Toilet

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Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
This article is about the fixture generally. For the common flush toilet, see flush toilet. For a room containing a toilet, see Toilet (room). For other uses, see Toilet (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with
Toilette
.

A Western flush toilet with a paper seat cover dispenser, waste basket, and toilet brush near the German-Austrian border
Squat
Raised pit toilet, Informal settlements Kampala
Toilets come in various forms around the world, including flush toilets used by sitting or squatting, and dry toilets like pit latrines.

A toilet

sewer system; in isolated areas, to a septic tank. The waste is known as blackwater and the combined effluent, including other sources, is sewage. Dry toilets are connected to a pit, removable container, composting chamber, or other storage and treatment device, including urine diversion with a urine-diverting toilet
.

The technology used for modern toilets varies. Toilets are commonly made of

Airplane toilets are specially designed to operate in the air. The need to maintain anal hygiene post-defecation is universally recognized and toilet paper (often held by a toilet roll holder), which may also be used to wipe the vulva after urination, is widely used (as well as bidets
).

In private homes, depending on the region and style, the toilet may exist in the same

Toilet seat covers are sometimes used. Portable toilets (frequently chemical "porta johns"
) may be brought in for large and temporary gatherings.

Historically,

waterborne diseases such as cholera and dysentery. Therefore, the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 6 wants to "achieve access to adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all and end open defecation".[2]

Overview

The number of different types of toilets used worldwide is large,[3][4] but can be grouped by:

Toilets can be designed to be used either in a sitting or in a squatting posture. Each type has its benefits. The "sitting toilet", however, is essential for those who are movement impaired. Sitting toilets are often referred to as "western-style toilets".

people with disabilities
and the elderly.

People use different toilet types based on the country that they are in. In

developing countries, access to toilets is also related to people's socio-economic status. Poor people in low-income countries often have no toilets at all and resort to open defecation instead. This is part of the sanitation crisis which international initiatives (such as World Toilet Day) draw attention to.[6]

With water

Flush toilet

Main article: Flush toilet
Flush toilet bowl
Toilet flush sound

A typical

developing countries
, this treatment step does not take place.

The water in the toilet bowl is connected to a pipe shaped like an upside-down U. One side of the U channel is arranged as a siphon tube longer than the water in the bowl is high. The siphon tube connects to the drain. The bottom of the drain pipe limits the height of the water in the bowl before it flows down the drain. The water in the bowl acts as a barrier to sewer gas entering the building. Sewer gas escapes through a vent pipe attached to the sewer line.

The amount of water used by conventional flush toilets usually makes up a significant portion of personal daily water usage. However, modern

potable water
(drinking water). Some modern toilets pressurize the water in the tank, which initiates flushing action with less water usage.

Another variant is the pour-flush toilet.[3] This type of flush toilet has no cistern but is flushed manually with a few liters of a small bucket. The flushing can use as little as 2–3 litres (0.44–0.66 imp gal; 0.53–0.79 US gal).[3] This type of toilet is common in many Asian countries. The toilet can be connected to one or two pits, in which case it is called a "pour flush pit latrine" or a "twin pit pour flush to pit latrine". It can also be connected to a septic tank.

Flush toilets on ships are typically flushed with seawater.

Twin pit designs

Design of a twin pit latrine.

Twin pit latrines use two pits used alternatively, when one pit gets full over a few months or years.[8] The pits are of an adequate size to accommodate a volume of waste generated over one or two years. This allows the contents of the full pit enough time to transform into a partially sanitized, soil-like material that can be manually excavated.[9] There is a risk of groundwater pollution when pits are located in areas with a high or variable water table, and/or fissures or cracks in the bedrock.[9]

Vacuum toilet

Vacuum toilet in a train in Switzerland.

A

waterless urinals). Some flush with coloured disinfectant solution rather than with water.[10] They may be used to separate blackwater and greywater, and process them separately[12] (for instance, the fairly dry blackwater can be used for biogas production, or in a composting toilet
).

Passenger train toilets, aircraft lavatories, bus toilets, and ships with plumbing often use vacuum toilets. The lower water usage saves weight, and avoids water slopping out of the toilet bowl in motion.[13] Aboard vehicles, a portable collection chamber is used; if it is filled by positive pressure from an intermediate vacuum chamber, it need not be kept under vacuum.[14]

Floating toilet

A floating toilet is essentially a toilet on a platform built above or floating on the water. Instead of excreta going into the ground they are collected in a tank or barrel. To reduce the amount of excreta that needs to hauled to shore, many use urine diversion. The floating toilet was developed for residents without quick access to land or connection to a sewer systems.[15] It is also used in areas subjected to prolonged flooding.[16] The need for this type of toilet is high in areas like Cambodia.[17]

Without water

This section is an excerpt from Dry toilet.[edit]
A
excreta falls through a drop hole.[18]

Pit latrine

This section is an excerpt from Pit latrine.[edit]
A
pathogens between feces and food by flies.[22] These pathogens are major causes of infectious diarrhea and intestinal worm infections.[23] Infectious diarrhea resulted in about 700,000 deaths in children under five years old in 2011 and 250 million lost school days.[23][24] Pit latrines are a low-cost method of separating feces from people.[22]

Vault toilet

A vault toilet is a non-flush toilet with a sealed container (or vault) buried in the ground to receive the excreta, all of which is contained underground until it is removed by pumping. A vault toilet is distinguished from a pit latrine because the waste accumulates in the vault instead of seeping into the underlying soil.

Urine-diverting toilet

This section is an excerpt from Urine-diverting dry toilet.[edit]
A
wastewater treatment plant is not feasible or desired, fertilizer and soil conditioner are needed for agriculture, or groundwater pollution
should be minimized.

Portable toilet

This section is an excerpt from Portable toilet.[edit]
A portable or mobile toilet (colloquial terms: thunderbox, porta-john, porta-potty or portaloo) is any type of toilet that can be moved around, some by one person, some by mechanical equipment such as a truck and crane. Most types do not require any pre-existing services or infrastructure, such as sewerage, and are completely self-contained. The portable toilet is used in a variety of situations, for example in urban slums of developing countries, at festivals, for camping, on boats, on construction sites, and at film locations and large outdoor gatherings where there are no other facilities. Most portable toilets are unisex single units with privacy ensured by a simple lock on the door. Some portable toilets are small molded plastic or fiberglass portable rooms with a lockable door and a receptacle to catch the human excreta in a container.

Chemical toilet

This section is an excerpt from Chemical toilet.[edit]

A

sewage treatment plant.[25] When the tank is emptied, the contents are usually pumped into a sanitary sewer
or directly to a treatment plant.

The
travel trailers
(caravans) and on small boats.

Toilet fed to animals

The

pigsty by a chute, is still in use to a limited extent.[27] It was common in rural China, and was known in Japan, Korea, and India. The "fish pond toilet" depends on the same principle, of livestock (often carp
) eating human excreta directly.

"Flying toilet"

This section is an excerpt from Flying toilet.[edit]
A
slums, they are called flying toilets "because when you have filled them, you throw them as far away as you can".[28]

Squat toilets

This section is an excerpt from Squat toilet.[edit]
A
sitting. This means that the posture for defecation and for female urination is to place one foot on each side of the toilet drain or hole and to squat over it. There are several types of squat toilets, but they all consist essentially of a toilet pan or bowl at floor level. Such a toilet pan is also called a "squatting pan". A squat toilet may use a water seal and therefore be a flush toilet, or it can be without a water seal and therefore be a dry toilet
. The term "squat" refers only to the expected defecation posture and not any other aspects of toilet technology, such as whether it is water flushed or not.
  • At Topkapı Palace, Turkey
    At Topkapı Palace, Turkey
  • Old-style squat toilet (Hong Kong)
    Old-style squat toilet (Hong Kong)
  • In France
    In France
  • Porcelain squat toilet with water tank for flushing (Wuhan, China)
    Porcelain squat toilet with water tank for flushing (
    Wuhan, China
    )
  • Japanese-style squat toilet with automatic sensor
    Japanese-style squat toilet with automatic sensor

Usage

Urination

Main article: Urination
A man seen from behind urinating while standing.

There are cultural differences in socially accepted and preferred voiding positions for urination around the world: in the Middle East and Asia, the squatting position is more prevalent, while in the Western world the standing and sitting position are more common.[29]

Anal cleansing habits

Main article:
Anal cleansing
South American countries.[30]

In the

Muslim countries, the facilities are designed to enable people to follow Islamic toilet etiquette Qaḍāʼ al-Ḥājah.[31] For example, a bidet shower may be plumbed in. The left hand is used for cleansing, for which reason that hand is considered impolite or polluted in many Asian countries.[32]

The

Orthodox and Lutheran countries such as Greece and Finland respectively, where bidet showers are common.[36]

There are toilets on the market with seats having integrated spray mechanisms for anal and genital water sprays (see for example Toilets in Japan). This can be useful for the elderly or people with disabilities.

Accessible toilets

Main article: Accessible toilet

An accessible toilet is designed to accommodate people with physical disabilities, such as age related limited mobility or inability to walk due to impairments. Additional measures to add toilet accessibility are providing more space and grab bars to ease transfer to and from the toilet seat, including enough room for a caregiver if necessary.

Public toilets

This section is an excerpt from Public toilet.[edit]
A
attendant
. In many cultures, it is customary to tip the attendant, especially if they provide a specific service, such as might be the case at upscale nightclubs or restaurants.

Public health aspects

Further information: WASH § Health aspects
Toilets should be innovated and "reinvented" to properly address the global sanitation crisis says the
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation

To this day, 1 billion people in developing countries have no toilets in their homes and are resorting to open defecation instead.[37] Therefore, it is one of the targets of Sustainable Development Goal 6 to provide toilets (sanitation services) to everyone by 2030.[2][38]

Toilets are one important element of a

waterways, groundwater, and drinking water
supplies.

History

Further information: History of water supply and sanitation

Ancient history

Indus river valley
in around 2350 BC.
Roman public toilets, Ostia Antica.
Squatting toilets at Kaludiya Pokuna archeological site, Sri Lanka.
Model of toilet with pigsty, China, Eastern Han dynasty 25–220 AD

The fourth millennium BC would witness the invention of clay pipes, sewers, and toilets, in

cesspits, the latter of which were regularly emptied and cleaned.[43]

Other very early toilets that used flowing water to remove the waste are found at

ancient Persia
.

In 2012, archaeologists found what is believed to be Southeast Asia's earliest latrine during the excavation of a neolithic village in the Rạch Núi archaeological site, southern Vietnam. The toilet, dating back 1500 BC, yielded important clues about early Southeast Asian society. More than 30 coprolites, containing fish and shattered animal bones, provided information on the diet of humans and dogs, and on the types of parasites each had to contend with.[44][45][46]

In Sri Lanka, the techniques of the construction of toilets and lavatories developed over several stages. A highly developed stage in this process is discernible in the constructions at the Abhayagiri complex in Anuradhapura where toilets and baths dating back to 2nd century BC to 3rd century CE are known, later forms of toilets from 5th century CE to 13th century CE in Polonnaruwa and Anuradhapura had elaborate decorative motifs carved around the toilets.[47][48][49] Several types of toilets were developed; these include lavatories with ring-well pits, underground terracotta pipes that lead to septic pits, urinary pits with large bottomless clay pots of decreasing size placed one above the other. These pots under urinals contained "sand, lime and charcoal" through which urine filtered down to the earth in a somewhat purified form.[47]

In

textile manufacture
.)

The Han dynasty in China two thousand years ago used pig toilets.

Post-classical history

Garderobes were toilets used in the Post-classical history, most commonly found in upper-class dwellings. Essentially, they were flat pieces of wood or stone spanning from one wall to the other, with one or more holes to sit on. These were above chutes or pipes that discharged outside the castle or Manor house.[51] Garderobes would be placed in areas away from bedrooms because of the smell[52] and also near kitchens or fireplaces to keep their enclosures warm.[51]

  • Garderobe seat openings
    Garderobe seat openings
  • View looking down into garderobe seat opening
    View looking down into garderobe seat opening
  • Exterior view of garderobe at Campen castle
    Exterior view of garderobe at Campen castle
  • Toilet in Rosenborg Castle Copenhagen
    Toilet in Rosenborg Castle Copenhagen

The other main way of handling toilet needs was the chamber pot, a receptacle, usually of ceramic or metal, into which one would excrete waste. This method was used for hundreds of years; shapes, sizes, and decorative variations changed throughout the centuries.[53] Chamber pots were in common use in Europe from ancient times, even being taken to the Middle East by medieval pilgrims.[54]

Modern history

Bourdaloue chamber pots from the Austrian Imperial household
Early 18th century British three-seat privy
19th century thunderbox, a heavy wooden commode to enclose chamber pot

By the Early Modern era, chamber pots were frequently made of china or copper and could include elaborate decoration. They were emptied into the gutter of the street nearest to the home.

In pre-modern Denmark, people generally

outhouses, including garðhús (yard house), náð-/náða-hús (house of rest), and annat hús (the other house). In general, toilets were functionally non-existent in rural Denmark until the 18th century.[55]

By the 16th century,

nightsoil, was sold as fertilizer for agricultural production (similarly to the closing-the-loop approach of ecological sanitation
).

In the early 19th century, public officials and public hygiene experts studied and debated sanitation for several decades. The construction of an underground network of pipes to carry away solid and liquid waste was only begun in the mid 19th-century, gradually replacing the cesspool system, although cesspools were still in use in some parts of Paris into the 20th century.

First World War
.

The water closet, with its origins in Tudor times, started to assume its currently known form, with an overhead cistern, s-bends, soil pipes and valves around 1770. This was the work of Alexander Cumming and Joseph Bramah. Water closets only started to be moved from outside to inside of the home around 1850.[57] The integral water closet started to be built into middle-class homes in the 1860s and 1870s, firstly on the principal bedroom floor and in larger houses in the maids' accommodation, and by 1900 a further one in the hallway. A toilet would also be placed outside the back door of the kitchen for use by gardeners and other outside staff such as those working with the horses. The speed of introduction was varied, so that in 1906 the predominantly working-class town of Rochdale had 750 water closets for a population of 10,000.[57]

The working-class home had transitioned from the rural cottage, to the urban back-to-back terraces with external rows of privies, to the through terraced houses of the 1880 with their sculleries and individual external WC. It was the Tudor Walters Report of 1918 that recommended that semi-skilled workers should be housed in suburban cottages with kitchens and internal WC. As recommended floor standards waxed and waned in the building standards and codes, the bathroom with a water closet and later the low-level suite became more prominent in the home.[58]

Before the introduction of indoor toilets, it was common to use the chamber pot under one's bed at night and then to dispose of its contents in the morning. During the Victorian era, British housemaids collected all of the household's chamber pots and carried them to a room known as the housemaids' cupboard. This room contained a "slop sink", made of wood with a lead lining to prevent chipping china chamber pots, for washing the "bedroom ware" or "chamber utensils". Once running water and flush toilets were plumbed into British houses, servants were sometimes given their own lavatory downstairs, separate from the family lavatory.[59] The practice of emptying one's own chamber pot, known as slopping out, continued in British prisons until as recently as 2014[60] and was still in use in 85 cells in Ireland in July 2017.[61]

With rare exceptions, chamber pots are no longer used. Modern related implements are bedpans and commodes, used in hospitals and the homes of invalids.

Long-established sanitary wear manufacturers in the United Kingdom include Adamsez, founded in

Thomas William Twyford.[63]

Development of dry earth closets

Further information: Dry toilet § History
Henry Moule's earth closet design, c. 1909

Before the widespread adoption of the

composting toilets.[64]

Development of flush toilets

Further information: Flush toilet § History

Although a precursor to the flush toilet system which is widely used nowadays was designed in 1596 by

growth in the sewage system, especially in London, which made the flush toilet particularly attractive for health and sanitation reasons.[57]

Flush toilets were also known as "water closets", as opposed to the earth closets described above. WCs first appeared in Britain in the 1880s, and soon spread to Continental Europe. In America, the chain-pull indoor toilet was introduced in the homes of the wealthy and in hotels in the 1890s. William Elvis Sloan invented the Flushometer in 1906, which used pressurized water directly from the supply line for faster recycle time between flushes.

High-tech toilet

See also: Toilets in Japan

"High-tech" toilets, which can be found in countries like Japan, include features such as automatic-flushing mechanisms; water jets or "bottom washers"; blow dryers, or artificial flush sounds to mask noises. Others include medical monitoring features such as urine and stool analysis and the checking of blood pressure, temperature, and blood sugar. Some toilets have automatic lid operation, heated seats, deodorizing fans, or automated replacement of paper toilet-seat-covers. Interactive urinals have been developed in several countries, allowing users to play video games. The "Toylet", produced by Sega, uses pressure sensors to detect the flow of urine and translates that into on-screen action.[65]

Astronauts on the

potable water.[66]

Names

See also: Toilet (room) § Names, and Outhouse § Names

Etymology

In La Toilette from Hogarth's Marriage à la Mode series (1743), a young countess receives her lover, tradesmen, hangers-on, and an Italian tenor as she finishes her toilette[67]
Detail of Queen Charlotte with her Two Eldest Sons, Johan Zoffany, 1765, (the whole painting). She is doing her toilet, with her silver-gilt toilet service on the dressing-table

Toilet was originally a French loanword (first attested in 1540) that referred to the toilette ("little cloth") draped over one's shoulders during hairdressing.[68] During the late 17th century,[68] the term came to be used by metonymy in both languages for the whole complex of grooming and body care that centered at a dressing table (also covered by a cloth) and for the equipment composing a toilet service, including a mirror, hairbrushes, and containers for powder and makeup. The time spent at such a table also came to be known as one's "toilet"; it came to be a period during which close friends or tradesmen were received as "toilet-calls".[68][71]

The use of "toilet" to describe a special room for grooming came much later (first attested in 1819), following the French cabinet de toilet. Similar to "powder room", "toilet" then came to be used as a

toiletries".[n 2]

Contemporary use

The word "toilet" was by etymology a euphemism, but is no longer understood as such. As old euphemisms have become the standard term, they have been progressively replaced by newer ones, an example of the

Japanese comics to visually indicate toilets or other things that look like toilets (see Toilets in Japan
).

Regional variants

Different dialects use "bathroom" and "restroom" (American English), "bathroom" and "washroom" (Canadian English), and "WC" (an initialism for "water closet"), "lavatory" and its abbreviation "lav" (British English). Euphemisms for the toilet that bear no direct reference to the activities of urination and defecation are ubiquitous in modern Western languages, reflecting a general attitude of unspeakability about such bodily function.[citation needed] These euphemistic practices appear to have become pronounced following the emergence of European colonial practices, which frequently denigrated colonial subjects in Africa, Asia and South America as 'unclean'.[73][74]

Euphemisms

"Crapper" was already in use[citation needed] as a coarse name for a toilet, but it gained currency from the work of Thomas Crapper, who popularized flush toilets in England and held several patents on toilet improvements.

"The Jacks" is Irish slang for toilet.[75] It perhaps derives from "jacques" and "jakes", an old English term.[76]

"Loo" – The etymology of loo is obscure. The

lee" in reference to the shipboard need to urinate and defecate with the wind prior to the advent of head pumps,[n 3] or the 17th-century preacher Louis Bourdaloue, whose long sermons at Paris's Saint-Paul-Saint-Louis prompted his parishioners to bring along chamber pots, and his surname was applied to the pots themselves.[83]

Gallery

See also

Explanatory notes

  1. ^ For a full list of English synonyms, see "toilet" in Wiktionary's thesaurus.
  2. ^ The French eau de toilette ("toilet water") is sometimes used as a sophisticated synonym for perfume and cologne but is generally received jokingly, as with Cosmopolitan's parody "If it doesn't say 'eau de toilette' on the label, it most likely doesn't come from the famed region of Eau de Toilette in France and might not even come from toilets at all."
  3. ^ Yachtsmen still tend to refer to their toilets as "loos" rather than "heads".[citation needed]

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  70. ^ Pope, Alexander (1717), The Rape of the Lock.
  71. Marriage à-la-mode series in Egerton[69] or the extensive discussion of a lady's toilet in Pope.[70]
  72. ^ Bell, Vicars Walker (1953). On Learning the English Tongue. Faber & Faber.
  73. ^ Alison Moore, Colonial Visions of ‘Third World’ Toilets: A Nineteenth-Century Discourse That Haunts Contemporary Tourism. In Olga Gershenson and Barbara Penner (eds.), Ladies and Gents: Public Toilets and Gender (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2009), 97–113.
  74. S2CID 143947247
    .
  75. ^ "BBC h2g2". Archived from the original on 28 June 2013. Retrieved 25 June 2013.
  76. ^ "Toilet Inspector". Retrieved 25 June 2013.
  77. ^ a b "loo, n.⁴", Oxford English Dictionary.
  78. ^ Ross, Alan S.C. (October 1974), Blackwood's Magazine, pp. 309–316.
  79. ^ Ross, Alan S.C. (1954), "Linguistic Class-Indicators in Present-Day English", Neuphilologische Mitteilungen, vol. 55, Helsinki, pp. 113–149{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link).
  80. OCLC 876714657.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link
    )
  81. ^ Harper, Douglas. "loo". Online Etymology Dictionary..
  82. ^ "Why do they call it the loo?", Kottke, 16 February 2005, retrieved 1 August 2015.
  83. ^ "Chamber Pots". Muzeum historických nočníků a toalet. Retrieved 17 July 2016.

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