Tocantins
Tocantins | |
---|---|
Estado do Tocantins State of Tocantins | |
UTC−3 (BRT) | |
Postal Code | 77000-000 to 77990-000 |
ISO 3166 code | BR-TO |
License plate letter sequence | MVL to MXG, OLH to OLN, OYA to OYC, QKA to QKM, QWA to QWF, RSA to RSF |
Website | to.gov.br |
Tocantins (Brazilian Portuguese:
Tocantins has attracted hundreds of thousands of new residents, primarily to Palmas. It is building on its hydropower resources. The
Etymology
The name "Tocantins" refers to the Tocantins River, which itself derives from the Tupi language words tukã´, "toucan", and tï, "beak", literally "Toucan's beak".[6]
Geography
The geography of Tocantins is varied. It straddles both the Amazon rainforest and the coastal savanna. Many rivers (including the Tocantins River) traverse the state. Researchers have identified more than 20 archaeologically significant sites related to indigenous cultures.[7]
Tocantins is bordered to the northeast by the states of Maranhão and Piauí, Bahia to the east, Goiás to the south, Mato Grosso to the west, and Pará to the northwest. Tocantins was created from the northern two-fifths of Goiás state in 1989 and is divided into 139 municipalities.[1][8]
Following its separation from Goiás, the new state was transferred from Brazil's Central-West Region to the North Region.[citation needed]
Climate
Most of Tocantins (except the extreme western and northern regions) is situated within a vast Brazilian area known as the cerrado. The cerrado region's typical climate is hot and semi-humid, with pronounced seasonal variation marked by a dry winter from May through October.[4] The average annual rainfall is around 1500 mm.[9]
Vegetation
This section needs additional citations for verification. (February 2021) |
The "cerrado" landscape cover 87% of Tocantins and is characterized by extensive savanna formations crossed by gallery forests and stream valleys.[4] Cerrado includes various types of vegetation. Humid fields and "buriti" palm paths are found where the water table is near the surface. Alpine pastures occur at higher altitudes and mesophytic forests on more fertile soils. In the north of Tocantins the cerrado gives place to a zone of transition for the Amazon biome, near Tocantins River.
The savanna formations are not homogenous. There is great variation between the amount of woody and herbaceous vegetation, forming a gradient from completely open "cerrado" — open fields dominated by grasses — to the closed, forest-like "cerrado" and the "cerradão" ("big cerrado"), a closed canopy forest. Intermediate forms include the dirty field, the "cerrado" field, and the "cerrado" sensu stricto, according to a growing density of trees.
The "cerrado" trees have characteristic twisted trunks covered by a thick bark, and leaves that are usually broad and rigid. Many herbaceous plants have extensive roots to store water and nutrients. The plant's thick bark and roots serve as adaptations for the periodic fires which sweep the cerrado landscape. The adaptations protect the plants from destruction and make them capable of sprouting again after the fire.
As in many savannas in the world, the "cerrado" ecosystems have been coexisting with fire since ancient times. Initially they developed adaptations to natural fires caused by lightning or volcanic activity.
Along the western boundary of the state is the floodplain of the Araguaia River, which includes extensive wetlands and Amazon tropical forest ecosystems. Bananal Island, formed by two branches of the Araguaia, is said to be the largest river island in the world.[5][8] It consists mostly of marshlands and seasonally flooded savannas, with gallery forest. Where the two branches meet again they form an inland delta called Cantão, a typical Amazonian igapó flooded forest. The Araguaia is also one of the main links between the Amazonian lowlands and the Pantanal wetlands to the south, but the river is not fully navigable.
History
Portuguese
Before 1988 the area made up the northern two-fifths or one-third of
After the government levied heavy taxes on mining in 1809, local residents began to organize a separatists movement. They made a minor revolt which was quickly crushed by the army. In the 19th century, a string of failed uprisings occurred in the north. Historically the area was inhabited chiefly by
In the 1970s, the population of northern Goiás lobbied the government to establish a separate state. In the 1988 Constitution, the State of Tocantins was created and admitted as a new
Since its establishment and investment by the government, as in the new capital of Palmas, Tocantins has been the fastest-growing Brazilian state. Its thriving economy is based on agriculture and agro-industry, attracting thousands of migrants from all over the country. The construction of the long-planned North–South Railway is expected to further boost economic growth.[citation needed]
Demographics
According to the 2022 census, there were 1,511,460 people residing in the state. The population density was 5.45/km2 (14.1/sq mi).[1]
Urbanization: 71.5% (2004); Population growth: 2.6% (1991–2000); Houses: 355,502 (2005).[12]
The 2022 census revealed the following numbers: 939,260
Largest cities
Largest cities or towns in Tocantins
(2011 census by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics)[14] | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rank | Mesoregion | Pop. | Rank | Mesoregion | Pop. | ||||
Palmas |
1 | Palmas | Oriental | 235,315 | 11 | Dianópolis | Oriental | 19,110 | |
2 | Araguaína | Ocidental | 153,350 | 12 | Formoso do Araguaia | Ocidental | 18,428 | ||
3 | Gurupi | Ocidental | 77,655 | 13 | Augustinópolis | Ocidental | 15,965 | ||
4 | Porto Nacional | Oriental | 49,143 | 14 | Taguatinga | Oriental | 15,053 | ||
5 | Paraíso do Tocantins | Ocidental | 44,432 | 15 | Miranorte | Ocidental | 12,626 | ||
6 | Araguatins | Ocidental | 31,324 | 16 | Goiatins | Oriental | 12,064 | ||
7 | Colinas do Tocantins | Ocidental | 30,879 | 17 | Pedro Afonso | Oriental | 11,542 | ||
8 | Guaraí | Ocidental | 23,212 | 18 | Xambioá | Ocidental | 11,484 | ||
9 | Tocantinópolis | Ocidental | 22,608 | 19 | Wanderlândia | Ocidental | 10,978 | ||
10 | Miracema do Tocantins | Ocidental | 20,692 | 20 | Nova Olinda | Ocidental | 10,686 |
Economy
The
As with much of Brazil, Tocantins' economy is also dependent on
The Gross Value of the state's agricultural production was estimated at more than R$ 7.6 billion in 2019.[15]
In
In maize, the state harvested close to 1 million tonnes in 2019. [19]
In 2019 Tocantins was the leader in rice production in the North region, becoming the 3rd largest producer in Brazil.[20] Harvested more than 670 thousand tons in the 2016/2017 harvest.
Regarding pineapple, in 2018 Tocantins was the 6th largest producer state in Brazil, with 69 million fruits.[21]
In 2019 the state's cattle herd was 8 million animals. [22]
About industry, Tocantins had an industrial GDP of R$ 4.5 billion in 2017, equivalent to 0.4% of the national industry. It employs 30,234 workers in the industry. The main industrial sectors are: Construction (34.1%), Industrial Services of Public Utility, such as Electricity and Water (28.4%), Food (22.5%), Non-metallic minerals (5.2%) and Chemicals (1.5%). These 5 sectors concentrate 91.7% of the state's industry. [23]
Its industry is mainly agroindustry, centralized in six districts located in five pole cities: Palmas, Araguaína, Gurupi, Porto Nacional and Paraíso do Tocantins. Its industry is still small and focused mainly on domestic consumption.[24]
In the tertiary sector (commerce and services), its main activities are concentrated in the capital Palmas and also in the cities that are located on the side of the Belém-Brasília Highway (
Infrastructure
The main federal highways in Tocantins are
Tocantins has three airports served by regular flights: Palmas Airport, Araguaína Airport and Gurupi Airport. All other airports in the state are served only by air taxi companies.[31][32][33]
The North–South Railway (or EF-151) is in the construction process, being operated regularly from Aguiarnópolis to Porto Nacional by VLI while the West–East Integration Railway (or EF-334) is still in the planning phase on the stretch that will pass through the state. It is worth mentioning that the railway already connects Açailândia to Anápolis, but the section south of Porto Nacional is not operated regularly as there are no yards for loading/unloading wagons. Valec is still studying the concession model for the railway.[34][35]
The state's main waterways are the Tocantins River and Araguaia River waterways.[36]
Flag
The message of the flag is the phrase "where the sun rises for all". In the middle of the flag is the golden yellow sun, with its rays symbolically targeting to the future of the state. The sun is placed on a white band, where the white color represents peace. The blue in the upper left and the yellow in the bottom right represent the waters and the soil of the state. The colors date back to a flag used by the Autonomous Government of Palmas in the 19th century.[citation needed]
The flag was adopted with the state flag law (law no 094/89) of November 17, 1989.[citation needed]
Cities
Tocantins contains 139 municipalities. For statistical purposes, the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) divides the state into two mesoregions containing eight micro-regions. These statistical divisions were revised in 2017.
Important cities include:
- Tocantinópolis
- Colinas do Tocantins
- Araguaína
- Gurupi
- Palmas, capital of the state
- Dianópolis
- Porto Nacional
Represented in popular culture
Survivor: Tocantins was the setting for the eighteenth season of the United States reality show Survivor, filmed in the microregion of Jalapão in Tocantins. The premiere aired February 12, 2009.[citation needed]
Footnotes
- ^ The presented pronunciation is in the Brazilian Portuguese variant spoken in Tocantins (and most of Brazil).
References
- ^ a b c d "Tocantins" (in Portuguese). Brasília, Brazil: Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatstica. 2015. Retrieved 2015-06-14.
- ^ "PIB por Unidade da Federação, 2021". ibge.gov.br.
- ^ "Atlas do Desenvolvimento Humano no Brasil. Pnud Brasil, Ipea e FJP, 2022". www.atlasbrasil.org.br. Retrieved 2023-06-11.
- ^ a b c "Tocantins" (in Portuguese). Palmas, Tocantins, Brazil: Governo do Tocantins. 2015. Archived from the original on 2015-11-01. Retrieved 2015-07-28.
- ^ a b "Bananal Island". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. 2015. Retrieved 2015-07-28.
- ^ Amorim, F. W. (2020). Are the New World hummingbird‐hawkmoths functional equivalents of hummingbirds? Ecology, 101(12). doi:10.1002/ecy.3161
- ^ "Araguaia & Tocantins Rivers". International Rivers. Retrieved 2022-06-03.
- ^ a b c "Tocantins". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. 2015. Retrieved 2015-07-28.
- ^ "Tocantins". Encyclopedia Britannica. July 20, 1998. Retrieved March 1, 2024.
- ^ a b "Goias/ State Brazil", Encyclopædia Britannica, 2015
- ^ "História" (in Portuguese). Palmas, Tocantins, Brazil: Governo do Tocantins. 2015. Archived from the original on 2015-04-17. Retrieved 2015-07-28.
- ISBN 978-85-240-3919-5. Retrieved 2007-07-18.
- ^ "Censo 2022 - Panorama".
- ^ "Estimativas da população residente nos municípios brasileiros com data de referência em 1º de julho de 2011" [Estimates of the Resident Population of Brazilian Municipalities as of July 1, 2011] (PDF) (in Portuguese). Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. 30 August 2011. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 October 2011. Retrieved 31 August 2011.
- ^ "Produção sustentável e tecnificação impulsionam o desenvolvimento do setor agropecuário tocantinense".
- ^ "Rondônia deve produzir 1,2 milhão de toneladas de soja na safra 2019/2020". 13 January 2020.
- ^ "Soja é ouro no estado do Tocantins". 10 July 2019.
- ^ "Especialistas e produtores debatem sobre a expansão da soja no Pará".
- ^ "Produção sustentável e tecnificação impulsionam o desenvolvimento do setor agropecuário tocantinense".
- ^ "Produção sustentável e tecnificação impulsionam o desenvolvimento do setor agropecuário tocantinense".
- ^ "Produção brasileira de abacaxi em 2018, Embrapa" (PDF).
- ^ "Produção sustentável e tecnificação impulsionam o desenvolvimento do setor agropecuário tocantinense".
- ^ "Industry Profile of Tocantins".
- ^ Distritos Industriais do Tocantins>
- ^ Construção da Belém Brasília
- ^ BR-153: rodovia transformou a vida de moradores do norte do Tocantins
- ^ Mapa Rodoviário do Tocantins
- ^ Construção da Belém Brasília
- ^ BR-153: rodovia transformou a vida de moradores do norte do Tocantins
- ^ Construção da BR 235
- ^ Aeroporto de Palmas
- ^ Aeroporto de Gurupi
- ^ Aeroporto de Araguaína
- ^ Ferrovia Norte Sul Tocantins
- ^ Ferrovia de Inrtegração Oeste Leste Tocantins
- ^ Hidrovia do Tocantins Araguaia
External links
- (in Portuguese) Government of Tocantins website
- (in Portuguese) Legislative Assembly of Tocantins website
Tocantins.