Togarmah
This article needs additional citations for verification. (July 2015) |
Togarmah תֹּגַרְמָה | |
---|---|
Vakhtangiseuli redaction), 1700s. | |
Parents |
|
Togarmah (
Biblical attestations and historical geography
Togarmah is listed in Genesis 10:3 as the third son of
Most scholars identify Togarmah with the capital city called Tegarama by the Hittites and Til-Garimmu by the Assyrians.[2] O.R. Gurney placed Tegarama in Southeast Anatolia.[3]
Later traditions
Several later ethnological traditions have claimed Togarmah as the legendary ancestor of various peoples located in western Asia and the Caucasus. Jewish historian
Armenian and Georgian traditions
Another Togarmah, this one being the son of both
According to Moses of Chorene's
- Hayk (Հայկ) - first son of Thargamos, inherited Mount Ararat and founded the Armenian nation.
- Kartlos (ქართლოსი) - settled in north-east from Ararat, founder of Kartli (Sa'kartvelo) who united other brothers and founded the Georgian nation.
- Bardоs (ancestor of the Aghbanians/Aghuanians/Aghuans)
- Movkan (ancestors of the Movkans)
- Lekosancestors of the "Lek" tribe of the North Caucasus.
- Heros (Herans ) - settled in the eastern part of Ararat
- .
- Egros (Egers) - settled between the Black Sea and Likhi Range (Western Georgia)
Jewish traditions
Togarmah was linked to several medieval Turkic peoples by Jewish traditions. The Khazar ruler Joseph ben Aaron (c. 960) writes in his letters:
You ask us also in your epistle: "Of what people, of what family, and of what tribe are you?" Know that we are descended from Japhet, through his son Togarmah. I have found in the genealogical books of my ancestors that Togarmah had ten sons.
He then goes on to enumerate ten names:[6][7] These names are reconstructed by Korobkin (1998)[8]
- Agyor (Orkhon Uyghurs?)
- Tiros (or scribal error for **Twrq, meaning Turks?)
- Ouvar (Avars)
- Ugin (or Uguz, possibly Oghuz Turks)
- Bisal (Pechenegs?)
- Tarna (cf. a Tarniach people who fled to the Avars from the Turks)
- Khazar (Khazars)
- Zanor (or Janur) (cf. a Zabender people who fled to the Avars from the Turks)
- Balnod (likely scribal error for Bulgar, meaning Bulgars)
- Savir (Sabirs)
The anonymous Jewish author of the medieval historical chronicle Josippon lists the ten sons of Togarmas in his Josippon[9][10][11] as follows:
- Kwzar (כוזר) (the Khazars)
- Pyṣynq (פיצינק) (the Pechenegs)
- ˀln (אלן) (the Alans)
- Bwlgr (בולגר) (the Bulgars)
- Knbynˀ (כנבינא) (Kanbina?)
- Ṭwrq (טורק) (possibly the Göktürks)
- Bwz (בוז) (Flusser corrected this to כוז **Kwz for Ghuzz "Oghuzes", east of the Khazars)
- Zkwk (זכוך) (Zakhukh? or זיכוס **Zykws = Zikhūs, meaning the Northwest Caucasian Zygii?[11][12]) (or a Zabender people who fled to the Avars from the Turks)
- ˀwngr (אוגר) (Ungar; either the Oghurs/Onogurs)
- Tolmaṣ (תולמץ) (cf. the Pecheneg tribe Βορο-ταλμάτ < *Boru-Tolmaç mentioned by Byzantine emperor Constantine VII).
In an 11th-century Arabic translation of Josippon by a Yemenite Jew:[11] Togorma's tribes are these:
- al-Khazar (Khazars)
- al-Bajanāq (Pechenegs)
- al-Ās-Alān (Alans)
- al-Bulġar (Bulgars)
- [...]
- [...]
- [...]
- Khyabars (Sabirs?)
- Unjar (Oghurs/Onogurs)
- Ṭalmīs (cf. the Pecheneg tribe Βορο-ταλμάτ < *Boru-Tolmaç mentioned by Byzantine emperor Constantine VII).
In the Chronicles of Jerahmeel,[13][14] the three "children" are listed as:
- Abihud
- Shāfaṭ
- Yaftir
And the ten "families"[15][16] are listed as:
- Cuzar (the Khazars)
- Pasinaq (the Pechenegs)
- Alan (the Alans)
- Bulgar (the Bulgars)
- Kanbinah
- Turq (possibly the Göktürks)
- Buz (possibly scribal error for **Kwz, meaning Oghuz Turks)
- Zakhukh (scribal error for **Zykws, meaning Zygii?) (or a Zabender people who fled to the Avars from the Turks)
- Ugar (either the Oghurs/Onogurs)
- Tulmes (cf. the Pecheneg tribe Βορο-ταλμάτ < *Boru-Tolmaç mentioned by Byzantine emperor Constantine VII)
Another medieval rabbinic work, the Book of Jasher,[17][18] give the names:
- Buzar (possibly scribal error for Kuzar, meaning Khazars)
- Parzunac (the Pechenegs)
- Elicanum (the Alans?)
- Balgar (the Bulgars)
- Ragbib
- Tarki (possibly the Göktürks)
- Bid (possibly scribal error for **Kuz, meaning Oghuz Turks)
- Zebuc (scribal error for Zykws, meaning Zygii?) (or a Zabender people who fled to the Avars from the Turks)
- Ongal (Oghurs/Onogurs)
- Tilmaz (cf. the Pecheneg tribe Βορο-ταλμάτ < *Boru-Tolmaç mentioned by Byzantine emperor Constantine VII)).
In the 18th century, the French
Notes
References
- ^ Cross, James (1915). Christendom's impending doom, or Coming eschatological events: being the future of the British Empire, Russia, the Papacy, the Jews, and Christendom, as revealed in the pages of Holy Writ. New York, America: Marshall. p. 120.
- ISBN 978-0-8028-2536-0.
- ^ map on inside cover of Gurney, The Hittites, Folio Society edition
- ^ "The Georgian Chronicle, History". Rbedrosian.com. Retrieved 2015-07-26.
- ^ "Мовсес Хоренаци, История Армении в трех частях. Книга Первая". Vehi.net. Retrieved 2015-07-26.
- ^ Bloomberg, Jon: The Jewish World in the Middle Ages. Ktav Publishing, 2000, p. 108.
- ^ "The letter of Joseph the king, son of Aaron the king, the Turk-may his creator preserve him to the head of the assembly, Hasdai, the son of Isaac, son of Ezra-about 960" Medieval Sourcebook: The Medieval Jewish Kingdom of the Khazars, 740-1259
- ^ Korobkin, N. D. (trans.), 1998, The Kuzari: In Defense of the Despised Faith, Northvale. p. 351. Quoted & cited in Feldman, A. (2018). Ethnicity and statehood in Pontic-Caspian Eurasia (8-13th c.) : contributing to a reassessment. University of Birmingham. Ph.D dissertation.
- ^ Josippon "Table of Nations" (in Russian) quote: "Тогарма составляют десять родов, от них Козар, Пецинак, Алан, Булгар, Канбина, Турк, Буз, Захук, Уф, Толмац."
- ^ Nissan, Ephraim (2009) "Medieval Hebrew texts and European river names" Onomàstica 5 p. 188-9 of 187-203
- ^ a b c Pritsak, O. (1978) "The Khazar Kingdom's Conversion to Judaism", in Harvard Ukrainian Studies II.3 n. 51 on p. 268-269 of 261-281
- ^ Alemany, Agustí (2000). Sources on the Alans: A Critical Compilation. p. 336
- ^ The Chronicles of Jerahmeel at archive.org p. 58
- ^ The Chronicles of Jerahmeel at sacred-texts Ch. XXVII quote: "Togarmah branched into ten families, who are the Cuzar (###), Paṣinaq (###), Alan (###), Bulgar (###), Kanbina (###), Turq (###), Buz (###), Zakhukh (###), Ugar (###), and Tulmeṣ (###)"
- ^ The Chronicles of Jerahmeel at archive.org p. 67
- ^ The Chronicles of Jerahmeel at sacred-texts Ch. XXXI
- ^ The Book of Jasher - M.M. Noah & A.S Gould, New-York, 1840; with reviews for the 2nd edition, publisher and translators prefaces, translation of Hebrew Venice 1825 preface
- ^ Plain text: Cumorah Project: LDS and World Classics (Based on 1840 translation; Includes translator's preface). "Chapter 10: 10v-12v". Quote: "And the children of Tugarma are ten families, and these are their names: Buzar, Parzunac, Balgar, Elicanum, Ragbib, Tarki, Bid, Zebuc, Ongal and Tilmaz"
- ^ The Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge. (1835) B. B. Edwards and J. Newton Brown. Brattleboro, Vermont, Fessenden & Co., p. 1125.