Tocorpuri

Coordinates: 22°26′S 67°58′W / 22.433°S 67.967°W / -22.433; -67.967
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Tocorpuri
Tocopuri
View from the south-west.
Highest point
Elevation5,808 m (19,055 ft)
Coordinates22°26′S 67°58′W / 22.433°S 67.967°W / -22.433; -67.967[1]
Dimensions
Area11 km2 (4.2 sq mi)
Geography
Tocorpuri is located in Chile
Tocorpuri
Tocorpuri
CountryChile
Geology
Altiplano-Puna volcanic complex
Last eruption34,000 ± 7,000 years

Tocorpuri is a volcano in Chile, close to the border with Bolivia. Its peak height is most recently given as 5,808 metres (19,055 ft) and it features a 1.3 kilometres (0.81 mi) wide

lava flows and pyroclastic deposits and is subdivided into two separate edifices. Just west of Tocorpuri, the La Torta lava dome is a 200 metres (660 ft) high flat-topped structure. The volcanoes are formed by andesitic, dacitic and rhyolitic
rocks.

The Tocorpuri volcanoes developed in the late

glaciation and tectonic faulting. The most recent eruption generated the La Torta lava dome 34,000 ± 7,000 years ago; presently there is geothermal activity which may be connected to that of the neighbouring El Tatio
geothermal field.

Geomorphology

Tocorpuri lies in northern Chile,

Formative Period.[6] The name comes from the Kunza language,[7] is also known as Michina,[1] Cerro de Tocorpuri[8] Cerros de Tocorpuri or Volcán Tocorpuri.[4]

Tocorpuri volcano is a complex of three different edifices.

lava flows occur on the southern flank, with younger, smaller flows present in the summit region. West[b] Tocorpuri consists mainly of blocky lava flows which are particularly noticeable on the western side[9] while East Tocorpuri consists of lava flows, pyroclastic deposits and tuff-like breccia.[10] There is evidence of a southeastward sector collapse of Tocorpuri,[10] which crops out on an area of 9 square kilometres (3.5 sq mi) on the southeastern flank within a horseshoe-shaped scar.[17] Tocorpuri is part of the main volcanic chain of the border region between Chile and Bolivia.[18]

The La Torta ("cake" in Spanish[c]) lava dome is located between the Tocorpuri volcano to the east and Tatio volcano to the west. It is a flat-topped, about 200 metres (660 ft) high body with steep flanks that covers a surface of about 11 square kilometres (4.2 sq mi) in a flat area. Its flanks are covered with scree, while its top features flow folds[20] and wrinkles.[4] The dome reaches an elevation of 5,018 metres (16,463 ft).[8] Two separate vents and two different geologic units are discernible.[9] It and Tocorpuri, which are 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) distant from each other,[21] have been described as a volcano pair, whose existence may be a consequence of tectonics.[22]

Cerros de Tocorpuri. Camera location: 22°33′12″S 67°51′14″W / 22.55333°S 67.85389°W / -22.55333; -67.85389

last glacial maximum[25] and by about 30,700 years ago the western glaciers were gone.[23] Erosional debris covers the flanks of Tocorpuri.[15]

Climate and hydrology

The region has a high-altitude

convective precipitation.[26] Snow has been observed on the summit,[27] and a 1985 map displays a persistent ice/snow cover there.[28] The Putana River south of Tocorpuri flows towards the Salar de Atacama[29] and receives important tributaries[30] from the Tocorpuri area, such as Quebrada La Torta, Rio Blanco o Tocorpuri and Quebrada Agua Brava.[10]

Geology

Off the western coast of South America, the

Austral Volcanic Zone (AVZ). Tocorpuri is part of the CVZ.[2]

The

andesitic, having built numerous volcanic cones.[34] The formation of a batholith under the APVC may be ongoing.[35]

Most of the region is covered by Tertiary ignimbrites, except for the area at the frontier between Bolivia and Chile which features Quaternary volcanics; the pre-ignimbrite basement crops out only farther west.[2] These ignimbrites were produced by eruptions in the APVC.[36] Geologic lineaments have influenced the development of the volcanoes, including that of Tocorpuri,[37] and La Torta formed at the end of a thrust fault that may have served as the path of ascent of magma.[38]

Composition

The volcanic rocks of Tocorpuri consist of

rhyolitic composition of La Torta resembles that of the other APVC lava domes.[31]

Hydrothermal system

Tocorpuri is reported to be

ENEL and the Empresa Nacional del Petróleo, holds concessions for geothermal power prospecting in the El Tatio-La Torta area.[43]

Geologic history

Volcanism in the area commenced 800,000 years ago.

fissure vents[17] on Tocorpuri's southern and northwestern flank[44] and the fourth the La Torta dome.[10] Déruelle 1979 inferred that East Tocorpuri was more recent than La Torta or West Tocorpuri.[9]

Between the two stages of volcanic activity, the edifices were tectonically deformed.

normal faults have offset Pliocene to Quaternary deposits around[45] and on Tocorpuri,[44] including in the summit region[15] and the summit crater.[19]

La Torta

Ages of less than one million years ago

Argon-argon dating eventually yielded an age of 34,000 ± 7,000 years ago.[10]

The La Torta lava dome was emplaced through an effusive eruption that commenced with weak explosive activity;[4][11] it appears to have formed through a single event.[20] It is not clear whether volcanism at La Torta and the other lava domes is a relic of the previous activity of the APVC or the beginning of a new magmatic cycle.[47] La Torta has been mentioned as a possible vent of the c. 700,000 years old Tatio ignimbrite, whose actual vent is probably buried under the Tatio volcanoes.[48]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Heights of 5,018 metres (16,463 ft),[11] 5,830 metres (19,130 ft)[9] or of over 6,000 metres (20,000 ft) have been reported for Tocorpuri;[12] the Chilean geographer Luis Risopatrón [es] believed it was 6,755 metres (22,162 ft) high and thus the fourth-highest peak in the Americas.[13]
  2. ^ West Tocorpuri is located north of East Tocorpuri.[16]
  3. ^ Low lava domes in the Central Andes are frequently referred to as "tortas".[19]
  4. ^ Dacite on West Tocorpuri and andesite on east Tocorpuri.[39]

References

  1. ^ a b de Silva et al. 1994, p. 17804.
  2. ^
    S2CID 56303121
    .
  3. ^
    ISSN 0377-0273
    .
  4. ^ a b c d GVP, General Information.
  5. ^
    JSTOR 24606254
    .
  6. ISSN 0718-1043
    .
  7. ^ Duque, Carlos E. (1981). "Presentación Cartográfica de toponimia Indígena Chilena.(Area Septentrional)". Revista Signos (in Spanish). 13 (17): 69–70.
  8. ^ a b GVP, Synonyms & Subfeatures.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Déruelle 1979, p. 214.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i Lucchi, F.; Tranne, C.A.; Gallardo, C.; Rossi, P.L.; Pini, G.A.; De Astis, G. (2009). GEOLOGICAL MAP OF THE EL TATIO VOLCANIC AREA(central Andes – northern Chile (Report) – via ResearchGate.
  11. ^ a b "Tocopuri". volcano.oregonstate.edu.
  12. ^
    ISSN 0718-1043
    .
  13. JSTOR 208029
    .
  14. ISSN 1016-9148
    .
  15. ^ a b c d e f Lucchi et al. 2009, p. 12.
  16. ^ a b Déruelle 1979, p. 215.
  17. ^ a b Lucchi et al. 2009, p. 13.
  18. ISSN 0718-1043
    .
  19. ^ a b Lucchi et al. 2009, p. 16.
  20. ^ a b c d e de Silva et al. 1994, p. 17821.
  21. ISBN 978-90-5699-278-1
    .
  22. ISBN 978-3-642-77353-2
    .
  23. ^
    ISSN 0277-3791
    .
  24. ISSN 1697-9540
    .
  25. S2CID 213225803
    .
  26. ^ a b Muñoz-Pedreros, De los Ríos-Escalante & Möller 2015, p. 1238.
  27. ^ "CALAMA" (Map). GVP (1 ed.). 1:250000 (in Spanish). Instituto Geografico Militar Chile. 1985.
  28. ^ Muñoz-Pedreros, De los Ríos-Escalante & Möller 2015, p. 1237.
  29. ^ Niemeyer F., Hans (1980). Hoyas hidrográficas de Chile : Segunda Región de Antofagasta (Report) (in Spanish). p. 172.
  30. ^ a b Tierney et al. 2016, p. 683.
  31. ^
    Bibcode:2010AGUFM.V41B2277T
    .
  32. ^ de Silva et al. 1994, p. 17805.
  33. ^ de Silva et al. 1994, p. 17806.
  34. ^ Tierney et al. 2016, pp. 684–685.
  35. ^ Lucchi et al. 2009, p. 1.
  36. ^ Déruelle 1979, p. 213.
  37. ^ Lucchi et al. 2009, p. 25.
  38. ^ Déruelle 1979, p. 216.
  39. ^ Déruelle 1979, p. 221.
  40. ^ a b c Letelier et al. 2021, p. 6.
  41. ^ Trujillo-Ramírez, Patricio (1974). Seminario sobre los Recursos Energéticos de Chile. Catastro de Recursos Geotérmicos de Chile (Report).
  42. ^ Letelier et al. 2021, p. 2.
  43. ^ a b c Lucchi et al. 2009, p. 9.
  44. ISSN 0040-1951
    .
  45. ^ Tierney et al. 2016, p. 684.
  46. ^ de Silva et al. 1994, p. 17824.
  47. ISSN 0016-7606
    .

Sources

External links
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