Titanichthys
Titanichthys Temporal range:
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Rendered reconstruction of Titanichthys clarkii | |
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | †Placodermi |
Order: | †Arthrodira |
Suborder: | †Brachythoraci |
Superfamily: | †Dinichthyloidea |
Family: | †Titanichthyidae Dean, 1901 |
Genus: | †Titanichthys Newberry, 1885 |
Type species | |
†Titanichthys agassizi Newberry, 1885
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Species | |
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Synonyms | |
Brontichthys |
Titanichthys is an
Phylogeny
Titanichthys is thought to have been a basal aspinothoracid, closest related to Bungartius and Tafilalichthys.[7]
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Species
The genus shows a great diversity in the
T. agassizi
This is the type species, from the Cleveland Shale. Its infrognathals are strongly recurved medially, and is elongated with a spatula-like process at the anterior end. The headshield averages about 60 cm (24 in) in length.[1]
T. attenuatus
This Cleveland Shale species is based on an infragnathal bone more than 36 cm (14 in) in length. May possibly be a synonym of T. agassizi.[8]
T. clarkii
This Cleveland Shale species has infragnathals that are not as recurved as T. agassizi's. The cranial roof is comparatively narrower and more rounded. It is the largest known species in the genus, and possibly one of the largest Devonian vertebrates known. The head is about 90 cm (35 in) in length.[8]
T. hussakofi
This Cleveland Shale species is known from a badly preserved, incomplete infragnathal. It was originally described by Claypole as "Brontichthys clarki" in 1894.[8] As "Brontichthys" is a junior synonym of Titanichthys, it should not be confused with another, similarly-named arthrodire, Bruntonichthys of Dunkleosteidae.
T. rectus
This Cleveland Shale species has an infragnathal as large as that of T. clarkii, though T. rectus' infragnathal is much straighter, and does not have a spatula-like process on its anterior end.[8]
T. kozlowskii
This species placement within the genus is in doubt. It is based on incomplete nuchal and central plates found in Upper Famennian-aged marine strata of the Holy Cross Mountains in Poland.[8]
T. termieri
This species is found in Lower Famennian-aged marine strata of Tafilalet, Southern Morocco. The fossil material of this species strongly suggests it is as large as the Cleveland Shale' T. clarkii.[8] The average combined length of the head and trunk shields for T. termieri is estimated to be 200 cm (79 in)[8] When the first fossils of T. termieri were found by geologist Henri Termier, the specimens were originally placed within the genus Gorgonichthys - that is, after Termier was able to convince his colleagues that the bone scraps were of a placoderm, and not a dinosaur.[9]
References
- ^ ISBN 978-0-89574-027-4.
- PMID 32537223.
- ^ Bulletin 70. Ohio. Division of Geological Survey. 1996. p. 290. Retrieved 2022-08-28.
- ISBN 9781107179448. Retrieved 1 September 2022.)
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link - ^ Bashford Dean (1895). Fishes, Living and Fossil: An Outline of Their Forms and Probable Relationships. Macmillan and Company. p. 130. Retrieved 2022-08-28.
- .
- S2CID 132831650.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-89574-027-4.
- ^ See Janvier (1998) p.323 for details.
Bibliography
- Janvier, Philippe (1998): Early Vertebrates. Oxford University Press, Oxford, New York. ISBN 0-19-854047-7
Further reading
- James Boyle and Michael J. Ryan (2018) "New information on Titanichthys (Placodermi, Arthrodira) from the Cleveland Shale (Upper Devonian) of Ohio, USA"
- Long, John A. (1996): The Rise of Fishes: 500 Million Years of Evolution. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore. ISBN 0-8018-5438-5