Togo
Togolese Republic République togolaise (French) | |
---|---|
Motto: "Travail, Liberté, Patrie"[1] (French) "Work, Liberty, Homeland" | |
Anthem: "Terre de nos aïeux" (French) (English: "Land of our ancestors") | |
Capital and largest city | Lomé 6°8′N 1°13′E / 6.133°N 1.217°E |
Official languages | |
Spoken languages | |
Ethnic groups | West African (94.4%)[2] |
Faure Gnassingbé | |
Victoire Tomegah Dogbé | |
Legislature | National Assembly |
Independence from Germany and France | |
• from France | Togoland partitioned |
• Independence granted | 27 April 1960 |
27 August 1914 | |
Area | |
• Total | 56,785[9][10] km2 (21,925 sq mi) (123rd) |
• Water (%) | 4.2 |
Population | |
• 2023 estimate | 8,703,961[11] (101st) |
• 2022 census | 8,095,498[12] |
• Density | 125.9/km2 (326.1/sq mi) (60th) |
GDP (PPP) | 2023 estimate |
• Total | $25.103 billion[13] (151st) |
• Per capita | $2,767[13] (175th) |
GDP (nominal) | 2023 estimate |
• Total | $9.111 billion[13] (157th) |
• Per capita | $1,004[13] (170th) |
Gini (2015) | 43.1[14] medium |
HDI (2021) | 0.539[15] low (162nd) |
Currency | West African CFA franc (XOF) |
Time zone | UTC (GMT) |
Date format | dd/mm/yyyy |
Driving side | right |
Calling code | +228 |
ISO 3166 code | TG |
Internet TLD | .tg |
|
Togo,[a] officially the Togolese Republic,[b] is a country in West Africa. It is bordered by Ghana to the west, Benin to the east and Burkina Faso to the north.[16] It is one of the least developed countries and extends south to the Gulf of Guinea, where its capital, Lomé, is located.[16] It is a small, tropical country, which covers 57,000 square kilometres (22,000 square miles)[17] and has a population of approximately 8 million,[18] and it has a width of less than 115 km (71 mi) between Ghana and its eastern neighbour Benin.[19][20]
Various people groups settled the boundaries of present day Togo between the 11th and 16th centuries. Between the 16th and 18th centuries, the coastal region served primarily as a European slave trading outpost, earning Togo and the surrounding region the name "The Slave Coast". In 1884, Germany declared a region including a protectorate called Togoland. After World War I, rule over Togo was transferred to France. Togo gained its independence from France in 1960.[2][21] In 1967, Gnassingbé Eyadéma led a successful military coup d'état, after which he became president of an anti-communist, single-party state. In 1993, Eyadéma faced multiparty elections marred by irregularities, and won the presidency three times. At the time of his death, Eyadéma was the "longest-serving leader in modern African history", having been president for 38 years.[22] In 2005, his son Faure Gnassingbé was elected president.
Togo is a
History
Archaeological finds indicate that tribes were able to produce pottery and process iron. The name Togo is translated from the Ewe language as "behind the river". During the period from the 11th century to the 16th century, tribes entered the region: the Ewé from the west, and the Mina and Gun from the east. Most of them settled in coastal areas. The Atlantic slave trade began in the 16th century, and for the next two hundred years the coastal region was a trading centre for Europeans in search of slaves, earning Togo and the surrounding region the name "The Slave Coast".
In 1884, a paper was signed at Togoville with King Mlapa III, whereby Germany claimed a protectorate over a stretch of territory along the coast and gradually extended its control inland. Its borders were defined after the capture of hinterland by German forces and signing agreements with France and Britain. In 1905, this became the German colony of Togoland. The local population was forced to work, cultivate cotton, coffee, and cocoa and pay taxes. A railway and the port of Lomé were built for export of agricultural products. The Germans introduced techniques of cultivation of cocoa, coffee and cotton and developed the infrastructure.
During the
After
Independence
The Togolese Republic was proclaimed on 27 April 1960. In the
On 13 January 1967, Eyadéma Gnassingbé overthrew Grunitzky in a bloodless coup and assumed the presidency.[26] He created the Rally of the Togolese People Party, banned activities of other political parties and introduced a 1-party system in November 1969. He was reelected in 1979 and 1986. In 1983, the privatization program launched and in 1991 other political parties were allowed. In 1993, EU froze the partnership, describing Eyadema's re-election in 1993, 1998 and 2003, as a seizure of power. In April 2004, in Brussels, talks were held between the European Union and Togo on the resumption of cooperation.
Eyadéma Gnassingbé died on Saturday, 5 February 2005. The military's installation of his son, Faure Gnassingbé,[26] as president provoked international condemnation, except from France. Some "democratically elected" African leaders such as Abdoulaye Wade of Senegal and Olusegun Obasanjo of Nigeria supported the move, thereby creating a rift within the African Union.[27] Gnassingbé left power and held elections, which he won two months later. The opposition declared that the election results were fraudulent. The events of 2005 led to questions regarding the government's commitment to democracy that had been made in an attempt to normalize relations with EU which cut off aid in 1993 due to questions about Togo's human rights situation. Up to 400 people were killed in the violence surrounding the presidential elections, according to the UN. Around 40,000 Togolese fled to neighbouring countries. Gnassingbé was reelected in 2010 and 2015.
In 2017, anti-government protests erupted. UN condemned the resulting crackdown by security forces, and Gambia's foreign minister, Ousainou Darboe, had to issue a correction after saying that Gnassingbé should resign.[28]
In the February 2020 presidential elections, Faure Gnassingbé won his fourth presidential term in office as the president of Togo.[29] According to the official result, he won with a margin of around 72% of the vote share. This enabled him to defeat his closest challenger, the former prime minister Agbeyome Kodjo who had 18%.[30] On 4 May 2020, Bitala Madjoulba, the commander of a Togolese military battalion, was found dead in his office. The day of Madjoulba's death came after the re-elected Faure Gnassingbé was sworn in for his fourth term. An investigation was opened for this case, resulting in Major General Kadangha Abalo Felix being prosecuted and tried for involvement in Madjoulba's assassination and 'conspiracy against the internal security of the state.' [31][32]
Joining the Commonwealth
Togo joined the Commonwealth in June 2022.[33] Prior to its admission at the 2022 Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting, Foreign Minister Robert Dussey said that he expected Commonwealth membership to provide new export markets, funding for development projects and opportunities for Togolese citizens to learn English and access new educational and cultural resources.[34]
Government
The president is elected by universal and direct suffrage for five years, and is the commander of the armed forces and has the right to initiate legislation and dissolve parliament. Executive power is exercised by the president and the government. The head of government is the Prime Minister who is appointed by the president.
President
On 24 April 2005, Gnassingbé was elected president of Togo, receiving over 60% of the vote according to official results. His main rival in the race had been
In October 2007, after postponements, elections were held under proportional representation. This allowed the less populated north to seat as many MPs as the more populated south.[43] The president-backed party Rally of the Togolese People (RPT) won a majority with UFC coming second and the other parties claiming inconsequential representation. Vote rigging accusations were levelled at RPT supported by the civil and military security apparatus. With the presence of an EU observer mission, cancelled ballots and illegal voting took place, the majority of which in RPT strongholds. On 3 December 2007 Komlan Mally of RPT was appointed to prime minister succeeding Agboyibor. On 5 September 2008, Mally resigned as prime minister of Togo.
Faure Gnassingbé won re-election in the March 2010 presidential election, taking 61% of the vote against Jean-Pierre Fabre from UFC, who had been backed by an opposition coalition called FRAC (Republican Front for Change).[44] Electoral observers noted "procedural errors" and technical problems, and the opposition did not recognize the results, claiming irregularities had affected the outcome.[45][46] Periodic protests against Faure Gnassingbé followed the election.[47] In May 2010, opposition leader Gilchrist Olympio announced that he would enter into a power-sharing deal with the government, a coalition arrangement which provides UFC with eight ministerial posts.[48][49] In June 2012, electoral reforms prompted protesters to take to the street in Lomé for days; protesters sought a return to the 1992 constitution that would re-establish presidential term limits.[50] July 2012 saw the resignation of the prime minister, Gilbert Houngbo.[51] Days later, the commerce minister, Kwesi Ahoomey-Zunu, was named to lead the new government. In the same month, the home of opposition leader Jean-Pierre Fabre was raided by security forces, and thousands of protesters again rallied publicly against the government crackdown.[52]
In April 2015, President Faure Gnassingbé was re-elected for a third term.[53] In February 2020, Faure Gnassingbé was again re-elected for his fourth presidential term. The opposition had accusations of fraud and irregularities.[54] Gnassingbé family has ruled Togo since 1967, meaning it is Africa's longest lasting dynasty.[55]
Administrative divisions
Togo is divided into 5 regions which are subdivided in turn into 30
Foreign relations
While Togo's foreign policy is nonaligned, it has historical and cultural ties with western Europe, especially France and Germany. Togo recognizes the People's Republic of China, North Korea, and Cuba. It re-established relations with Israel in 1987. Togo pursues an active foreign policy and participates in international organizations. It is particularly active in West African regional affairs and in the African Union.
In 2017, Togo signed the UN treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons.[56] Togo joined the Commonwealth of Nations, along with Gabon, at the 2022 Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting in Kigali, Rwanda.[33] In joining the Commonwealth, Foreign Minister Robert Dussey told Reuters, the country sought to expand its "diplomatic, political and economic network" and to "forge closer ties with the anglophone world."[34]
Military
FAT (Forces armées togolaises, "Togolese armed forces"), consists of the army, navy, air force, and
Human rights
Togo was labelled "Not Free" by
Geography
It has an area equal to 56,785 km2 (21,925 sq mi). It borders the Bight of Benin in the south; Ghana lies to the west; Benin to the east; and to the north, it is bound by Burkina Faso. North of the equator, it lies mostly between latitudes 6° and 11°N, and longitudes 0° and 2°E.
The coast of Togo in the
The climate is "generally tropical"[21] with average temperatures ranging from 23 °C (73 °F) on the coast to about 30 °C (86 °F) in the northernmost regions, with a drier climate and characteristics of a tropical savanna.
Togo contains three terrestrial ecoregions:
At least five parks and reserves have been established: Abdoulaye Faunal Reserve, Fazao Malfakassa National Park, Fosse aux Lions National Park, Koutammakou,[65] and Kéran National Park.
Wildlife
Economy
The country possesses phosphate deposits[21] and an export sector based on agricultural products such as coffee, cocoa bean, and peanuts (groundnuts), which together generate roughly 30% of export earnings.[21] Cotton is a cash crop.[66] The fertile land occupies 11.3% of the country, most of which is developed. Some crops are cassava, jasmine rice, maize and millet. Some other sectors are brewery and the textile industry. Low market prices for Togo's major export commodities coupled with the volatile political situation of the 1990s and 2000s had a negative effect on the economy.[67]
It is listed in the
It imports
In terms of structural reforms, it has made progress in the liberalization of the economy, namely in the fields of trade and port activities. The privatization program of the cotton sector, telecommunications and water supply has stalled.
On 12 January 1994, the devaluation of the currency by 50% provided an impetus to renewed structural adjustment; these efforts were facilitated by the end of strife in 1994 and a return to overt political calm. Progress depends on increased openness in government financial operations (to accommodate increased social service outlays) and possible downsizing of the
Mining generated about 33.9% of GDP in 2012 and employed 12% of the population in 2010. Togo has the fourth-largest phosphate deposits in the world. Their production is 2.1 million tons per year. There are reserves of limestone, marble and salt. Industry provides 20.4% of Togo's national income, as it consists of light industries and builders. Some reserves of limestone allows Togo to produce cement.[70][72]
Transport
Road
Togo has a road network of 7,520 km (4,670 mi) as of 2000, with no updated data as of 2023. It has only two major highways, Highway N1 and N2, connecting the capital, Lomé with the city of
Railways
Togo has a railway network of 568 km (353 mi) as of 2008, with no further updates in the network as of 2023. It follows a track gauge of 1,000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in) (narrow gauge) Trains are operated by Société Nationale des Chemins de Fer Togolais (SNCT), which was established as a result of the restructuring and renaming of Réseau des Chemins de Fer du Togo from 1997 to 1998.[73] Between Hahotoé and the port of Kpémé, the Compagnie Togolaise des Mines du Bénin (CTMB) operated phosphate trains.[73]
The following are the railway networks present in the country:
- Lomé–Aného railway
- Lomé–Blitta railway
- Lomé–Kpalimé railway
- Hahotoé–Kpémé railway (operated by CTMB)[73]
Air
Togo has a total of eight airports, as of 2012, out of which two are
Water
Togo, in terms of water transport, is only 50 km (31 mi) navigable, mostly seasonally on the Mono River, depending on rainfall, as of 2011. Togo has only one large container port for carrying trade operations in and out of the country, the Port of Lomé, in the capital.
Demographics
Population[19][20] | |||
---|---|---|---|
Year | Million | ||
1950 | 1.4 | ||
2000 | 5.0 | ||
2021 | 8.6 |
The November 2010 census gave Togo a population of 6,191,155, more than double the total counted in the last census, in 2022 the Togo population was 8 680 832.[74] That census, taken in 1981, showed the nation had a population of 2,719,567. The capital, Lomé, grew from 375,499 in 1981 to 837,437 in 2010. When the urban population of surrounding Golfe prefecture is added, the Lomé Agglomeration contained 1,477,660 residents in 2010.[75][76]
Other cities in Togo according to the new census were Sokodé (95,070), Kara (94,878), Kpalimé (75,084), Atakpamé (69,261), Dapaong (58,071) and Tsévié (54,474). With an estimated population of 8,644,829 (as of 2021[update]), Togo is the 107th largest country by population. Most of the population (65%) live in rural villages dedicated to agriculture or pastures. The population of Togo shows a stronger growth: from 1961 (the year after independence) to 2003 it quintupled.[75][76]
Rank | Name | Region | Pop. | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lomé Sokodé |
1 | Lomé | Maritime |
1,477,658 | Kara Kpalimé | ||||
2 | Sokodé | Centrale | 117,811 | ||||||
3 | Kara | Kara | 94,878 | ||||||
4 | Kpalimé | Plateaux | 75,084 | ||||||
5 | Atakpamé | Plateaux | 69,261 | ||||||
6 | Dapaong | Savanes | 58,071 | ||||||
7 | Tsévié | Maritime |
54,474 | ||||||
8 | Anié | Plateaux | 37,398 | ||||||
9 | Notsé | Plateaux | 35,039 | ||||||
10 | Cinkassé | Savanes | 26,926 |
Ethnic groups
In Togo, there are about 40 different ethnic groups, the most numerous of which are the Ewe in the south who make up 32% of the population. Along the southern coastline, they account for 21% of the population. Also found are Kotokoli or Tem and Tchamba in the centre and the Kabye people in the north (22%). The Ouatchis are 14% of the population. Sometimes the Ewes and Ouatchis are considered the same, while the French who studied both groups considered them different people.[78] Other ethnic groups include the Mina, Mossi, the Moba and Bassar, the Tchokossi of Mango (about 8%).
Religion
According to a 2012 US government religious freedoms report, in 2004 the University of Lomé estimated that 33% of the population were traditional animists, 28% were Roman Catholic, 20% Sunni Muslim, 9% Protestant and another 5% belonged to other Christian denominations. The remaining 5% were reported to include persons not affiliated with any religious group. The report noted that "many" Christians and Muslims continue to perform indigenous religious practices.[80]
In 2023, The World Factbook stated that 42.3% of the population was Christian and 14% Muslim, with 36.9% being followers of indigenous beliefs, less than one percent being Hindus, Jews, and followers of other religions, and 6.2% being unaffiliated.[70]
In 2022, Freedom House rated Togo's religious freedom as 3 out of 4,[82] noting that religious freedom is constitutionally protected and generally respected in practice. Islam, Catholicism and Protestantism are recognised by the state; other groups must register as religious associations to receive similar benefits. The registration process has been subject to long delays with almost 900 applications pending at the beginning of 2021.
Languages
According to Ethnologue, 39 distinct languages are spoken in the country, some of them by communities that number fewer than 100,000 members.
Though not native to most groups, French is used in formal education, legislature, all forms of media, administration and commerce. Ewe is a language of wider communication in the south. Tem functions to a limited extent as a trade language in some northern towns.[85] Officially, Ewe and Kabiye are "national languages", which in the Togolese context means languages that are promoted in formal education and used in the media. Others are Gen, Aja, Moba, Ntcham, and Ife. In joining the Commonwealth, the Togolese government has anticipated opportunities for Togolese citizens to learn English.[34]
Health
The Human Rights Measurement Initiative[86] finds that Togo is fulfilling 73.1% of what it should be fulfilling for the right to health based on its level of income.[87] When looking at the right to health with respect to children, Togo achieves 93.8% of what is expected based on its current income.[87] In regards to the right to health amongst the adult population, the country achieves 88.2% of what is expected based on the nation's level of income.[87] It falls into the "very bad" category when evaluating the right to reproductive health because the nation is fulfilling 37.3% of what the nation is expected to achieve based on the resources (income) it has available.[87]
Health expenditure in Togo was 5.2% of GDP in 2014, which ranks the country in 45th place in the world.
As of 2015[update], the maternal mortality rate per 100,000 births for Togo is 368, compared with 350 in 2010 and 539.7 in 1990.[70] The under 5 mortality rate per 1,000 births is 100, and the neonatal mortality as a percentage of under 5's mortality is 32. In Togo the number of midwives per 1,000 live births is 2 and the lifetime risk of death for pregnant women is 1 in 67.[89]
In 2016, Togo had 4100 (2400-6100) new HIV infections and 5100 (3100-7700) AIDS-related deaths. There were 100,000 (73,000-130,000) people living with HIV in 2016, among whom 51% (37-67%) were accessing antiretroviral therapy. Among pregnant women living with HIV, 86% (59% - >95%) were accessing treatment or prophylaxis to prevent transmission of HIV to their children. An estimated <1000 (<500-1400) children were newly infected with HIV due to mother-to-child transmission. Among people living with HIV, approximately 42% (30-55%) had suppressed viral loads.[90]
AFD is working to enhance living conditions in Lomé, the coastal city with a population of 1.4 million, by modernizing solid waste management services. The project involves enhancing garbage collection through the construction of a new landfill that meets international standards.[91][92]
Education
Education in Togo is compulsory for six years.[93] In 1996, the gross primary enrollment rate was 119.6%, and the net primary enrollment rate was 81.3%.[93] In 2011, the net enrollment rate was 94%. The education system has "suffered from teacher shortages, lower educational quality in rural areas, and high repetition and dropout rates".[93]
Culture
The culture reflects the influences of ethnic groups, the largest of which are the
Ewe statuary is characterized by its
The dyed fabric batiks of the artisanal centre of Kloto represent stylized and coloured scenes of ancient everyday life. There are loincloths used in the ceremonies of the weavers of Assahoun. Works of the painter Sokey Edorh are inspired by the "immense arid extents, swept by the dry wind", and where the soil keeps the prints of the men and the animals. The plastics technician Paul Ahyi practised the "zota", a kind of pyroengraving, and his monumental achievements decorate Lomé.
Basketball is Togo's "second most practised sport".[94] Togo featured a national team in beach volleyball that competed at the 2018–2020 CAVB Beach Volleyball Continental Cup in the men's section.[95]
Mass media in Togo includes radio, television, and online and print formats. The Agence Togolaise de Presse news agency began in 1975.[96] The Union des Journalistes Independants du Togo press association is headquartered in Lomé.[96]Togolese Television is the state-owned service.
See also
Notes
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- ^ "Languages of Togo". Ethnologue.com. Retrieved 31 October 2010.
- ^ a b "Country Profile | The Islamic Chamber of Commerce , Industry and Agriculture (ICCIA)". iccia.com. Retrieved 27 January 2021.
- ^ "Togo". Ethnologue.com. Retrieved 26 August 2017.
- ^ "Human Rights Measurement Initiative – The first global initiative to track the human rights performance of countries". humanrightsmeasurement.org. Retrieved 31 March 2022.
- ^ a b c d "Togo - HRMI Rights Tracker". rightstracker.org. Retrieved 31 March 2022.
- ^ UNICEF 2013 Archived 5 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine, p. 27.
- ^ "The State Of The World's Midwifery". United Nations Population Fund. Accessed August 2011.
- ^ "Togo". www.unaids.org.
- ^ Bank, European Investment (23 February 2023). "The Clean Oceans Initiative".
- ^ "Clean Oceans Initiative". www.afd.fr. Retrieved 23 February 2023.
- ^ U.S. Department of Labor (2002). This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ Kayi Lawson (28 May 2021). "Le basketball, une discipline en quêtes de moyen et de vocations au Togo". VOA Afrique (in French). Retrieved 7 August 2021.
- FIVB. 22 June 2021. Retrieved 7 August 2021.
- ^ ISSN 0065-3896.
Further reading
- Bullock, A L C, Germany's Colonial Demands (Oxford University Press, 1939).
- Gründer, Horst, Geschichte der deutschen Kolonien, 3. Aufl. (Paderborn, 1995).
- Mwakikagile, Godfrey, Military Coups in West Africa Since The Sixties (Nova Science Publishers, Inc., 2001).
- Packer, George, The Village of Waiting (Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1988).
- Piot, Charles, Nostalgia for the Future: West Africa After the Cold War (University of Chicago Press, 2010).
- Schnee, Dr. Heinrich, German Colonization, Past and Future - the Truth about the German Colonies (George Allen & Unwin, 1926).
- Sebald, Peter, Togo 1884 bis 1914. Eine Geschichte der deutschen "Musterkolonie" auf der Grundlage amtlicher Quellen (Berlin, 1987).
- Seely, Jennifer, The Legacies of Transition Governments in Africa: The Cases of Benin and Togo (Palgrave Macmillan, 2009).
- Zurstrassen, Bettina, "Ein Stück deutscher Erde schaffen". Koloniale Beamte in Togo 1884-1914 (Frankfurt/M., Campus, 2008) (Campus Forschung, 931).
External links
Government
- Republic of Togo official site (in French)
- National Assembly of Togo official site
- Chief of State and Cabinet Members (in French)
General
- Country Profile from New Internationalist
- Country Profile from BBC News
- Togo from Encyclopædia Britannica
- Togo. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- Togo from UCB Libraries GovPubs
- Togo at Curlie
- Wikimedia Atlas of Togo
- Key Development Forecasts for Togo from International Futures
Trade