Tirupati
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City | ||
Railway Station Tirupati Central Railway station | | |
Police | Tirupati district Police | |
Website | tirupati |
Part of a series on |
Hinduism |
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Vaishnavism |
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Tirupati (
It is the
Etymology
In Dravidian languages, tiru means sacred, Honourable, or Lakshmi and pati means abode, residence, or husband.[11][12][13] Tirupati (Tirumala) is referred to as Pushpa-mandapa in Acharya-Hridayam (13th century).[14]
History
Puranas
According to Varaha Purana, during Treta Yuga, Rama resided here with Sita and Lakshmana on his return from Lankapuri.[15]
As per the
Ancient history
Tirupati was developed by
The temple town for most of the medieval era was part of
.The city has many historical temples including the
Kattedura Vaikuntamu Kaanachaina Konda
Thettalaya Mahimale Tirumala Konda ||
Vedamulae Silalai Velasinadi Konda
Yedesa Punya Rasule Yerulainadi Konda
Gadili Brahmadi Lokamula Konalu Konda
Sree Devudundeti Seshadri Konda ||
Tirumala, in all its right, is heaven. Its powers are indescribable. The Vedas have taken the form of rocks and appeared on Tirumala. Holiness has taken the form of water and is flowing as streams on Tirumala. Its holy peaks are Brahmaloka and other lokas. Srinivasa lives on Seshadri.
There was no human settlement at lower Tirupati until 1500. With the growing importance of upper Tirupati, a village formed at the present-day Kapilatheertham Road area and was named "kotturu". It was later shifted to the vicinity of Govindarajaswamy Temple which was consecrated around the year 1130 CE. Later the village grew into its present-day form around Govindaraja Swamy Temple which is now the heart of the city. It has now gained a lot of popularity as a tourism place.[23]
Modern history
In 1932,
Geography
Tirupati is located at 13°39′N 79°25′E / 13.65°N 79.42°E in the
Environment
Geology
At the 12 km (7.5 mi) point on the Tirupati –
Flora and fauna
Sri Venkateshvara National Park
About 178 species of birds from this national park have been identified which includes the globally threatened
Established in 1987, Tirupati Zoo or
Sri Venkateshvara Gosamrakshana shala is a home for cattle received as a donation (Godanam). It was established in 1956 by TTD and renamed to S.V. Gosamrakshana Shala in 2004. It is located at Chandragiri road, Tirupati. It is maintained by Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams using the funds received through the Sri Venkateshvara Gosamrakshana Shala Trust. Activities of the trust include providing a good environment, management, and feeding for the cattle. The milk and its products produced here are used by TTD for daily rituals at Sri Venkateshvara Temple and other TTD temples.[32]
Climate
Tirupati has a
Climate data for Tirupati (Tirupati Airport) 1981–2010, extremes 1981–2012 | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 35.6 (96.1) |
39.5 (103.1) |
43.0 (109.4) |
44.2 (111.6) |
45.0 (113.0) |
45.2 (113.4) |
40.6 (105.1) |
40.0 (104.0) |
43.1 (109.6) |
37.8 (100.0) |
34.8 (94.6) |
34.3 (93.7) |
45.2 (113.4) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 30.0 (86.0) |
33.1 (91.6) |
36.8 (98.2) |
39.2 (102.6) |
40.3 (104.5) |
37.9 (100.2) |
35.9 (96.6) |
35.0 (95.0) |
34.9 (94.8) |
32.8 (91.0) |
30.2 (86.4) |
29.0 (84.2) |
34.6 (94.3) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 18.8 (65.8) |
19.9 (67.8) |
22.8 (73.0) |
26.2 (79.2) |
28.0 (82.4) |
27.3 (81.1) |
26.1 (79.0) |
25.7 (78.3) |
25.2 (77.4) |
23.7 (74.7) |
21.8 (71.2) |
19.9 (67.8) |
23.8 (74.8) |
Record low °C (°F) | 12.9 (55.2) |
11.9 (53.4) |
14.2 (57.6) |
20.0 (68.0) |
20.4 (68.7) |
21.5 (70.7) |
20.7 (69.3) |
21.8 (71.2) |
21.7 (71.1) |
16.5 (61.7) |
15.0 (59.0) |
13.5 (56.3) |
11.9 (53.4) |
Average rainfall mm (inches) | 17.6 (0.69) |
5.1 (0.20) |
5.2 (0.20) |
15.9 (0.63) |
58.5 (2.30) |
77.0 (3.03) |
117.3 (4.62) |
127.3 (5.01) |
131.7 (5.19) |
205.2 (8.08) |
249.1 (9.81) |
116.2 (4.57) |
1,126.1 (44.33) |
Average rainy days | 1.1 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 1.1 | 2.8 | 5.0 | 7.9 | 7.7 | 7.0 | 9.0 | 9.4 | 4.8 | 56.9 |
Average relative humidity (%) (at 17:30 IST )
|
55 | 45 | 37 | 37 | 38 | 45 | 51 | 52 | 56 | 65 | 69 | 65 | 51 |
Source: India Meteorological Department[34][35] |
Demographics
As of 2011[update] Census of India, the Tirupati city municipal corporation had a population of 287,035. The total population constitutes 145,977 males and 141,058 females — a sex ratio of 966 females per 1000 males, higher than the national average of 940 per 1000. There were 24,643 children in the age group of 0–6 years. It had an effective literacy rate (7+ copulation) of 87.55%.[3] The urban agglomeration had a population of 459,985, of whom males constitute 231,456, females constitute 228,529 — a sex ratio of 987 females per 1000 males and 41,589 children are in the age group of 0–6 years. There are a total of 356,558 literates with an effective literacy rate (7+ population) of 85.22%.
Telugu is the official and the most commonly spoken language (87.98%). It is followed by Urdu (5.50%) and Tamil (3.40%), Hindi (1.01%) which are spoken in small numbers.[37]
Governance
Bhumana Karunakara Reddy of YSR Congress Party is the sitting
Civic administration
Tirupati Municipal Corporation (TMC) oversees the administration of the city. Tirupati was constituted as a municipality on 1 April 1886; it was upgraded to a second grade municipality on 1 October 1962, to a first grade municipality on 12 December 1965, to special grade municipality on 13 February 1970, and to selection grade municipality on 7 October 1998. Tirupati Municipality was upgraded to a municipal corporation on 2 March 2007. The area of the municipal corporation at the time of formation was 16.59 square kilometres (6.41 sq mi).[39] While, at present the area of the city is 27.44 square kilometres (10.59 sq mi).[3] Tirupati has been ranked among the top ten cleanest cities in India as per Swachh Survekshan 2022 report.
Tirupati Urban Development Authority (TUDA) is the urban planning authority. It was constituted in the year 1981, with Tirupati town and 89 villages under its jurisdiction. In 2008, it included Srikalahasti, Puttur and 69 surrounding villages. At present TUDA covers an area of 1,211.51 km2 (467.77 sq mi).[40]
Law and order
Tirupati has the status of Urban Police District; it has 25 police stations.[41] 100 Octopus (Organisation For Counter Terrorist Operations) commandos are deployed at Tirupati temple for its security. This was formed by Government of Andhra Pradesh in the year 2012. The elite commando force has been specially trained for in-house intervention, hostage rescue and in the Israeli combat technique Krav Maga.[42]
At Alipiri, a security zone was established to screen vehicles and pilgrims entering Tirumala, to safeguard the hills from terrorists and anti-social elements.[43] To ensure more safety in Tirumala-Tirupati, the government of Andhra Pradesh started a project called "Safe City-Tirupati": the Tirupati temple and the city is under 24*7 CCTV surveillance with 3000 CCTV cameras, monitored from a command-and-control centre. Baggage scanners and Explosives detectors are installed at several places.[44]
Utility services
Electricity to the city is distributed by
Tirupati falls under the Tirupati Telecom District of the
The city ranked sixth in India among the 200 cities that competed during Swachh Survekshan – 2018 conducted by
Healthcare
Tirupati is a medical hub with major hospitals situated in its vicinity. Many of these are either run under State government or run/funded by Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams (TTD).
Sri Venkateshvara Ramnarain Ruia Government General Hospital is one of the largest in the state of Andhra Pradesh, and the main government hospital for the Rayalaseema region. It was started in the year 1962 with a donation of Rs.5 lakhs from Sri Radha Krishna N. Ruia and 15 lakhs from TTD. At present it has 750 beds.[56] Sri Venkateshvara Institute of Medical Sciences (SVIMS) is another major medical institute, founded in 1986.[57]
Balaji Institute of Surgery, Research and Rehabilitation for the Disabled (BIRRD) has 250 beds; it was established in 1985 by TTD to treat patients with polio myelitis, cerebral palsy, congenital anomalies, spinal injuries, and orthopaedic impairments. A non-profit organisation, it is run with funds from Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams and donations from the public.[58] Government Maternity Hospital (GMH) in Tirupati is the largest maternity hospital in the state in terms of number of deliveries.[59] Established over 50 years ago, GMH serves pregnant woman from Chittoor, YSR, Nellore, Anantapur districts of Andhra Pradesh and few areas of Tamil Nadu.[59] GMH was named "best hospital" under the "sterilization and institutional deliveries category" by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare for the year 2013.[59]
Economy
City economic overview
Tourism is the major industry in Tirupati.[60][61][62]
The entire economy directly or indirectly depends on Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams (TTD). TTD is headquartered at Tirupati.[63] Established in 1932, TTD is an independent trust which manages Tirumala Venkateshvara Temple and other temples in Tirupati and all over the world. It is also involved in several social activities. As Tirupati is a major religious tourist destination, the hospitality industry is also a major industry which includes many 3 star hotels and lodges.[61][62]
Andhra Pradesh Southern Power Distribution Company Limited (APSPDCL) is also headquartered at Tirupati. Gandhi Road, Prakasam Road, V.V Mahal Road, AIR Bypass Road are highly commercial areas in the city. Major brands of automobile, textile, mobile, electrical and electronic companies have their outlets in Tirupati.[64]
APIIC Industrial Park is located at Gajulamandyam, Renigunta. Industries like Sri Venkateshvara Cooperative Sugar Factory Limited, AshwiniBio Pharma Ltd and others are situated in this park. Amara Raja factory is located at Karakambadi, Renigunta. Lanco cement factory is located at Eerpedu mandal. The majority of the city residents are employed under TTD. Zoho, an Indian software development company has an office in Renigunta and has been operating from this office since 2018.[65]
IT/ITES and electronics industry
Sri Venkateshwara Mobile and Electronics Manufacturing Hub is a dedicated mobile handset and electronics manufacturing facility located at Tirupati. The hub is spread over 122 acres (49 ha) Acres out of which Celkon is established in 20 acres (8.1 ha) acres, Micromax in 15 acres (6.1 ha) acres, Karbonn in 15.28 acres (6.18 ha) acres and Lava in 20 acres (8.1 ha) acres with a total investment of Rupees 2000 crores.[66][67] Dixon Technologies has a manufacturing unit in this hub, where they are producing Smart TVs for Xiaomi.[68]
Tourism sector
Tourism sector is of great importance to the city. It is because of the presence of
Culture
Festivals
The city celebrates all major
Cuisine
The city's
Arts, crafts and architecture
Cityscape
Temples
Other landmarks
Besides historic temples, there are other tourist destinations in and around the city. Chandragiri Fort is a historical fort, built in the 11th century located in Chandragiri. The fort hosts an Archaeological Museum maintained by Archaeological Survey of India.[86] Established in 1987, Sri Venkateshvara Zoological Park in Tirupati is the largest zoo park in Asia, which covers an area of 5532 acres.[87][88] Tirupati also hosts a Regional Science centre. A Space Exposition Hall, which has a digital Planetarium, the first of its kind in Andhra Pradesh, and an Innovation Space were added to this centre.[89][90]
-
Regional Science Centre, Tirupati
Neighbourhoods
Tiruchanur, Alipiri, Chandragiri and Renigunta are the notable neighbourhoods of the city.[91][92]
Transport
Roadways
The city is well connected to major cities through
There are two all-weather, asphalt ghat roads between Tirupati and Tirumala, one constructed in 1944 and the other in 1974.[94] There is a total of 294.47 km (182.98 mi) of roads within the Tirupati Municipal Corporation limits.[95]
Public transport
Tirupati is in close proximity with the states of
Tirumala foot steps
There are two footpaths from Tirupati to Tirumala. These paths are called Sopanamargas and are mostly used by pilgrims. The first (and older) path starts from Alipiri and has 3550 steps, totalling 11 km (6.8 mi). At Alipiri there is a temple dedicated to Venkateshvara called Padalamandapam. There are four Gopurams (temple towers) along the way. The other path, called Sri Vari Mettu starts from Srinivasa Mangapuram and is 6 km (3.7 mi) long. Both paths are completely roofed and pass through seven hills (part of Seshachalam Hills).[98]
Railways
Airways
Education
The primary and secondary school education is imparted by government, aided and private schools of the School Education Department of the state.
There are several universities and colleges including
The city has Indian Institutes of Science Education and Research (IISER) and IIT Tirupati which were allotted by Government of India to the state of Andhra Pradesh.[110] Sri Venkateswara College of Law is a notable law college in Tirupati.
Research
- The National Atmospheric Research Laboratory (NARL) is an autonomous research institute funded by the Department of Space of the Government of India. NARL is engaged in fundamental and applied research in the field of atmospheric sciences. It is around 30 km (19 mi) from Tirupati.
- Sri Venkateswara Medical College, Tirupati is selected for establishment of Multidisciplinary Research Units (MRUs) and Model Rural Health Research Units (MRHRU) by the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR).[111]
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Tirupati. It has been established by the Ministry of Human Resource Development, in order to promote Higher Scientific Learning and Research as well as Scientific Exploration at the Undergraduate and Postgraduate levels of education and to create Scientists and Academicians. IISER Tirupati is recognised as an Institute of National Importance by the Government of India. This new institute started functioning from the 2015 academic year in the month of August.
- Indian Institute of Technology Tirupati. IIT Tirupati offers a 4-year Bachelor of Technology (B.Tech.) along with 2-years Master of Science (M.Sc.) Master of Science (M.S.), Master of Technology (M.Tech. - started in 2018), Master of Public Policy (MPP) & Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) programmes in several engineering, science and humanities fields .
- Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences (SVIMS), Tirupati is selected for establishment of college level Viral Diagnostic Research Labs.[111]
- A sub-centre for All India Coordinated Research Project (AICRP) on the groundnut (peanut) is established at the Regional Agricultural Research Station (RARS), Tirupati to conduct research activities on new high. The research will help to meet the needs of the country's 100 arid districts which receive less than 500 mm (20 in) rainfall. RARS has so far developed 12 groundnut varieties.[112]
- A research centre for indigenous cows was established by TTD at its dairy farm named Sri Venkateshvara Gosamrakshanashala. The purpose of the centre is to protect the cows and also to share the rare breeds among similar organisations. The Gosamrakshanashala already had distinctive high-worth breeds like Ongole, while it is also trying to gather Sahiwal breed of cows from Punjab, Gir cows of Gujarat to the centre, Tharparker and Kankrej cows from Karnataka.[113]
Media
Sri Venkateshvara Bhakti Channel (SVBC), the first 24-hour Telugu devotional TV channel dedicated to broadcast Hindu devotional programmes is telecast from Tirupati.
Started in 1949, Sapthagiri is a spiritual monthly magazine based at Tirupati and published in Telugu, Sanskrit, Hindi, English, Tamil and Kannada languages.[114] Both SVBC and Sapthagiri are run by Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams.[115]
Telugu newspapers
Tirupati has
See also
- Tirupati district
- List of municipal corporations in Andhra Pradesh
- List of urban agglomerations in Andhra Pradesh
- List of Hindu temples in Tirupati
- Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams
- Tirupati Urban Development Authority
- Tirupati Municipal Corporation
- Tirupati Ganga Jatara
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