Tolkien fandom

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Tolkien fandom is an international, informal community of

legendarium which includes The Hobbit, The Lord of the Rings, and The Silmarillion. The concept of Tolkien fandom as a specific type of fan subculture sprang up in the United States in the 1960s, in the context of the hippie movement, to the dismay of the author (Tolkien died in 1973), who talked of "my deplorable cultus".[1]

A Tolkienist is someone who studies the work of

Elvish languages and "Tolkienology".[2] A Ringer is a fan of The Lord of the Rings in general, and of Peter Jackson's live-action film trilogy in particular.[3] Other terms for Tolkien fans include Tolkienite or Tolkiendil.[4]

History

Tolkien's The Hobbit, a children's book, was first published in 1937, and it proved popular. But The Lord of the Rings, first published in three volumes in 1954 and 1955, gave rise to fandom as a cultural phenomenon from the 1960s onwards.[5][6]

1950s

Ted Johnstone (real name David McDaniel, seen here in 1974) founded the first Tolkien fan club.

Tolkien fandom began within

Robert Lichtman in his Psi Phi. Tolkien-inspired costumes were worn at Worldcons from 1958. An organized Tolkien fandom organization called "The Fellowship of the Ring" came together in Pittcon, the 18th World Science Fiction Convention in Pittsburgh on 4 September 1960. England's first Tolkien fanzine was Nazgul's Bane, produced by Cheslin. Many fanzines had little Tolkien content but Tolkien-inspired names such as Ancalagon, Glamdring, Lefnui, Mathom, Perian, Ringwraith, Shadowfax, and so on. Others had more meaningful Tolkien content. Ed Meskys' apazine Niekas turned into a full-fledged fanzine during this era. Pete Mansfield's Sword & Sorcery fanzine, Eldritch Dream Quest, included many Tolkien items.[7]

1960s America

Foster attributes the surge of Tolkien fandom in the United States of the mid-1960s to a combination of the

1970s to 1980s

Isaac Asimov, who had read The Lord of the Rings three times by Tolkien's death in September 1973, wrote a Black Widowers short story as tribute to the fellow author. "Nothing Like Murder" (1974) mentions college students forming Tolkien societies at Columbia and elsewhere.[15]

Interest in The Lord of the Rings led to several attempts to adapt it for the film medium, most of which were largely unsuccessful. Filmmaker

animated feature film version, part one of what was originally planned as a two-part adaptation of the story. Bakshi produced the film using, among other animation techniques, rotoscoping, shooting a majority of the film in live-action first before transferring the live footage to animation. While the film had, and continues to have, a mixed critical reaction, it was a financial success, costing USD 8 million to produce, and grossing over USD 30 million at the box office. Despite this fact, United Artists, the film's original distributor, refused to fund a sequel, leaving the project incomplete.[16]

1990s

A cosplay of Lord of the Rings characters

The 1990s saw the conclusion of The History of Middle-earth series. A series of minor texts by Tolkien were edited in journals such as

J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia (2006) and the twin volumes The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion and The J. R. R. Tolkien Companion and Guide (2005, 2006). The dedicated journal Tolkien Studies
has been appearing from 2004.

2000s

Tolkien fandom changed in character with the release of

Tolkien tourists, travel to places in New Zealand to visit sites where scenes in the films were shot.[19]

A "Tolkien Reading Day", held annually on 25 March, an anniversary of the fall of

Barad-dûr,[20] was proposed by Sean Kirst, a columnist at The Post-Standard in Syracuse, New York, and launched by the Tolkien Society in 2003.[21]

Online

Tolkien discussion took place in many newsgroups from the earliest days of

newsgroups
have been active since 1992 and 1993, respectively.

Notable points of contention in online discussions surround the origin of

Revisionists" and "Purists" over controversy surrounding changes to the novel made for the movies, such as those made to the character of Arwen and the absence of Tom Bombadil.[22]

TheOneRing.net (or TORn)

TheOneRing.net logo

One of the most prominent fansites of Jackson's movies is TheOneRing.net, which was popular even with the cast and crew of the film. TORn, as it is called, was originally a small movie-news site that gained in prestige as movie-rumors became reality. The filmmakers put special effort into winning over the fans, not simply tolerating but actually actively supporting fansites for Ringers. The site was founded in 1999 by a group of Tolkien fans eager for the upcoming The Lord of the Rings film trilogy who were gathering information about the film. In 1998, Michael 'Xoanon' Regina and Erica 'Tehanu' Challis started a website using all of the information they could get related to the filming of The Lord of the Rings, including exclusive "spy" reports from Tehanu's visit to the New Zealand set. This activity first got her escorted off the set, and then invited back on to take an official look around and meet director Peter Jackson. In early 1999, a designer by the username of Calisuri came across the site and asked if they needed some design and technical help to grow the site and make it a central web location for other Tolkien fans. Calisuri's friend Corvar, who he was acquainted with from the Nightmare LPMud, was brought aboard to provide server and business help. Xoanon, Tehanu, Calisuri and Corvar then formed The One Ring, Inc. and are the sole owners/founders of TheOneRing.net.[23]

The site is unique in that there was a mutual working relationship between the crew of TheOneRing.net and that of The Lord of the Rings films, and later The Hobbit films. This relationship enabled the site to bring its readers exclusive news from the set, as when Peter Jackson emailed TheOneRing.net in an effort to get his side heard when a lawsuit threatened his chance to film The Hobbit.[24]

Events

Like other fan sites, members gather in small groups called moots, form personal friendships (even marriages), hold extended online discussions with archives, and so on. In 2003 Cold Spring Press released TORn's book The People's Guide to J.R.R. Tolkien. Written by five major contributors to TheOneRing.net, it includes essays ranging from a spirited defense of fantasy as a genre, discussions of Tolkien's views of good and evil, an examination of

Auckland, New Zealand to Sydney (the 2011 cruise was Sydney to Auckland), including several short excursions to visit locations used in the filming of The Lord of the Rings.[31]

Other sites

TheOneRing.com (TORc), "The Home of Tolkien Online" is a Tolkien fan site that positions itself as catering more to the fans of Tolkien's literary works rather than Jackson's films. It was founded by Jonathan Watson, Ted Tschopp and David Mullich in April 1999. As of 2022, Watson has continued to run the website.[32] The site was consulted by the Tolkien scholar Kris Swank for details of the etymology of the word lintips, which Tolkien used in his 1965 poem "Once Upon a Time".[33]

The Encyclopedia of Arda provides a detailed online reference to Middle-earth, mirrored at GlyphWeb.[34]

A fan edit of the theatrical cut of The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers exists, called The Two Towers: The Purist Edit.[35] Most of the changes in 2007 were incorporated into The Lord of the Rings – The Purist Edition, a fan edit which turns the entire trilogy into an eight-hour film without most of the changes.[35][36]

Tolkienology

The Tolkien scholar Tom Shippey is renowned among Tolkienologists.

Tolkienology is a term used by fans to describe the study of the works of

Tolkien studies in that it ignores the real-world history of composition by the author, and assumes an underlying internally consistent Middle-earth canon. Tolkienology may include:[37][38][39]

Fandom and Tolkienian linguistics

The studies of Tolkien's

reconstruction of unattested Elvish forms, and a "philological" or "purist" camp which focusses entirely on the conscientious edition of such fragments as can be found in Tolkien's unpublished papers. By its nature, reconstructionism aims for a "canon" of "correct" standard Elvish (Neo-Eldarin), while the philological study of the evolution of Tolkien's conceptions cannot assume that the languages had ever reached a complete or internally consistent final form. The "reconstructionist" camp is represented by Salo, who translated the poems in the libretto by Fran Walsh and Philippa Boyens for the Music of The Lord of the Rings film series, creating additional words in languages including Sindarin where necessary, while the "purist" camp is represented by Hostetter.[42][43][44]

By region

Dedicated Tolkien Societies provide platforms for a combination of fandom and academic literary study in several countries.

United States

The first recorded organized Tolkien fan group was "The Fellowship of the Ring", founded by

Ted Johnstone. Their first annual meeting was held at Pittcon, the 1960 Worldcon. They published four issues of the fanzine i-Palantír before the organization disbanded; the first was published a month before the Pittcon meeting, dated August 1960.[45]

The

Mythcon conference in 1970, which featured readings, a costume competition, an art show, and other events typical of science fiction conventions of the day. The society's three current periodicals are Mythprint, a monthly bulletin; Mythlore, originally a fanzine and now a peer-reviewed journal that publishes scholarly articles on mythic and fantastic literature; and The Mythic Circle, a literary annual of original poetry and short stories (which replaced the Society's earlier publications Mythril and Mythellany).[46] Alongside that was a monthly newsletter, Mythprint.[47][48][49][50] Beyond Bree is the monthly newsletter of The American Mensa Tolkien Special Interest Group.[51]

United Kingdom

Mallorn tree and an illustration of such a tree appears on the front of each issue. In the past it was issued every autumn, but since 2003 has been released in mid-summer.[54][55]

German-speaking Europe

The German translation of The Hobbit appeared in 1957 (translated by Walter Scherf), and that of The Lord of the Rings in 1972 (translated by Margaret Carroux and Ebba-Margareta von Freymann).

The Deutsche Tolkien Gesellschaft (DTG) is a German association dedicated to the study of the life and works of J. R. R. Tolkien. Founded in 1997, it is based in Cologne. The DTG has more than 500 members (as of 2005) and is organized in a widespread network of local chapters. It is the main driving force of Tolkien reception in the

German speaking countries (c.f. Honegger (2006); the first Swiss Tolkien Society (Eredain) was founded in 1986 and published the Aglared journal;[56] it dissolved in 2006 and a second Swiss Tolkien Society (Seryn Ennor) was founded in 2014[57] and is based in Jenins; an Austrian Tolkien Society was founded in 2002). The DTG organized a seminar on Tolkien studies in Cologne in 2004, in Jena in 2005 and in Mainz in 2006. The conference proceedings are published in their Hither Shore yearbook.[58]

Hungary

The Magyar Tolkien Társaság (Hungarian Tolkien Society) is a registered

public benefit organization whose aim is to enhance public knowledge on the works and mythology created by J. R. R. Tolkien. Apart from organizing the Hungarian Tolkien aficionados into a community (choir, charity ball, creative workshops), the association has grown multifaceted since its foundation in 2002, it provides professional and technical editorial support for new publications, publishes the semiannual magazine Lassi Laurië featuring scholarly articles, interviews, and literary works, and it organizes numerous conferences, meetings and summer camps. In 2002, for its tenth anniversary, the society organized a joint conference with the Institute of English Studies of Károli Gáspár University of the Reformed Church in Hungary entitled "J. R. R. Tolkien: Fantasy and Ethics" and published a book of studies containing the papers presented.[59] The Magyar Tolkien Társaság maintains relations with other tertiary institutions such as the Department of History and Philosophy of Science of Eötvös Loránd University, together with whom it regularly launches courses on Tolkienian subjects ("J. R. R. Tolkien – A 20th Century Mythology")[60]

Czech Republic

Společnost přátel díla pana J. R. R. Tolkiena (Society of Friends of the Works of J.R.R. Tolkien), often abbreviated SPDPJRRT, is the Tolkien Society in the Czech Republic founded in 1992 to commemorate the centenary of J.R.R. Tolkien's birthday. The members of the Society have the opportunity to gather at various meetings. The two main events organized by the society are: The Celebration of the Destruction of the Ring in the end of March and the Bilbo and Frodo's Birthday in September. In addition to that, there is another event called TolkienCon held in Prague annually in January since 2003. It is not officially organized by the Society, but the organizers are in close contact with the Society. It usually starts late afternoon on Friday and ends midday on Sunday. It is based at a school, including facilities for ‘sleeping rough’ in classrooms.[61]

Slovakia

The main Slovak organization for fans of Tolkien's fiction is the non-profit civic association Spoločenstvo Tolkiena (The Fellowship of Tolkien), founded in 2002.[62] Its main goal is to unite fans of Tolkien's works and discuss them, as well as discuss other related fantasy fiction by non-Tolkien authors. In the past, the association published its own irregular fanzine, dubbed Athelas.[63] Other activities of the association include reenactment and live-action roleplaying, and between 2006 and 2019, serving as the co-founder and co-organiser of the annual Slovak fantasy fiction festival SlavCon (now run by its own dedicated association).[64]

Nordic countries

Sweden

The Tolkien Society of Sweden was the first J. R. R. Tolkien society in Europe. It was started in Gothenburg, Sweden, in 1968 by members of Club Cosmos.[65] They published the members' magazine Långbottenbladet. Originally it was just called "The Tolkien Society" but when the British society of the same name was created the members added "of Sweden" to its name.[66][67]

The Tolkien Society Forodrim (

Hyboria. Co-founders were Jörgen Peterzén and Anders Palm.[68]

Denmark

In Denmark, Tolkien became well known in the 1970s and has considerably influenced Danish language fantasy literature since. In 1977, Queen

Margrethe II of Denmark illustrated The Lord of the Rings. There are two Danish Tolkien societies; Bri, the Danish Tolkien Society,[69] and the online Imladris community.[70]

Norway

The Hobbit appeared in Norwegian translation in 1972 and The Lord of the Rings followed from 1973 to 1975 (Tiden Norsk Forlag). Both translations were harshly criticized for errors and inconsistencies and complaints resulted in a new translation of The Lord of the Rings, published in 1980/81. By the late 1980s, Tolkien's works were well known to the Norwegian public. A translation of the Silmarillion appeared in 1994. The unsatisfactory Hobbit translation was replaced only in 1997. By the mid-1990s, the popularity of Tolkien had risen to a level that made viable translations of his minor works.

Arthedain – The Tolkien Society of Norway was founded in Oslo in 1981.[71]

Finland

The Finnish Tolkien Society Kontu

discussion forum, a wiki and an IRC channel. KontuWiki has been credited in several Finnish Tolkien related publications since 2007. Every year the society awards the Kuvastaja-prize for the year's best Finnish Fantasy book. There is much smial-activity and the society organizes meetings and other events for Tolkien fans from all over the country.[citation needed
]

Russia

Interest in Russia awoke soon after the publication of The Lord of the Rings in 1955, long before the first Russian translation. A first effort at publication was made in the 1960s, but to comply with literary censorship in Soviet Russia, the work was considerably abridged and transformed. The ideological danger of the book was seen in the "hidden allegory 'of the conflict between the individualist West and the totalitarian, Communist East.'",[75] while, ironically, Marxist readings in the west conversely identified Tolkien's anti-industrial ideas as presented in the Shire with primitive communism, in a struggle with the evil forces of technocratic capitalism. Russian translations of The Lord of the Rings were published only after the collapse of the Soviet Union, but then in great numbers, no less than ten official Russian translations appeared between 1990 and 2005.[75] Tolkien fandom in Russia grew especially rapidly during the early 1990s at Moscow State University. Many unofficial and partly fragmentary translations are in circulation. The first translation appearing in print was that by Kistyakovskij and Muravyov (volume 1, published 1982).

Notable

Vala Lady of Mercy: according to Mark T. Hooker, the work proved so influential in Russia following its 1992 release that "Niennism" emerged as a term used to describe both a "distinctive literary turn and intellectual following".[76]

Japan

The Hobbit appeared in a Japanese translation in 1965 (Hobitto no Boken) and The Lord of the Rings from 1972 to 1975 (Yubiwa Monogatari), both translated by Teiji Seta (1916–1979), in 1992 revised by Seta's assistant Akiko Tanaka. In 1982, Tanaka translated the Silmarillion (Sirumariru no Monogatari). Teiji Seta was an expert in

classical Japanese literature and a haiku poet, and the Tolkien scholar Roberto Arduini [it] regards the Seta and Tanaka translations as "almost perfect".[77]

Greece

The Hobbit and Lord of the Rings were published in Greek by Kedros during the 1970s, each by different translators. In the mid-90s Aiolos published Silmarillion and Unfinished Tales. In 2001, shortly before the release of the movies, the first Greek on-line community was formed in a promotional web site which in 2002 founded an official group of fans under the name The Prancing Pony. The group is unofficially divided in two 'smials', in Athens and Thessaloniki.[78]

Bulgaria

The Bulgarian Tolkien Society was officially established in 1998 when the Bulgarian Tolkien Fan Club Rin Ennor was first registered as a non-profit non-governmental organization by a few students from the Sofia University. Apart from the larger communities in the big cities, the Bulgarian Tolkien Society has local clubs and groups.[79]

Turkey

Interest in Turkey awoke to The Lord of the Rings in the late 1980s, long before the first Turkish translation. A translation of The Lord of the Rings into Turkish was published as Yüzüklerin Efendisi in 1997.[80] After the release of the movies, other Tolkien-related books such as The Silmarillion were translated into Turkish.

Pakistan

Interest in Prof Tolkien's work developed in Pakistan soon after its earliest inception as a separate nation[81] and has existed sporadically over the years. Interest grew manifold after the release and completion of the Lord of the Rings film trilogy and in 2003–04, the 'Lahore Tolkien Reading Group' was established there.[82]

Italy

The Italian Tolkien Society (Società Tolkeniana Italiana - STI) was founded in February 1994, after a series of lectures about Tolkien's thought and works made in Italy in 1992 by the Tolkien Society archivist, Patricia Reynolds, on the centenary of Tolkien's birth.

Priscilla Tolkien
also became an honorary partner. During the years the Society managed to grow enough to have hundreds of members and a lot of constant activities. It publishes two six-monthly magazines (Terra di Mezzo and Minas Tirith) and organizes two competitions for narrative and images (The Silmaril Awards), from which various publications (such as the volume Frammenti della Terra di Mezzo, a collection of the best stories) are derived. In collaboration with Italian national publishers it also publishes illustrated calendars whose beauty been recognized not only in Italy but internationally as well, for example by HarperCollins (Tolkien's publishing house) that drawn some images from them for their book "Realms of Tolkien". Every year, in September, usually on its first weekend, they organize the Hobbiton, a great three-days feast with conferences, meetings, debates, concerts, dances, costume re-enactments, film screenings, treasure hunts and other Middle-Earth realated activities. They also founded the Palantír publishing house.

In 2021, a pastry chef, Nicolas Gentile, bought a piece of land at Bucchianico in Abruzzo, and walked with friends in costume as the members of the Fellowship of the Ring to throw a ring into the crater of Mount Vesuvius. He has built a hobbit-style house and is seeking crowdfunding to build more. In his view, the people of the region "have always lived as hobbits" close to nature.[84]

See also

  • Tolkienmoot – a gaming convention
  • Tolkien tourist
    – tourism related to Tolkien's books or Jackson's films
  • Fantasy fandom – fan activity related to fantasy more generally

Notes

  1. ^ For example, as Kristin Thompson says, the terms are in use at "SCOD - Mûmakil and Rohirrim on Pelennor". The One Ring Forums. Retrieved 23 August 2020.[17]

References

  1. ^
    Time.com
    , 24 November 2002
  2. ^ thetolkienwiki.org
  3. ^ the term appears on alt.fan.tolkien in December 2001 [1]; "Ringer community" Kohman (2005) p. 10.; c.f. Ringers: Lord of the Fans (2005)
  4. ^ an Anglo-Quenya compound, meaning "Tolkien-lover", mostly known as the name of a French Tolkien society.
  5. .
  6. ^ Seiler, Andy (16 December 2003). "'Rings' Comes Full Circle". USA Today. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
  7. ^ Hunnewell, Sumner Gary ("Hildefons Took") (2010). Tolkien Fandom Review: from its beginnings to 1964 (PDF). Arnold, Missouri: New England Tolkien Society. pp. 3–4.
  8. ^ Foster 2006.
  9. ^ Carpenter 2023, #336 to P. Browne, May 1972
  10. Michael Tolkien
    , January 1972
  11. OCLC 47036020
    .
  12. ^ Barnett, David (8 February 2011). "After Tolkien, get Bored of the Rings". The Guardian Books Blog.
  13. ^ Spangenberg 2006.
  14. ^ Burdge 2006.
  15. .
  16. ^ Gaslin, Glenn (21 November 2001). "Ralph Bakshi's unfairly maligned Lord of the Rings". Slate.
  17. ^ from the original on 13 July 2021. Retrieved 23 August 2020.
  18. . hal-03884812.
  19. ^ "Lord of the Rings locations". doc.govt.nz. Retrieved 10 November 2023.
  20. .
  21. ^ The International Tolkien Reading Day: How it started. Retrieved 26 March 2014.
  22. ^ "Fellowship of the Ring" – Wired, Oct. 2001; "The campaign for real Tolkien" – The Independent, Nov. 2001[dead link]
  23. ^ "About". Theonering.net. 21 November 2012. Retrieved 17 December 2012.
  24. ^ xoanon  - (19 November 2006). "Peter Jackson and Fran Walsh Talk THE HOBBIT". Theonering.net. Retrieved 17 December 2012.
  25. ^ Tehanu  - (26 February 2003). "TORN's Own Book: The People's Guide to J.R.R. Tolkien". Theonering.net. Retrieved 17 December 2012.
  26. ^ weetanya  - (27 October 2004). "TORn Announces the More People's Guide". Theonering.net. Retrieved 17 December 2012.
  27. ^ Freydkin, Donna (2 March 2004). "Oscar parties lord over the night". Usatoday.com. Retrieved 17 December 2012.
  28. ^ Herbert, Richard. "Friends of Tawa Bush Reserves – Memorial Trees of Tawa". Tawabush.wellington.net.nz. Retrieved 17 December 2012.
  29. ^ xoanon  - (13 January 2005). "Orc Or Bust!". Theonering.net. Retrieved 17 December 2012.
  30. ^ "One Ring Celebration – The LOTR Convention". Creationent.com. Retrieved 17 December 2012.
  31. ^ Celeborn  - (28 August 2007). "TORn wants YOU to Cruise Middle-earth!". Theonering.net. Retrieved 17 December 2012.
  32. ^ "About". The One Ring.com. Retrieved 18 December 2022.
  33. ISSN 1547-3163
    .
  34. ^ "Welcome to The Encyclopedia of Arda". The Encyclopedia of Arda. Retrieved 6 October 2022.
  35. ^ a b Leo Grin. "Tolkien Purists Strike Back!". Archived from the original on 28 December 2007. Retrieved 28 December 2007.
  36. ^ "The Lord of the Rings: the purist edition". Archived from the original on 22 September 2007. Retrieved 28 December 2007.
  37. ^ Lalaith's Middle-earth Science Pages Archived 14 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  38. ^ The Tolkien Meta-FAQ
  39. ^ Could the eagles have flown Frodo into Mordor?
  40. ^ Salo, David (6 November 1996). "Inside Information". The Tolkien Language List.
  41. ^ Hostetter, Carl (7 November 1996). "Re: 'Inside Information'". The Tolkien Language List.
  42. ^ The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King "Appendices" (DVD). New Line Cinema. 2004.
  43. ^ Wilonsky, Robert. "Talkin' Tolkien". Phoenix New Times. Archived from the original on 28 July 2012. Retrieved 14 November 2007.
  44. ^ Smith, Susan Lampert (19 January 2003). "Linguist Is A Specialist In Elvish, The Uw Grad Student Provides Translations For Lord Of The Rings Movies". Wisconsin State Journal. William K. Johnston. p. C1. Archived from the original on 5 December 2004. Retrieved 14 November 2007.
  45. ^ "Tolkien Fanzines: I Palantir, Issue 3, August 1964". Marquette University Special Collections and University Archives. Retrieved 10 November 2023.
  46. ^ "Mallorn Editorial Board". The Tolkien Society. 12 September 2020. Archived from the original on 28 September 2020. Retrieved 28 September 2020. the refereed scholarly journal Mythlore
  47. ^ Nelson, Valerie J. (14 November 2010). "Glen Howard GoodKnight II dies at 69; Tolkien enthusiast founded the Mythopoeic Society". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 29 September 2020. Also available from the Chicago Tribune.
  48. Locus Magazine
    . 8 November 2010. Retrieved 29 September 2020.
  49. ^ Silver, Stephen H. "In Memoriam: 2010". SF Site. Retrieved 29 September 2020.
  50. ^ Taglieri, Joe (16 December 2010). "Obituary: Glen Howard GoodKnight II". Patch. Retrieved 29 September 2020.
  51. ^ "Beyond Bree". American Mensa. Retrieved 10 November 2023.
  52. .
  53. ^ Ffrench, Andrew (14 September 2012). "Hobbit fans gather to celebrate anniversary". Oxford Mail. Archived from the original on 11 November 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  54. ^ "Amon Hen". The Tolkien Society. Retrieved 25 October 2015.
  55. ^ "Mallorn". The Tolkien Society. Retrieved 25 October 2015.
  56. ^ Swiss Tolkien Society: Seryn Ennor
  57. ^ Deutsche Tolkien Gesellschaft
  58. ^ "Jubileumi Tudományos Konferencia és Szabadegyetem". Hungarian Tolkien Society. Retrieved 31 March 2014.
  59. ^ Füzessy, Tamás. "ELTE Tolkien kurzus 2008-2009/I". Hungarian Tolkien Society. Retrieved 31 March 2014.
  60. ^ "Společnost Přátel Díla Pana JRRTolkiena". Tolkien Gateway. Retrieved 7 November 2023.
  61. ^ Slovak Tolkien fandom civic association Spoločenstvo Tolkiena
  62. ^ Athelas fanzine of the Spoločenstvo Tolkiena association
  63. ^ About the SlavCon festival and its history under Spoločenstvo Tokiena
  64. ^ Engholm, Ahrvid (October 2002). "The Tolkien Society of Sweden". Enhörningen. nr 8.
  65. ^ Fandboken 0.91
  66. ^ Elfwood
  67. ^ Bri
  68. ^ imladris.dk
  69. ^ "Arthedain: Norges Tolkienforening". Arthedain.org. Retrieved 18 December 2022.
  70. ^ Kontu
  71. The Shire".[72]
  72. ^ "Yhdistyksen säännöt". Suomen Tolkien-seura Kontu ry (in Finnish). Retrieved 16 February 2022.
  73. ^ a b Markova 2006.
  74. .
  75. ^ Arduini 2006.
  76. ^ Greek Lord of the Rings Society
  77. ^ It is nowadays represented by the website https://www.endorion.org/ and the only remaining discussion board http://bgtolkienforum.org/
  78. OCLC 54494985
    .
  79. ^ See Hall Mark: Burn Hall School Magazine Annual 1959, Review, p.15, published by the Burn Hall School, Abbottabad, Pakistan
  80. ^ Affiliated with and reported in the Official Tolkien Society newsletter see http://www.tolkiensociety.org/ in the UK
  81. ^ "La storia della Società Tolkieniana Italiana". Società Tolkieniana Italiana (in Italian). Retrieved 26 December 2020.
  82. ^ Tondo, Lorenzo (6 September 2021). "'What is this if not magic?' The Italian man living as a hobbit". The Guardian. Retrieved 6 September 2021.

Sources

External links