in official use by government and quasi-government offices but seldom used by the general public.[17][18]

According to the late scholar

Orientalists Henry Yule and Arthur Coke Burnell have speculated that the name may derive from a rock inscription carved in the 16th century in which Tiruchirappalli is written as Tiru-ssila-palli, meaning "holy-rock-town" in Tamil.[19][20] Other scholars have suggested that the name Tiruchirappalli is a rewording of Tiru-chinna-palli, meaning "holy little town".[19][20] The Madras Glossary gives the root as Tiruććināppalli or the "holy (tiru) village (palli) of the shina (Cissampelos pareira) plant".[20]

According to

meditated on the Hindu god Shiva near the present-day city to obtain favours from the god.[19] An alternative derivation, albeit not universally accepted,[19] is that the source of the city's name is the Sanskrit word "Trishirapuram"—Trishira, meaning "three-headed", and palli or puram meaning "city".[19][20]

History

Main article: History of Tiruchirappalli

Early and medieval history

Tiruchirappalli is one of the oldest inhabited cities in

Karikala Chola in the 2nd century AD.[27]

Tiruchirappalli Rock Fort, the rock is said to be one of the oldest formations in the world. It is 3.8 billion years old, as it is older than Greenland and Himalayas.[citation needed]

The medieval history of Tiruchirappalli begins with the reign of the Pallava king

Medieval Cholas, who ruled until the 13th century.[31]

After the decline of the Cholas, Tiruchirappalli was conquered by the

Teppakulam and building walls around the Srirangam temple.[43][44] His successor Kumara Krishnappa Nayaka made Tiruchirappalli his capital,[44] and it served as the capital of the Madurai Nayak kingdom from 1616 to 1634 and from 1665 to 1736.[45][46][47]

In 1736 the last Madurai Nayak ruler,

Nathar Vali, who is thought to have lived there in the 12th century AD.[56][57] Tiruchirappalli was invaded by Nanjaraja Wodeyar in 1753 and Hyder Ali of the Mysore kingdom in 1780, both attacks repulsed by the troops of the British East India Company.[58] A third invasion attempt, by Tipu Sultan—son of Hyder Ali—in 1793, was also unsuccessful;[59] he was pursued by British forces led by William Medows, who thwarted the attack.[60]

British rule

The Carnatic kingdom was

Umdat Ul-Umra, son of Wallajah and the Nawab at the time, during the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War.[61][62] Trichinopoly was incorporated into the Madras Presidency the same year, and the district of Trichinopoly was formed, with the city of Trichinopoly (or Tiruchirappalli) as its capital.[63]

During the

Madras in the early 20th century.[c][66]

Contemporary and modern history

a historical map of the city
Map of Tiruchirappalli town in 1955

Tiruchirappalli played an active role during the

satellite town was developed near Navalpattu on the outskirts of the city,[80] but the proposed move was shelved by successive governments.[81]

Like much of Tamil Nadu, Tiruchirappalli remains prone to communal tensions based on religion and ethnicity. There have been occasional outbreaks of

Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple.[87]

Geography and climate

Main article: Geography of Tiruchirappalli
Panorama of Tiruchirappalli showing Cauvery river and the Srirangam island.
Aerial view of an island formed by Kaveri and Kollidam
Aerial photograph of Srirangam island, sandwiched between the rivers Kaveri and Kollidam

Tiruchirappalli is situated in central south-eastern India, almost at the geographic centre of the state of Tamil Nadu. The Cauvery Delta begins to form 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) west of the city where the river divides into two streams—the Kaveri and the Kollidam—to form the island of Srirangam.[73][88][89] By road it is 912 kilometres (567 mi) south of Hyderabad, 322 kilometres (200 mi) south-west of Chennai and 331 kilometres (206 mi) south-east of Bangalore.[90] The topology of Tiruchirappalli is almost flat with an average elevation of 81 metres (266 ft). A few isolated hillocks rise above the surface,[91] the highest of which is the Rockfort;[92][93] its estimated age of 3,800 million years makes it one of the oldest rocks in the world.[94][95] Other prominent hillocks include the Golden Rock, Khajamalai,[96] and one each at Uyyakondan Thirumalai and Thiruverumbur.[97]

Apart from

Kollidam,[98] the city is also drained by the Uyyakondan Channel, Koraiyar and Kudamurutti river channels.[99] The land immediately surrounding the Kaveri River—which crosses Tiruchirappalli from west to east—consists of deposits of fertile alluvial soil[100] on which crops such as finger millet and maize are cultivated.[101] Further south, the surface is covered by poor-quality black soil.[100] A belt of Cretaceous rock known as the Trichinopoly Group runs to the north-east of the city,[102] and to the south-east there are layers of archaean rocks, granite and gneiss covered by a thin bed of conglomeratic laterite.[92] The region falls under Seismic Zone III, which is moderately vulnerable to earthquakes.[103]

Urban structure

Panorama of Tiruchirappalli as seen from the top of the Rockfort.
Skyline of the cantonment area, south of the Central Bus Station (ca. Aug '22)

The city of Tiruchirappalli lies on the plains between the

Shevaroy Hills to the north and the Palani Hills to the south and south-west.[104] Tiruchirappalli is completely surrounded by agricultural fields.[75] Densely populated industrial and residential areas have recently been built in the northern part of the city, and the southern edge also has residential areas.[75] The older part of Tiruchirappalli, within the Rockfort, is unplanned and congested while the adjoining newer sections are better executed.[105] Many of the old houses in Srirangam were constructed according to the shilpa sastras, the canonical texts of Hindu temple architecture.[106]

Climate

Tiruchirappalli experiences a dry-summer tropical savanna climate (Köppen climate classification: As), with no major change in temperature between summer and winter.[107][108] The climate is generally characterised by high temperature and low humidity.[109] With an annual mean temperature of 28.9 °C (84.0 °F) and monthly average temperatures ranging between 25 °C (77 °F) and 32 °C (90 °F),[107] the city is the hottest in the state.[110] The warmest months are from April to June,[111] when the city experiences frequent dust storms.[111] As of November 2013, the highest temperature ever recorded in Tiruchirappalli was 43.9 °C (111.0 °F), which occurred on 2 May 1896;[112] the lowest was observed on 6 February 1884 at 13.9 °C (57.0 °F).[113][114] The high temperatures in the city have been attributed to the presence of two rivers—Kaveri and Kollidam—[d]and the absence of greenery around the city.[110] As Tiruchirappalli is on the Deccan Plateau the days are extremely warm and dry; evenings are cooler because of cold winds that blow from the south-east.[107] From June to September, the city experiences a moderate climate tempered by heavy rain and thundershowers. Rainfall is heaviest between October and December because of the north-east monsoon winds, and from December to February the climate is cool and moist.[107] The average annual rainfall is 841.9 mm (33.15 in),[115] slightly lower than the state's average of 945 mm (37.2 in).[116] Fog and dew are rare and occur only during the winter season.[111]

Climate data for
Tiruchirappalli Airport
(1981–2010, extremes 1949–2012)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 35.6
(96.1) 		40.0
(104.0) 		42.2
(108.0) 		42.8
(109.0) 		43.3
(109.9) 		43.9
(111.0) 		41.1
(106.0) 		40.6
(105.1) 		40.6
(105.1) 		38.9
(102.0) 		36.7
(98.1) 		35.6
(96.1) 		43.9
(111.0)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 30.3
(86.5) 		32.8
(91.0) 		35.7
(96.3) 		37.5
(99.5) 		38.2
(100.8) 		37.1
(98.8) 		36.3
(97.3) 		35.8
(96.4) 		35.0
(95.0) 		32.8
(91.0) 		30.4
(86.7) 		29.6
(85.3) 		34.3
(93.7)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 20.6
(69.1) 		21.5
(70.7) 		23.5
(74.3) 		26.1
(79.0) 		26.8
(80.2) 		26.6
(79.9) 		26.1
(79.0) 		25.7
(78.3) 		24.9
(76.8) 		24.2
(75.6) 		22.8
(73.0) 		21.2
(70.2) 		24.2
(75.6)
Record low °C (°F) 14.4
(57.9) 		13.9
(57.0) 		15.6
(60.1) 		18.3
(64.9) 		19.4
(66.9) 		18.0
(64.4) 		20.1
(68.2) 		20.6
(69.1) 		20.6
(69.1) 		18.9
(66.0) 		16.7
(62.1) 		14.4
(57.9) 		13.9
(57.0)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 13.3
(0.52) 		3.6
(0.14) 		5.3
(0.21) 		29.6
(1.17) 		67.0
(2.64) 		38.3
(1.51) 		60.5
(2.38) 		69.9
(2.75) 		153.4
(6.04) 		153.9
(6.06) 		168.0
(6.61) 		81.4
(3.20) 		844.2
(33.24)
Average rainy days 0.9 0.4 0.6 1.7 3.8 2.6 2.7 4.1 7.1 9.2 8.1 5.1 46.3
Average
relative humidity (%) (at 17:30 IST
) 		54 43 37 41 42 44 45 46 52 64 70 65 50
Source: India Meteorological Department[114][117]

Demographics

Aerial view of Tiruchirapalli
Main article: Demographics of Tiruchirappalli

According to the

2011 Indian census, Tiruchirappalli had a population of 847,387,[a] 9.4% of whom were under the age of six, living in 214,529 families within the municipal corporation limits. The recorded population density was 5,768/km2 (14,940/sq mi) while the sex ratio was 975 males for every 1,000 females.[13] The Tiruchirappalli urban agglomeration had a population of 1,022,518, and was ranked the fourth largest in Tamil Nadu and the 53rd in India as of 2011.[5] The city had an average literacy rate of 91.37%,[13] significantly higher than the national average of 73.00%.[121] Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes accounted for 10.48% and 0.27% of the population respectively.[13] There were 228,518 people, roughly constituting about 26.96% of the total population, who lived in slums in the city.[122] The daily floating population of the city was estimated at around 250,000.[123]

The city's population is predominantly

Trichy–Tanjore Diocese of the Church of South India.[128][129]

The most widely spoken language is

Sri Lankan Tamil migrants, most of whom are housed in refugee camps on the outskirts of the city.[141][142]

Administration and politics

See also:
Tiruchirappalli Municipal Corporation
Administrative officials
Collector pradeep kumar IAS[143]
Municipality officials
Mayor Anbalagan [144]
Commissioner S. Sivasubramanian[145]
Deputy Mayor Vacant[146]
Commissioner of Police A. Amalraj[147]
Members of Legislative Assembly
Tiruchirappalli East
 Inigo Irudayaraj
Tiruchirappalli West
 K. N. Nehru
Srirangam
 M. Palaniyandi
Thiruverumbur
 Anbil Mahesh Poyyamozhi[148]
Member of Parliament
Tiruchirappalli
 Su. Thirunavukkarasar[149]

Covering 18 square kilometres (6.9 sq mi), the municipality of Tiruchirappalli was inaugurated under the Town Improvements Act 1865 on 1 November 1866;[150] it originally consisted of two ex-officers and nine nominated members.[151] Council elections were introduced in 1877 and the first chairman was elected in 1889.[151] The municipality was upgraded to a municipal corporation as per the Tiruchirappalli City Municipal Corporation Act 1994[152] by inclusion of the erstwhile Srirangam and Golden Rock municipalities.[153] Covering 167.23 square kilometres (64.57 sq mi),[a][154] the municipal corporation comprises 65 wards and four administrative zones; these are Srirangam, Ariyamangalam, Golden Rock and Abhishekapuram.[155]

White three-story building
Headquarters of Tiruchirappalli City Municipal Corporation

Tiruchirappalli City Municipal Corporation Council, the legislative body, comprises 65 councillors elected from each of the 65 wards and is headed by a mayor assisted by a

Deputy Mayor.[156][157] The executive wing has seven departments—general administration, revenue, town planning, engineering, public health, information technology and personnel—and is headed by a City Commissioner. The Commissioner is assisted by two executive engineers for the east and west sections, and Assistant Commissioners for personnel, accounts and revenue departments, a public relations officer, a city engineer, a city health officer and an Assistant Commissioner for each of the four zones.[158] A Local Planning Authority for Tiruchirappalli was created on 5 April 1974 as per the Tamil Nadu Town and Country Planning Act of 1971 with the District Collector of Tiruchirappalli as chairman and the assistant director of Town and Country Planning as its member secretary.[159]

The city of Tiruchirappalli is represented in the

Tamil Maanila Congress and the Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam[175] have won once each. Indian politician Rangarajan Kumaramangalam, who served as the Minister of Power in the government of Atal Bihari Vajpayee,[176] was elected to the Lok Sabha from Tiruchirappalli in the 1998 and 1999 elections.[172][173]

Law and order are enforced by the Tamil Nadu police, which for administrative purposes, has constituted Tiruchirappalli city as a separate district, divided into 18 zonal offices and units, with a total of 38 police stations.[177] The Tiruchirappalli city police force is headed by a

Commissioner of police assisted by Deputy Commissioners.[178] Law and order in suburban areas is enforced by the Tiruchirappalli district police.[179] It has the lowest proportion of rape and murder cases in the state.[180]

Utility services

Electricity supply to the city is regulated and distributed by the

Tamil Nadu Electricity Board (TNEB).[181] Tiruchirappalli is the headquarters of the Trichy region of TNEB. The city and its suburbs form the Trichy Metro Electricity Distribution Circle, which is subdivided into six divisions.[181] A chief distribution engineer is stationed at the regional headquarters at Tennur.[181] Water supply is provided by the Tiruchirappalli City Corporation.[182] The city gets its drinking water supply from the Kaveri River and 1,470 bore wells linked to 60 service reservoirs in and around the city.[183] Four of the six head works from which the city gets its water supply are maintained by the municipal corporation and the rest by other agencies.[184]

Pollution has been a major concern in Tiruchirappalli. The Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board has set up five stations in the city to check the quality of air.[185] As of 2012, about 432 tonnes (432,000 kg) of solid waste are produced in the city every day.[186] Solid waste management in the city is handled by the corporation; places such as the Gandhi Market, Central Bus terminus and the Chathram bus terminus are being monitored by other agencies.[184] The principal landfill is at Ariyamangalam.[187] Waste water management in the Trichy-Srirangam underground drainage (UGD) areas is handled by the Tamil Nadu Water Supply and Drainage Board (TWAD) and in other areas by the Tiruchirappalli Municipal Corporation.[184] As of 2013, there were a total of 40,580 UGD connections maintained by the municipal corporation.[188] In 2020, it is estimated that 31% of the city is covered under a networked sewage system, however, as of September 2020 the corporation has fast-tracked its project to cover the entire city, funded jointly by urban local body, Tamil Nadu Urban Finance and Infrastructure Development Corporation Ltd (Tufidco) and Asian Development Bank.[189] The high toxicity of the waste water released by the Trichy Distilleries and Chemicals Limited (TDCL) is a major cause of concern for the corporation.[190] The corporation's annual expenditure for the year 2010–11 was estimated to be ₹1,559.4 million (equivalent to ₹3.2 billion or US$40 million in 2023).[191] In 2013, researchers from Bharathidasan University assessed water quality in the Tiruchirappalli area and concluded that although the quality of the groundwater was suitable for human consumption, the quality of the pond water in the city was "not fit for human usage, agricultural or industrial purposes".[192]

Under the National Urban Sanitation Policy, Tiruchirappalli was ranked sixth in India and first in Tamil Nadu on the basis of sanitation for the year 2009–10.

list of cleanest cities in India.[195]

Under the ease of living index 2018 published by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs, Tiruchirappalli was ranked twelfth in India and first in Tamil Nadu among the 111 cities considered.[10] The ranking framework was categorised into four pillars, namely Institutional, Social, Economic and Physical, which comprised 78 indicators such as urban transport, waste water management, solid waste management and governance.

Tiruchirappalli comes under the Tiruchi Telecom District of the

Code division multiple access (CDMA) mobile services are available.[198] BSNL also provides broadband internet services.[199] BSNL began offering wireless internet services with the commencement of Evolution-Data Optimized (EVDO) transmission in 2008.[198] Tiruchirappalli is one of the few cities in India where BSNL's Caller Line Identification (CLI)-based internet service Netone is available.[200] Softnet (STPI), Tata VSNL, Bharti and Reliance are other major broadband internet service providers in the city.[201]

Tiruchirappalli has a regional passport office, the second in Tamil Nadu, which commenced its operations on 23 March 1983 bifurcated from Chennai region.

Karur, Nagappattinam, Perambalur, Pudukkottai, Thanjavur, Ariyalur and Tiruvarur.[203]

Economy

Main article: Economy of Tiruchirappalli
A refurbished locomotive waiting at a junction
A WDS6 locomotive manufactured at the Golden Rock Railway Workshop

During British rule, Tiruchirappalli was known for its tanneries, cigar-manufacturing units and oil presses.

Ponni rice is produced.[209]

Tiruchirappalli is a major engineering equipment manufacturing and fabrication hub in India.[79] The Golden Rock Railway Workshop, which moved to Tiruchirappalli from Nagapattinam in 1928, is one of the three railway workshop–cum–production units in Tamil Nadu.[210] The workshops produced 650 conventional and low-container flat wagons during 2007–2008.[211]

A high-pressure boiler manufacturing plant was set up by

Heavy Alloy Penetrator Project (HAPP) facility;[221] the latter was set up in the late 1980s and consists of a flexible manufacturing system (FMS)—the first of its kind in India.[222][223][224]

From the late 1980s, a synthetic gem industry was developed in the city; the gemstones are cut and polished in

Pudukottai district.[225] In 1990, the Indian government launched a scheme to increase employment by boosting the production of American diamonds and training local artisans in semi-automated machinery and technology. The local gem industry was reportedly generating annual revenues of ₹100 million (equivalent to ₹600 million or US$7.5 million in 2023) by the mid-1990s.[226] Concerns have been raised over the employment of children aged 9–14 in the gem cutting and polishing industry.[226][227] As a result, in 1996, Tiruchirappalli district was selected to be involved in the National Child Labour Project and in the running of special schools to educate working children.[228]

As of December 2010, the Tiruchirappalli region annually exports around ₹262.1 million (equivalent to ₹590 million or US$7.4 million in 2023) of software.

Special Economic Zone.[232][233]

Employing a workforce of over 1,500, more than six companies including

Vuram, iLink Systems Pvt. Ltd., Scientific Publishing Company, Vdart Technologies, GI Tech Gaming Co. India Pvt. Ltd., VR Della IT Services Pvt. Ltd., and the Tamil Nadu Disaster Recovery Centre function out of the existing building, occupying the entire built-up space.[234] The ELCOT IT Park Trichy is in close proximity to the Tiruchi International Airport. The facility was highlighted through the two editions of Global Investors Meet and became a key factor for the demand for the built-up space.[235]

Culture

See also: Tamil culture and Tamil cuisine
image of a bull fight
A Jallikattu match

A resident of Tiruchirappalli is generally referred to as a Tiruchiite.

Deepavali[250] and Holi[251]
are also celebrated in Tiruchirappalli.

The 12th century Tamil epic

Ranganathaswamy temple in Srirangam. In 1771, Rama Natakam, a musical drama written Arunachala Kavi and based on the Ramayana, was also performed there.[252] Tiruchirappalli was home to some of the prominent Carnatic musicians—including Lalgudi Jayaraman, Srirangam Kannan and A. K. C. Natarajan—and scholars such as T. S. Murugesan Pillai, Kundalam Rangachariar and K. A. P. Viswanatham.[253] Composers, poets and vocalists such as G. Ramanathan, T. K. Ramamoorthy,[254] Vaali and P. Madhuri, who have made significant contributions to Tamil film music hail from the city.[255][256]

Textile weaving, leather-work and gem cutting are some of the important crafts practised in Tiruchirappalli.[257] Wooden idols of Hindu gods and goddesses are sold at Poompuhar, the crafts emporium run by the Government of Tamil Nadu.[258] The Trichy Travel Federation (TTF) was formed on 5 May 2009 to promote Tiruchirappalli as a favourable tourist destination.[259] The federation organises an annual food festival called Suvai.[260] Lack of infrastructure has been a major deterrent to the city's tourism industry.[261][262]

Landmarks

The "Vellai Gopuram" (white tower) on the eastern entrance of the Srirangam temple named after a Devadasi[263]

Once a part of the

has a number of exquisitely sculpted temples and fortresses.[264]

Erumbeeswarar Temple at Tiruverumbur
The Erumbeeswarar Temple has been designated a protected monument by the Archaeological Survey of India.

Most of the temples, including the Rockfort temples, the

Urayur, are built in the Dravidian style of architecture;[266] the Ranganathaswamy Temple and Jambukeswarar Temple are often counted among the best examples of this style.[267][268][269] The rock-cut cave temples of the Rockfort, along with the gateway and the Erumbeeswarar Temple, are listed as monuments of national importance by the Archaeological Survey of India.[270]

Night View of Trichy from the top of Rockfort, photographed from the temple window.

Considered one of the symbols of Tiruchirappalli, the Rockfort is a fortress which stands atop a 273-foot-high rock.

Thayumanavar Temple between them. The Thayumanavar temple, the largest of the three, houses a shrine for Pārvatī as well as the main deity. As per a legend, Vayu Bhaghvan and Adiseshan had a dispute to find out who is superior, to prove the superiority adiseshan encircled the Kailasam, Vayu tried to remove this encircle by creating santamarutham (Twister). Because of the santamarutham, eight kodumudigal (parts) fell from kailasam into eight different places which are Thirugonamalai (Trincomalee, Sri Lanka), Thirukalahasti, Thiruchiramalai (Rock fort), Thiruenkoimalai, Rajathagiri, Neerthagiri, Ratnagiri, and Swethagiri Thirupangeeli.[272][273]

The Rockfort is visible from almost every part of the city's north.[94] The Teppakulam at the foot of the Rockfort is surrounded by bazaars.[274] It has a mandapa at its centre.[275]

The Ranganathaswamy Temple, dedicated to the Hindu god

gopurams (towers),[281] of which the Rajagopuram is 236 feet (72 m).[282] According to the Limca Book of Records, it was the tallest temple tower in the world until 1999.[283]

St. Mary's Cathedral

The

Our Lady of Lourdes Church are noted examples of Gothic Revival architecture in the city.[288]

Tropical butterfly conservatory

The

Grand Anaicut, are some of the other important structures in Tiruchirappalli.[292][293]

Education

Main article:
List of educational institutions in Trichy

Tiruchirappalli has been recognised in India as an important educational centre since the time of British rule.[294][295][296] St. Joseph's College, which opened in Nagapattinam in 1846 and transferred to Tiruchirappalli in 1883, is one of the oldest educational institutions in South India.[297] The Society for the Propagation of the Gospel (SPG) college, established in 1883, is a premium missionary institution in the city.[294]

A portrait of C. V. Raman
India's second Nobel laureate, C. V. Raman, was born in Tiruchirappalli.

As of 2013, Tiruchirappalli has 45 arts and science colleges, 40 polytechnic colleges and 13 colleges that offer management education. National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli is located in a area of 800 acres. National Institutional Ranking Framework ranked this NIT the first among other others in India.

Government Law College are prominent colleges providing higher education in the arts and sciences.[302] There are approximately 35 engineering colleges in and around the city.[230] The National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli established by the government in 1964 as the Regional Engineering College,[303] has a campus at Thuvakudi on the outskirts of Tiruchirappalli.[304]
National Institute of Technology-Trichy (NIT-T) released the enhanced version of e-commerce mobile application, the institute Sponsored by the Department of Science and Technology

The

Irungalur near Tiruchirappalli; this was followed by Chennai Medical College and Hospital in 2007. A proposal by the group to include the institutions in SRM University is under review by the Ministry of Human Resources Development of the Government of India.[308]

The

Tamil Nadu National Law School, modelled on the National Law School of India University, both started their operations in the city.[315] The city is also the regional headquarters of the Dakshina Bharat Hindi Prachar Sabha for the state of Tamil Nadu.[316]

There are 200 higher secondary schools in Tiruchirappalli;[298] notable ones are the St. Johns Vestry Anglo Indian Higher Secondary School,[317]

RSK Higher Secondary School.[321][322]

Notable people who were either born or educated at Tiruchirappalli include

R. Venkataraman.[309]

Sports

synthetic turf in Anna stadium
Synthetic turf hockey ground in the Anna Stadium

Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium—formerly the Khajamalai Stadium.[333][334] At the association's golden jubilee celebrations in 2008–09, plans for the establishment of another cricket stadium and an academy in the outskirts of Tiruchirappalli city were mooted.[335][336] The Mannarpuram Cricket Academy is one of the noted cricket coaching academies in Tiruchirappalli.[337] Domestic association football, tennis and volleyball tournaments are held in and around the city.[338][339][340] Tiruchirappalli hosted the Federation Cup, a knockout-style club football tournament in 1984 and an open chess tournament organised by FIDE in 2006.[341][342]

Media

According to the

Malai Malar, Dinakaran,[349] Tamil Murasu and Tamil Sudar.[343] The popular Tamil weekly Ananda Vikatan launched a local supplement for Tiruchirappalli in 2011.[350]

The first radio transmission station in Tiruchirappalli was opened by

Suryan FM and Mirchi 95.0 from Tiruchirappalli.[355] Indira Gandhi National Open University's Gyan Vani started broadcasting from the city in 2008.[356] Tiruchirappalli's first campus community radio station was started by Holy Cross College on 22 December 2006.[357]

Television broadcasting from Chennai was started on 15 August 1975.

DD Direct Plus[360][361][362] and various other operators.[363]

Transport

Main article: Transport in Tiruchirappalli
Check-in counters at Trichy Airport
Check-in counters at the integrated terminal of Tiruchirappalli International Airport.
Madurai-Chennai Tejas Express at Trichy Junction

The most commonly used modes of local transport in Tiruchirappalli are the state government-owned

Central Bus Stand, both of which operate intercity services and local transport to suburban areas.[367]
The municipal administration and water supply department has accorded administrative sanction to construct new bus stands in three central districts at a total cost of 31.8 crore. The state infrastructure amenities promotion committee has approved providing 50% of the estimated cost in 10 towns and cities across the state.

Tiruchirappalli sits at the junction of two major National Highways—NH 45 and NH 67.[368] NH 45 [369][370][371] is one of the most congested highways in south India and carries almost 10,000 lorries on the Tiruchirappalli–Chennai stretch every night.[372] Other National Highways originating in the city is NH336 [373] connecting

Trichy-Pudukkottai-Devakottai, this two lane route is going to be converted to four lane route till Karaikudi as there is a massive increments in road PCU usages.[374] State highways that start from the city include SH 25 and SH 62.[375] Tiruchirappalli has 715.85 km (444.81 mi) of road maintained by the municipal corporation.[376] A semi-ring road connecting all the National Highways is being constructed to ease traffic congestion in the city.[377] As of 2013, approximately 328,000 two-wheelers, 93,500 cars and 10,000 public transport vehicles operate within the city limits,[185] apart from the 1,500 inter-city buses that pass through Tiruchirappalli daily.[154] Tiruchirappalli suffers from traffic congestion mainly because of its narrow roads and absence of an integrated bus station.[154][378]

Passenger trains also carry a significant number of passengers from nearby towns.

Golden Rock (Ponmalai).[385][386]
Non-stop flight time from Chennai to Trichy is between 1 hr to 1 hr 30 mins depending on the aircraft's cruising speed, technical condition and weather/wind.

Tiruchirappalli is served by Tiruchirappalli International Airport (IATA: TRZ, ICAO: VOTR),[387] 5 km (3.1 mi) from the city centre.[388][389] The airport handles fivefold more international air traffic than domestic services, making it the only airport in India with this huge variation. It serves as a gateway to immigrants from South-east Asian countries[390] There are regular flights to Chennai,[391] Mumbai, Delhi, Bangalore, Hyderabad, Colombo,[392] Dubai, Kuala Lumpur,[393] and Singapore.[394] The airport handled more than 1 million passengers and 2012 tonnes of cargo during the fiscal year 2013–14.[395]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b c d The area of the city was expanded from 146.9 square kilometres (56.7 sq mi) to 167.23 square kilometres (64.57 sq mi) in 2010, as a result of which the population increased from 847,387 to 916,857 according to the 2011 census.[12][13]
  2. ^ The official spelling, as per the municipal corporation website is "Tiruchirappalli".[6] However, the spellings Tiruchirapalli, Tiruchchirapalli and Tiruchchirappalli are also widely used.[7][8][9]
  3. ^ Madras was renamed as Chennai in 1996.[65]
  4. silica in the form of sand, heat gets reflected.[110]
  5. ^ The Anglo-Indians are present in significant numbers in and around all Southern Railway divisional headquarters where they are employed.[139][140]

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Bibliography

Further reading

External links

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